تدرجية
تدرجية - Phasianidae | |
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Diversity of Phasianidae 1st row (Rollulinae): crested partridge, red-billed partridge, ferruginous partridge; | |
التصنيف العلمي | |
مملكة: | |
Phylum: | |
Class: | |
Order: | |
Family: | Phasianidae Horsfield, 1821
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Subfamilies | |
تدرجية Phasianidae تؤلف أكبر فصائل الدجاجيات، وتنتشر في جميع القارات باستثناء بعض الجزر المعزولة في المحيطات وفي المناطق القطبية. وقد تكيفت أكثرية أنواعها مع الحياة الأرضية في النهار وتتسلق الأشجار ليلاً لتخلد إلى النوم. وهي عموماً طيور قوية مسلَّحة بمنقار حاد وتنبش التربة للتفتيش عن غذائها. وتتميز أنواعها الكبيرة بسلوكيات احتفالية عرسية طريفة، وخاصة عند التدرجيات ذات الريش الزاهي الألوان عند الذكور.
أنواع
تضم هذه الفصيلة 147 نوعاً وينتمى إليها جنس الدجاج Gallus الذي تولَّد منه الدجاج الأهلي، وهو أكثر أنواع الطيور الاقتصادية في العالم، ويعتقد أن مهده الأصلي في جنوبي شرق آسيا (جزر جاوا وسيلان ومناطق أخرى) حيث توجد حتى اليوم أنواع وحشية منها Gallus gallus وG.lafayetti وG.varius. وهناك أيضاً الديك الياباني Phoenix أو ديك يوكوهاما المعروف بذيله الطويل جداً الذي يتجاوز طوله أحياناً سبعة أمتار .
وتنتمي إلى هذه الفصيلة أنواع السماني في العالم القديم التي يقابلها الدُرَّاج Colins في الأمريكتين. وأكثر الأجناس شهرة مجموعة الحجليات Perdrix التي تنتشر في بيئات متنوعة من حقول وبوادي وجبال ووديان، وهي طرائد معروفة من الصيادين في مختلف أنحاء العالم: منها الحجل الأشهب أو الرمادي P.cinerea والحجل الأحمر P.rufa والحجل الرومي Alectoris graeca المعروف بكثرة في بلاد الشام.
وفي هذه الفصيلة أجمل الطيور التي تضم التدرج الذهبي aisan dorè (Chrysolophus pictus) بريشه الذهبي الذي يتوج رأسه وريش صدره الأحمرالقرمزي وذيله المبقع الجميل، وتدرج الليدي أمهرست C.amherstiae بلون ريشه الأبيض والذهبي والأزرق وذيله المحدب المخطط. ومنها الطواويس Paons الآسيوية بذيلها الجميل الذي يصل طوله إلى 150سم كالطاووس الأزرق Pavo Cristatus بريش صدره الأزرق وريش ذيله الأخضر المزين بالعينيات المميزة المعروفة التي ينشرها الذكر على شكل المروحة الكبيرة الدائرية. وهناك أيضاً الطاووس الأبيض والطاووس النادر الأفريقي الذي وجد في الكونغو وسمي باللاتينية Afropavo congensis.
العلاقة بالبشر
The red junglefowl of Southeast Asia is the wild ancestor of the domesticated chicken, the most important bird in agriculture, and the wild turkey similarly is the ancestor of the domestic turkey. Several species of pheasants and partridges are extremely important to humans. Ring-necked pheasants, several partridge and quail species, and some francolins have been widely introduced and managed as game birds for hunting. Several species are threatened by human activities.
Systematics and evolution
The clade Phasianidae is the largest of the branch Galliformes, comprising 185 species divided into 54 genera.[1] This group includes the pheasants and partridges, junglefowl chickens, quail, and peafowl. Turkeys and grouse have also been recognized as having their origins in the pheasant- and partridge-like birds.
