إنجليزية أمريكا الشمالية North American English

لمعلومات عن the regional dialect in the northern United States، انظر Northern American English.
North American English
North American English
English
موطنهاUnited States, Canada
المنطقةNorthern America
العرقNorthern Americans (Americans, Canadians)
الصيغ المبكرة
اللهجاتAmerican English, Canadian English and their subdivisions
Latin (English alphabet)
Unified English Braille[1]
أكواد اللغات
ISO 639-3–
Glottolognort3314
IETFen-021

North American English (NAmE) encompasses the English language as spoken in both the United States and Canada. Because of their related histories and cultures,[2] plus the similarities between the pronunciations (accents), vocabulary, and grammar of U.S. English and Canadian English, linguists often group the two together.[3][4] Canadians are generally tolerant of both British and American spellings, although certain words always take British spellings (e.g., cheque) and others American spellings (e.g., tire rather than tyre).[5][6]

Dialects of English spoken by United Empire Loyalists who fled the American Revolution (1775–1783) have had a large influence on Canadian English from its early roots.[7] Some terms in North American English are used almost exclusively in Canada and the United States (for example, the terms diaper and gasoline are widely used instead of nappy and petrol). Although many English speakers from outside North America regard those terms as distinct Americanisms, they are just as common in Canada, mainly due to the effects of heavy cross-border trade and cultural penetration by the American mass media.[8][مطلوب مصدر أفضل] The list of divergent words becomes longer if considering regional Canadian dialects, especially as spoken in the Atlantic provinces and parts of Vancouver Island where significant pockets of British culture still remain.

There are a considerable number of different accents within the regions of both the United States and Canada. In North America, different English dialects of immigrants from England, Scotland, Ireland, and other regions of the British Isles mixed together in the 17th and 18th centuries. These were developed, built upon, and blended together as new waves of immigration, and migration across the North American continent, developed new dialects in new areas, and as these ways of speaking merged with and assimilated to the greater American dialect mixture that solidified by the mid-18th century.[9]

اللهجات

The American English major regional dialects (in all caps), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al.'s The Atlas of North American English,[10] as well as the related Telsur Project's regional maps. Many regions also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.
The Canadian English's major regional dialects (in all caps), plus smaller and more local dialects, as demarcated primarily by William Labov et al.'s The Atlas of North American English,[10] as well as the related Telsur Project's regional maps. Many regions also contain speakers of a "General American" accent that resists the marked features of their region. This map does not account for speakers of ethnic or racial dialects.

الإنجليزية الأمريكية

المقالة الرئيسية: American English

إنجليزية أعراق أمريكا

الإنجليزية الأمريكية الإقليمية

الإنجليزية الكندية

المقالة الرئيسية: الإنجليزية الكندية

جدول اللكنات

Below, several major North American English accents are defined by particular characteristics:

Accent name Most populous city Strong [] fronting Strong [] fronting Strong [] fronting Strong
[] fronting		 Cot–caught merger Pin–pen merger /æ/ raising system Other defining criteria[11]
African-American Mixed لا لا لا Mixed نعم pre-nasal African-American Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization / Th-fronting
Atlantic Canadian Halifax Mixed لا نعم نعم نعم لا various Canadian raising
General American لا لا لا لا Mixed لا pre-nasal
Inland Northern U.S. Chicago لا لا لا نعم لا لا general Northern Cities Vowel Shift
Midland U.S. Indianapolis نعم نعم نعم لا Mixed Mixed pre-nasal
New Orleans New Orleans نعم نعم نعم لا لا لا split Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Non-rhoticity / Th-stopping / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable horse-hoarse distinction / Canadian Raising / L-vocalization
New York City New York City نعم لا لا لا لا لا split Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / L-vocalization / Th-stopping / Variable Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
North-Central (Upper Midwestern) U.S. Minneapolis لا لا لا نعم نعم لا pre-nasal & pre-velar
Northeastern New England Boston لا لا لا نعم نعم لا pre-nasal Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Father-bother distinction / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
Philadelphia Philadelphia نعم نعم نعم لا لا لا split Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / L-vocalization / Northeastern /-ɒr-/ / Merry–Murray merger
Rhode Island Providence لا لا لا لا لا لا pre-nasal Mid-Atlantic Back Vowel Shift / Variable non-rhoticity / Canadian raising / Northeastern /-ɒr-/
Southern U.S. San Antonio نعم نعم نعم لا Mixed نعم pre-nasal Southern drawl / Southern Vowel Shift / Variable wine-whine distinction
Standard Canadian Toronto لا لا نعم لا نعم لا pre-nasal & pre-velar Canadian raising / Low Back Merger Shift
Western U.S. Los Angeles لا Mixed نعم لا نعم لا pre-nasal Low Back Merger Shift
Western Pennsylvania Pittsburgh نعم نعم نعم لا نعم Mixed pre-nasal [] glide weakening / L-vocalization
Accent name Most populous city Strong [] fronting Strong [] fronting Strong [] fronting Strong
[] fronting		 Cot–caught merger Pin–pen merger /æ/ raising system Other defining criteria[11]

الصواتة

المقالة الرئيسية: General American English

A majority of North American English (for example, in contrast to British English) includes phonological features that concern consonants, such as rhoticity (full pronunciation of all [] sounds), conditioned T-glottalization (with satin pronounced [], not []), T- and D-flapping (with metal and medal pronounced the same, as []), L-velarization (with filling pronounced [], not []), as well as features that concern vowel sounds, such as various vowel mergers before [] (so that, Mary, marry, and merry are all commonly pronounced the same), raising of pre-voiceless [] (with price and bright using a higher vowel sound than prize and bride), the weak vowel merger (with affected and effected often pronounced the same), at least one of the LOT vowel mergers (the LOT–PALM merger is completed among virtually all Americans and the LOT–THOUGHT merger among nearly half, while both are completed among virtually all Canadians), and yod-dropping (with tuesday pronounced [], not []). The last item is more advanced in American English than Canadian English.

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "Unified English Braille (UEB)". Braille Authority of North America (BANA). 2 November 2016. Archived from the original on 23 November 2016. Retrieved 2 January 2017.
  2. ^ Chambers, J.K. (1998). "Canadian English: 250 Years in the Making". The Canadian Oxford Dictionary (2nd ed.). p. xi.
  3. ^ Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006)
  4. ^ Trudgill, Peter & Jean Hannah. (2002). International English: A Guide to the Varieties of Standard English, 4th. London: Arnold. ISBN 0-340-80834-9.
  5. ^ Patti Tasko. (2004). The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors, 13th. Toronto: The Canadian Press. ISBN 0-920009-32-8, p. 308.
  6. ^ Patti Tasko. (2006). The Canadian Press Stylebook: A Guide for Writers and Editors, 14th. Toronto: The Canadian Press. ISBN 0-920009-38-7, p. 312.
  7. ^ M.H. Scargill. (1957). "Sources of Canadian English", The Journal of English and Germanic Philology, 56.4, pp. 610–614.
  8. ^ John Woitkowitz (2012). "Arctic Sovereignty and the Cold War: Asymmetry, Interdependence, and Ambiguity". Archived from the original on 2011-07-02. Retrieved 2012-03-13.
  9. ^ Longmore, Paul K. (2007). "'Good English without Idiom or Tone': The Colonial Origins of American Speech". The Journal of Interdisciplinary History. MIT. 37 (4): 513–542.
  10. ^ أ ب Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:148)
  11. ^ أ ب Labov, Ash & Boberg (2006:146)

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