أوليمپياس

(تم التحويل من أوليمبياس)
لمعلومات عن other people and entities known as Olympias، انظر أوليمپياس (توضيح).
Olympias
Coin olympias mus theski.JPG
Roman medallion with Olympias, Museum of Thessaloniki
Queen of Macedon
Tenureح. 357–316 BC
وُلِد375 ق.م.
Molossia, Epirus, Ancient Greece[1]
توفي316 BC (عن عمر 59)
Macedonia, Ancient Greece
الزوجPhilip II of Macedon
الأنجالAlexander the Great
Cleopatra of Macedon
Ancient GreekΟλυμπιάς
البيتMolossians
الأبNeoptolemus I of Epirus
الديانةAncient Greek religion
ميدالية رومانية عليها نقش أوليمپياس: جزء من سلسلة القرن الثالث تمثل الامبراطور كاراكالا كحفيد للإسكندر الأكبر.[2]

أوليمپياس (باليونانية: Ὀλυμπιάς، [olympias] Olympias ح. 375–316 ق.م.[3])، هي أميرة إپيروس، ابنة الملك نيوپطليموس الأول من إپيروس، رابع زوجات الملك المقدوني فليپ الثاني، ووالدة الإسكندر الأكبر. She was extremely influential in Alexander's life and was recognized as de facto leader of Macedon during Alexander's conquests.[4] According to the 1st century AD biographer, Plutarch, she was a devout member of the orgiastic snake-worshiping cult of Dionysus, and he suggests that she slept with snakes in her bed.[5]

بعد وفاة ابنها، قاتلت أولمبياس بالنيابة عن ابن الإسكندر الإسكندر الرابع، ونجحت في إلحاق الهزيمة بـ Adea Eurydice.[6] After she was finally defeated by Cassander, his armies refused to execute her, and he finally had to summon family members of those Olympias had previously killed to end her life.[6]

الأصل

Olympias from "Promptuarii Iconum Insigniorum".

Olympias was the eldest daughter of Neoptolemus I, king of the Molossians, an ancient Greek tribe in Epirus,[7] and sister of Alexander I of Epirus. She also had a sister named Troas, who married their paternal uncle Arrybas of Epirus.

Her family belonged to the Aeacidae, a well-respected family of Epirus, which claimed descent from Neoptolemus, son of Achilles. They took their name from the mythical king Aeacus, who ruled in the island of Aegina in the Saronic Gulf.[8] The Aeacidae were perhaps the only Epirotes who were universally recognised as Greek.[7] Although unknown, some scholars have theorized that Olympias' mother may have been a Chaonian princess, based on the rumour that Olympias used to say that she was also a descendant of the Trojan prince, Helenus son of Priam (the last king of Troy) and Andromache, wife of Hector.[9][10]

Apparently, she was originally named Polyxena, as Plutarch mentions in his work Moralia, and changed her name to Myrtale prior to her marriage to Philip II of Macedon as part of her initiation into an unknown mystery cult.[11] The name Olympias was the third of four names by which she was known. She probably took it as a recognition of Philip's victory in the Olympic Games of 356 BC, the news of which coincided with Alexander's birth (Plut. Alexander 3.8).[12] She was finally named Stratonice, which was probably an epithet attached to Olympias following her victory over Eurydice in 317 BC.[11]

زواجها من فليپ

زيوس يغوي اوليمپياس. فرسكو لجوليو رومانو بين عام 1526 و1534، في پالازو دل ته، مانتوا، إيطاليا.
أطلال معبد أپولو.

كانت اوليمپياس هي الزوجة الرابعة لفيليب الثاني الذى كان متزوجًا بسبع أو ثمانية نساء، كانت المفضلة لديه وأقربهنّ إليه لفترة من الزمن على الأقل، ويُرجح أن سبب ذلك هو إنجابها لوريث ذكر له، هو الإسكندر الذي وُلد في اليوم السادس من شهر هيكاتومبايون، بحسب التقويم الإغريقي القديم، الموافق ليوم 20 يوليو سنة 356 ق.م على الأرجح وذلك في مدينة بيلا عاصمة مملكة مقدونيا.