Until the early 1990s, this family was broken up into two subfamilies: the Phasianinae, including pheasants, tragopans, junglefowls, and peafowls;[2] and the Perdicinae, including partridges, Old World quails, and francolins.[3] Molecular phylogenies have shown that these two subfamilies are not each monophyletic, but actually constitute only one lineage with one common ancestor.[4][5] For example, some partridges (genus Perdix) are more closely affiliated to pheasants, whereas Old World quails and partridges from the genus Alectoris are closer to junglefowls.[4][5]
The earliest fossil records of phasianids date to the late Oligocene epoch, about 30 million years ago.[6]
Recent genera
Taxonomy and ordering is based on Kimball et al., 2021, which was accepted by the International Ornithological Congress. Tribes and subfamily names are based on the 4th edition of the Howard and Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Genera without a tribe are considered to belong to tribe incertae sedis.[4][7][8][9]
- Subfamily Rollulinae
- Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
- Caloperdix Blyth, 1861 (ferruginous partridge)
- Rollulus Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
- Melanoperdix Jerdon, 1864 (black partridge)
- Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
- Subfamily Phasianinae
- Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
- Lerwa Hodgson, 1837 (snow partridge)
- Ithaginis Wagler, 1832 (blood pheasant)
- Tribe Lophophorini
- Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
- Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
- Lophophorus Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz 1846 (monals)
- Pucrasia Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
- Tribe Tetraonini
- Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
- Bonasa Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
- Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
- Centrocercus Swainson, 1832 (sage-grouse)
- Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
- Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
- Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
- Falcipennis Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
- Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
- Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
- Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
- Rhizothera Gray, 1841 (long-billed partridges)
- Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
- Tribe Phasianini
- Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
- Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
- Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
- Catreus Cabanis, 1851 (cheer pheasant)
- Crossoptilon Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
- Lophura Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
- Phasianinae "Nonerectile clade"
- Tribe Pavonini
- Rheinardia Maingonnat, 1882 (crested arguses)
- Argusianus Rafinesque, 1815 (great argus)
- Afropavo Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
- Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
- Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
- Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
- Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859 (chestnut-necklaced and green-legged partridges)
- Haematortyx Sharpe, 1879 (crimson-headed partridge)
- Tribe Gallini
- Bambusicola Gould, 1863 (bamboo partridges)
- Gallus Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
- Peliperdix Bonaparte, 1856 (Latham's francolin)
- Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852 (certain francolins)
- Francolinus Stephens, 1819 (certain francolins)
- Campocolinus Crowe et al., 2020 (certain francolins)
- Scleroptila Blyth, 1852 (certain francolins)
- Tribe Coturnicini
- Tetraogallus Gray, 1832 (snowcocks)
- Ammoperdix Gould, 1851 (sand and see-see partridges)
- Synoicus Bosc, 1792 (certain quails)
- Margaroperdix Reichenbach, 1853 (Madagascar partridge)
- Coturnix Garsault, 1764 (typical Old World quails)
- Alectoris Kaup, 1829 (rock partridges)
- Perdicula Hodgson, 1837 (bush-quails)
- Ophrysia Bonaparte, 1856 (Himalayan quail)
- Pternistis Wagler, 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
- Tribe Pavonini
- Phasianinae "Erectile clade"
Past taxonomy
This is the paraphyletic former ordering of Phasianidae, which primarily grouped genera based on appearance and body plans.[10]
- Subfamily Perdicinae Horsfield, 1821
- Xenoperdix Dinesen et al., 1994 (forest partridges)
- Caloperdix Blyth, 1861
