مساعدة:أصد للإنجليزية
(تم التحويل من المعرفة:IPA for English)
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هوامش
- ^ If the two characters [] and [] do not match, if the first looks like a [], then you have an issue with your default font. See Rendering issues.
- ^ Although the IPA symbol [] represents a trill, [] is widely used instead of [] in broad transcriptions of English.
- ^ [] is not distinguished from [] in dialects with the wine-whine merger, such as RP and most varieties of GenAm.
- ^ A number of English words, such as genre and garage, are pronounced with either [] or [].
- ^ In most dialects, [] is replaced by [] in loch and by [] in Chanukah.
- ^ Most people pronounce the English word Hawaii without the [] (glottal stop) that occurs in the Hawaiian word Hawai‘i.
- ^ In non-rhotic accents such as RP, [] not pronounced unless followed by a vowel. In Wikipedia articles, [] etc. are not always distinguished from [] etc. When they are, the long vowels may be transcribed [] etc. by analogy with vowels not followed by [].
- ^ /[]/ is not distinguished from [] in dialects with the father-bother merger such as GenAm.
- ^ /[]/ is not distinguished from [] (except before []) in dialects with the cot-caught merger such as some varieties of GenAm.
- ^ Commonly transcribed [] or [].
- ^ /[]/ is not distinguished from [] in dialects with the horse-hoarse merger, which include most dialects of modern English.
- ^ /[]/ is not distinguished from [] in dialects with the pour-poor merger, including many younger speakers.
- ^ This phoneme is not used in the northern half of England and some bordering parts of Wales. These words would take the [] vowel: there is no foot-strut split.
- ^ أ ب In some articles these are transcribed [] and [] when not followed by a vowel.
- ^ In many dialects, [] is pronounced the same as [] after "tongue sounds" ([], [], [], [], [], [], and []) in the same syllable, so that dew [] is pronounced the same as do []. In other dialects, [], [], [] and [] are pronounced [], [], [] and [], so that the first syllable in Tuesday is pronounced the same as choose.[بحاجة لمصدر]
- ^ Pronounced [] in dialects with the happy tensing, [] in other dialects. British convention used to transcribe it with /ɪ/, but the OED and other influential dictionaries recently converted to /i/.
- ^ Pronounced [] in Australian and many US dialects, and [] in Received Pronunciation. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [] and a reduced []. Many phoneticians (vd. Olive & Greenwood 1993:322) and the OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol [] [1], and ميريام وبستر uses [].
- ^ Pronounced [] in many dialects, [] in others. Many speakers freely alternate between a reduced [] and a reduced []. The OED uses the pseudo-IPA symbol [] [2].
- ^ Pronounced [] in many dialects, and [] or [] before another vowel, as in cooperate. Sometimes pronounced as a full [], especially in careful speech. (Bolinger 1989)
- ^ It is arguable that there is no phonemic distinction in English between primary and secondary stress (vd. Ladefoged 1993), but it is conventional to notate them as here.
- ^ Full vowels after a stressed syllable, such as the ship in battleship, are marked with secondary stress in some dictionaries (Merriam-Webster), but not in others (the OED). Such syllables are not actually stressed.
- ^ Syllables are indicated sparingly, where necessary to avoid confusion.