لم يستطع أحد من المؤرخين القدماء تحديد إن كانت الاساطير التى انتشرت حول مولد ونشاة الإسكندر حقيقة، أم مجرد أساطير صنعها الإسكندر الأكبر نفسه ليحيط نفسه بهالة من القداسة تجعله فوق البشر العاديين وتمنحه سلطات إلهية، ويروى أن والدته اوليمپياس رأت في نومها في ليلة زوجها من فيليب الثاني أن صاعقة أصابت رحمها، فتولّدت عنها نارًا انتشرت في كل مكان قبل أن تنطفئ، وهذا على حسب رواية المؤرخ پلوتارخ، ويروي پلوتارخ أيضاً أن الملك فيليب نفسه رأى في المنام أن يختم رحم زوجته بخاتم عليه أسد. قدّم پلوتارخ في كتاباته عدّة تفسيرات لتلك المنامات، منها: أن اوليمپياس كانت حاملاً من قبل الزواج، وما يدل على ذلك هو رحمها المختوم؛ أو أن والد الإسكندر الحقيقي هو زيوس كبير آلهة الإغريق. انقسم الإخباريون القدماء حول ما إذا كانت اوليمپياس قد نشرت قصة أصول الإسكندر الإلهية، وأكدتها للإسكندر نفسه، أو أنها رفضت هذا التفسير أساسًا واعتبرته كفرًا.[13]

عهد الإسكندر وحروب الخلافة

After the death of Philip II, which Olympias was believed to have either ordered or been an accessory to according to some ancient historical accounts, Olympias was allegedly also involved in overseeing the execution of Eurydice and her child in order to secure Alexander's position as the rightful king of Macedonia.[14] During Alexander's campaigns, she regularly corresponded with him and may have confirmed her son's claim in Egypt that his father was not Philip but Zeus. The relationship between Olympias and Alexander was cordial, but her son tried to keep her away from politics. However, she wielded great influence in Macedonia and caused troubles to Antipater, the regent of the kingdom. In 330 BC, she returned to Epirus and served as a regent to her cousin Aeacides in the Epirote state, as her brother Alexander I had died during a campaign in southern Italy.

Statue of Alexander and Olympias at Schönbrunn Palace

After Alexander the Great's death in Babylon in 323 BC, his wife Roxana gave birth to their son named Alexander IV. Alexander IV and his uncle Philip III Arrhidaeus, the half brother of Alexander the Great who may have been disabled, were subject to the regency of Perdiccas, who tried to strengthen his position through a marriage with Antipater's daughter Nicaea. At the same time, Olympias offered Perdiccas the hand of her and Philip's daughter, Cleopatra. Perdiccas chose Cleopatra, which angered Antipater, who allied himself with several other Diadochi, deposed Perdiccas, and was declared regent, only to die within the year.

Polyperchon succeeded Antipater in 319 BC as regent, but Antipater's son Cassander established Philip II's son Philip III (Arrhidaeus) as king and forced Polyperchon out of Macedonia.[6] He fled to Epirus, taking Roxana and her son Alexander IV with him, who had previously been left in the care of Olympias. At the beginning, Olympias had not been involved in this conflict, but she soon realized that in the case of Cassander's rule, her grandson would lose the crown, so she allied with Polyperchon in 317 BC. The Macedonian soldiers supported her return and the united armies of Polyperchon and Olympias, with the house of Aeacides, invaded Macedonia to drive Cassander out from power.

After winning in battle by convincing the army of Adea Eurydice, the wife of Philip III, to side with her own, Olympias captured and executed the two in October 317 BC. She also captured Cassander's brother and a hundred of his partisans.[6] Cassander soon blockaded and besieged Olympias in Pydna and one of the terms of the capitulation had been that Olympias's life would be saved, but Cassander had decided to execute her, sparing only temporarily the lives of Roxana and Alexander IV (they were executed a few years later in 309 BC). When the fortress of Pydna fell, Cassander ordered Olympias killed, but the soldiers refused to harm the mother of Alexander the Great. There are differing stories about her death. Pausanias states that she was stoned to death by the families of her many victims. Justinus says she went out to meet her enemies in royal attire with two maids and forced them to stab her publicly, "so that you could see Alexander even in his dying mother." Cassander is also said to have denied to her body the rites of burial.[15]

Cassander ordering the death of Olympias by Jean-Joseph Taillasson, ca. 1799.
تابوت دلفي.