- Rollulus Bonnaterre, 1791 (crested partridges)
- Melanoperdix Jerdon, 1864
- Arborophila Hodgson, 1837 (hill partridges)
- Rhizothera Gray, 1841
- Lerwa Hodgson, 1837
- Tropicoperdix Blyth, 1859
- Ammoperdix Gould 1851 (see-see and sand partridges)
- Synoicus Bosc 1792
- Margaroperdix Reichenbach 1853
- Coturnix Garsault 1764 (typical Old World quails)
- Tetraogallus Gray 1832 (snowcocks)
- Alectoris Kaup 1829 (rock partridges)
- Pternistis Wagler 1832 (partridge-francolins; African spurfowls)
- Ophrysia Bonaparte 1856
- Perdicula Hodgson 1837 (bush-quails)
- Bambusicola Gould 1863 (bamboo partridges)
- Scleroptila Blyth 1852
- Peliperdix Bonaparte 1856
- Francolinus Stephens 1819 (true francolins)
- Ortygornis Reichenbach, 1852
- Campocolinus Crowe et al 2020
- Perdix Brisson, 1760 (true partridges)
- Haematortyx Sharpe, 1879
- Galloperdix Blyth, 1845 (Indian spurfowls)
- Tetraophasis Elliot, 1871 (monal-partridges)
- Subfamily Meleagridinae
- Meleagris Linnaeus, 1758 (turkeys)
- Subfamily Phasianinae (pheasants, peafowl, junglefowl, monals, and tragopans)
- Polyplectron Temminck, 1807 (peacock-pheasants)
- Gallus Brisson, 1760 (junglefowl, including the domestic chicken)
- Ithaginis Wagler, 1832
- Pucrasia Gray, 1841 (koklass pheasant)
- Tragopan Cuvier, 1829 non Gray 1841 (tragopans)
- Lophophorus Temminck, 1813 non Agassiz, 1846 (monals)
- Rheinardia Maingonnat 1882
- Argusianus Rafinesque 1815 (argus pheasants)
- Afropavo Chapin, 1936 (African peafowl)
- Pavo Linnaeus, 1758 (Asiatic peafowl)
- Syrmaticus Wagler, 1832 (long-tailed pheasants)
- Phasianus Linnaeus, 1758 (true pheasants)
- Chrysolophus Gray, 1834 (ruffed pheasants)
- Lophura Fleming, 1822 non Gray, 1827 non Walker, 1856 (gallopheasants)
- Catreus Cabanis, 1851
- Crossoptilon Hodgson, 1838 (eared pheasants)
- Subfamily Tetraoninae (grouse)
- Bonasa Stephens, 1819 (ruffed grouse)
- Tetrastes Keyserling & Blasius, 1840 (hazel grouse)
- Centrocercus Swainson 1832 (sage-grouse)
- Dendragapus Elliot, 1864 (blue grouse)
- Tympanuchus Gloger, 1841 (prairie-chickens and sharp-tailed grouse)
- Lagopus Brisson, 1760 (ptarmigans)
- Falcipennis Elliot, 1864 (Siberian grouse)
- Canachites Stejneger, 1885 (spruce grouse)
- Tetrao Linnaeus, 1758 (capercaillies)
- Lyrurus Swainson, 1832 (black grouse)
Fossil genera
Extinct genus assignment follows the Mikko's Phylogeny Archive[11] and Paleofile.com websites.[12]
- †Alectoris" pliocaena Tugarinov, 1940
- †Bantamyx Kuročkin, 1982
- †Centuriavis Ksepka, Early, Dzikiewicz & Balanoff, 2022[13]
- †Diangallus Hou, 1985
- †"Gallus" beremendensis Jánossy, 1976
- †"Gallus" europaeus Harrison, 1978
- †Lophogallus Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2010
- †Megalocoturnix Sánchez Marco, 2009
- †Miophasianus Brodkorb, 1952 [Miophasianus Lambrecht 1933 nomen nudum; Miogallus Lambrecht 1933]
- †Palaeocryptonyx Depéret, 1892 [Chauvireria Boev 1997; Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940b non Gaillard 1939; Lambrechtia Janossy, 1974 ]
- †Palaeortyx Milne-Edwards, 1869 [Palaeoperdix Milne-Edwards, 1869]
- †Panraogallus Li et al., 2018
- †Plioperdix Kretzoi, 1955 [Pliogallus Tugarinov 1940 non Gaillard 1939]
- †Rustaviornis Burchak-Abramovich & Meladze, 1972
- †Schaubortyx Brodkorb, 1964
- †Shandongornis Yeh, 1997
- †Shanxiornis Wang et al., 2006
- †Tologuica Zelenkov & Kuročkin, 2009
- Tribe Tetraonini (grouse)
- †Palaealectoris Wetmore, 1930
- †Proagriocharis Martin & Tate, 1970
- †Rhegminornis Wetmore, 1943
Phylogeny
Cladogram based on a 2021 study by De Chen and collaborators that sequenced DNA flanking ultra-conserved elements. The extinct Himalayan quail (genus Ophrysia) was not included in the study.[14] The species numbers and the inclusion of the genera Canachites, Ortygornis, Campocolinus and Synoicus follows the list maintained by Frank Gill, Pamela Rasmussen and David Donsker on behalf of the International Ornithologists' Union.[1]
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المصادر
- الموسوعة العربية - تدرجية
- McGowan, P.J.K. (1994) Family Phasianidae (Pheasants and Partridges) P.p. 434-479 in del Hoyo, J.; Elliot, A. & Sargatal, J. (editors). (1994). Handbook of the Birds of the World. Volume 2: New World Vultures to Guineafowl. Lynx Edicions. ISBN 8487334156
وصلات خارجية
- Phasianidae videos on the Internet Bird Collection
- Phasianidae at the Open Directory Project
- ^ أ ب Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (January 2022). "Pheasants, partridges, francolins". IOC World Bird List Version 12.1. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 6 July 2022.
- ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1986). The Pheasants of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ Johnsgard, P. A. (1988). The Quails, Partridges, and Francolins of the World. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
- ^ أ ب ت Kimball, R. T.; Braun, E. L.; Zwartjes, P. W.; Crowe, T. M.; Ligon, J. D. (1999). "A molecular phylogeny of the pheasants and partridges suggests that these lineages are not monophyletic". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 11 (1): 38–54. doi:10.1006/mpev.1998.0562. PMID 10082609.
- ^ أ ب Kimball, Rebecca T.; Braun, Edward L. (2014). "Does more sequence data improve estimates of galliform phylogeny? Analyses of a rapid radiation using a complete data matrix". PeerJ. 2 e361. doi:10.7717/peerj.361. PMC 4006227. PMID 24795852.
- ^ Mayr, G.; Poshmann, M.; Wuttke, M. (2006). "A nearly complete skeleton of the fossil galliform bird Palaeortyx from the late Oligocene of Germany". Acta Ornithologica. 41 (2): 129–135. doi:10.3161/068.041.0209. S2CID 73586654.
- ^ Kimball, R.T.; Hosner, P.A.; Braun, E.L. (2021). "A phylogenomic supermatrix of Galliformes (Landfowl) reveals biased branch lengths". Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution. 158 107091. doi:10.1016/j.ympev.2021.107091. ISSN 1055-7903. PMID 33545275. S2CID 231963063.
- ^ "Pheasants, partridges, francolins – IOC World Bird List" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ "H&M4 Checklist family by family - The Trust for Avian Systematics". www.aviansystematics.org. Retrieved 2022-08-04.
- ^ Çınar, Ümüt (November 2015). "02 → Gᴀʟʟᴏᴀɴsᴇʀᴀᴇ: Gᴀʟʟɪfᴏʀᴍᴇs". English Names of Birds. Archived from the original on 10 August 2016. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Haaramo, Mikko (2007). "Aves [Avialae]– basal birds". Mikko's Phylogeny Archive. Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ "Taxonomic lists- Aves". Paleofile.com (net, info). Retrieved 30 December 2015.
- ^ Ksepka, Daniel T.; Early, Catherine M.; Dzikiewicz, Kate; Balanoff, Amy M. (October 2022). "Osteology and neuroanatomy of a phasianid (Aves: Galliformes) from the Miocene of Nebraska". Journal of Paleontology (in الإنجليزية). 97: 223–242. doi:10.1017/jpa.2022.80. ISSN 0022-3360. S2CID 253033983.
- ^ Chen, D.; Hosner, P.A.; Dittmann, D.L.; O'Neill, J.P.; Birks, S.M.; Braun, E.L.; Kimball, R.T. (2021). "Divergence time estimation of Galliformes based on the best gene shopping scheme of ultraconserved elements". BMC Ecology and Evolution. 21 (1): 209. doi:10.1186/s12862-021-01935-1. PMC 8609756. PMID 34809586.