المداليات

عام 1902 عثر على مدالية تحمل اسم اوليمپياس في أبو كبير، مصر،[2] وهي محفوظة في المتحف الأثري في سالونيك.[محل شك] يظهر الظهر حورية البحر فوق مخلوق بحري رائع. كان يعتقد أنها تصور الملكة اوليمپياس، لكن هذه النظرية تغيرت. يعتقد أن اسم ΟΛΥΜΠΙΑΔΟΣ يشير إلى اوليمپياد.[16]

يعتقد علماء الآثار أن هذه المداليات كانت تمنح للفائزين في الألعاب الاوليمپية الذين كانوا يعيشون في المدن المقدونية في العهد الروماني مثل ڤريا. كانت هذه الألعاب تشتهر بالاولمپيات السكندرية، وكانت تعقد تكريمأً للأباطرة الرومان عند زيارتهم للمدن المقدونية.[بحاجة لمصدر]

في الثقافة العامة

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Olympias, the Mighty Mother of Alexander the Great". National Geographic Society. 3 December 2019. Archived from the original on December 5, 2019.
  2. ^ أ ب Thewalters.org. "Medallion with Olympias · The Walters Art Museum · Works of Art". Part of three browsing collections. Creator: Roman. Medium: Coins & Medals. Location: Ancient Treasury. Baltimore, Maryland, USA. Retrieved 20 August 2012. Together with 59.1 and 59.3, this piece is part of a series of large gold medallions that was commissioned to honor Emperor Caracalla, representing him as the descendant of Alexander the Great. These medallions, found at Aboukir in Upper Egypt, demonstrate the artistry and technical prowess achieved by an imperial mint, perhaps that of Ephesus or Perinthus (both cities in western Asia Minor). Olympias, mother of Alexander the Great, is depicted here in profile. The back shows a "nereid" (sea nymph), perhaps Thetis, the mother of Achilles, riding on a hippocamp, a mythical sea-creature. Thus, the medallion forms part of a double comparison: Caracalla is compared to Alexander, the conqueror of the East; Alexander is compared to Achilles, a hero of the Trojan War.
  3. ^ "Olympias Queen of Macedonia". www.american-pictures.com. Retrieved 2009-07-30.
  4. ^ Carney, Elizabeth (2006). Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great, p. 23. Routledge. ISBN 0415333172.
  5. ^ "The nonsense about the snakes" is from Plutarch's Life of Alexander (2.6), according to Robin Lane Fox, Alexander the Great 1973:26 and note p. 504; Fox suggests that the snake-handling was the stuprum referred to by Justin9.5.9.
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث "Olympias | Macedonian leader".
  7. ^ أ ب Encyclopædia Britannica staff (2013). "Epirus". Epirus. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. Retrieved 24 December 2023.
  8. ^ Smith, William, ed. (1867). "Aeacides". A Dictionary of Greek and Roman biography and mythology. Vol. 1. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p. 22.
  9. ^ Theopompus, Fragmente der griechischen Historiker (FGrH) 115 F355
  10. ^ Carney, Elizabeth (2006-09-27). Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great (in الإنجليزية). Routledge. ISBN 978-1-134-31818-6.
  11. ^ أ ب "Review of Elizabeth Carney's Olympias, Mother of Alexander the Great by Michael D. Dixon" (PDF). Classical Journal. Retrieved 2022-07-05.
  12. ^ Heckel 2006, p. 181
  13. ^ الإسكندر الأكبر واساطير نسبه ونشأته، المتحف المصري الكبير
  14. ^ Green, Peter (1998-06-25). Classical Bearings: Interpreting Ancient History and Culture (in الإنجليزية). University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-20811-7.
  15. ^ Carney, Elizabeth (2006). Olympias: Mother of Alexander the Great, p. 82. Routledge. ISBN 0415333172.
  16. ^ Jean Gagé, Alexandre le Grand en Macédoine dans la Ière moitié du IIIe siècle ap. J.-C., Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte, Vol. 24, No. 1 (1st Qtr., 1975), pp. 1-16

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