تارتو

تارتو Tartu
مدينة
View of Tartu and the Emajõgi River St. John's Church Estonian National Museum University of Tartu Town Hall Square
Flag Coat of arms
الكنية:  Capital of Southern Estonia
الشعار:  Heade mõtete linn ("City of good thoughts")
تارتو Location within Europe تارتو Location within Baltic Sea region تارتو Location within Estonia
الإحداثيات: 58°23′N 26°43′E
البلد	إستونيا
المقاطعة	مقاطعة تارتو
أول استيطان	القرن الخامس م.
أول ذِكر	1030
City rights	قبل 1262
السمِيْ	Taara or tarvas (Aurochs)
الحكومة
• Mayor	Urmas Klaas (Reform Party)
المساحة
• الإجمالي	38٫86 كم² (15 ميل²)
• البر	37٫9 كم² (14٫6 ميل²)
• الماء	1٫3 كم² (0٫5 ميل²)  3.39%
المنسوب	57٫2 m (188 ft)
أعلى منسوب	79 m (259 ft)
التعداد  (2013)
• الإجمالي	98٬449
• الكثافة	2٬679/km2 (6٬936/sq mi)
Ethnicity
• إستون	81,2%
• روس	14,6%
• other	4,2%
منطقة التوقيت	UTC+2 (EET)
• الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)	UTC+3 (EEST)
Postal code	50050 to 51111
لوحة السيارة	T
الموقع الإلكتروني	tartu.ee

تارتو (Tartu؛ النطق الإستوني: []) ثاني أكبر مدن إستونيا إذ يبلغ تعداد سكانها نحو 102 ألفاً، وتعتبر تارتو بمثابة مركز للفكر والثقافة في البلاد خاصة وأنها تضم أقدم وأشهر جامعة إستونية وهي جامعة تارتو. تقع تارتو على بعد 186 إلى الجنوب الشرقي من العاصمة تالين وهي مركز جنوب إستونيا. يوجد أيضاً مطار للمدينة هو مطار تارتو، كما أنها أيضًا موطن الأكاديمية الأستونية للزراعة ومعاهد أخرى للتعليم العالي مثل الفانميوين الذي هو أقدم مسرح للتمثيل والموسيقى العريقة. ومن الصناعات التي قامت في تارتو صناعات الأغذية، والمنتجات الجلدية، والمنتجات الخشبية ومعدات الآلات والصناعات النسيجية.

Tartu, the largest urban centre of southern Estonia, is often considered the "intellectual capital city" of the country, especially as it is home to the nation's oldest and most renowned university, the University of Tartu (founded in 1632). Tartu also houses the Supreme Court of Estonia, the Ministry of Education and Research, the Estonian National Museum, and the oldest Estonian-language theatre, Vanemuine. It is also the birthplace of the Estonian Song Festivals.

Tartu was designated as the European Capital of Culture in 2024.

 Names and etymology

انظر أيضاً: Names of Tartu in different languages

It is thought that the name derives from the word for aurochs, tarvas. Since Estonia became an independent country in 1918, the Estonian-language Tartu ([ˈtɑrtˑu]), alternative South Estonian spelling: Tarto) has been the only name in official use but throughout its history there have also been various names for it in other languages. Most of them derive ultimately from the earliest attested form, the Estonian Tarbatu. In German, Swedish and Polish the town has been known, and up until the 20th century was sometimes referred to, as Dorpat , a variant of Tarbatu. In Russian the city has been known as Юрьев (Yur′yev, after Yuri, the baptismal name of grand prince Yaroslav I the Wise) and as Дерпт (Derpt, from the Low German variant of Dorpat). Similarly the city has been known as Tērbata in Latvian, and Finnish speakers use the toponym Tartto. Tartu lies on the Emajõgi River, whose name literally means 'mother river' in Estonian. In Latvian, the name of Emajõgi river is Mētra. Therefore, Tartu's historical unofficial name in Latvian is Mētraine. Historically, Tartu was the main center for Latvian academic education, which is the reason why the name of the city used to be Latvianized.

 تاريخ

الانتماءات التاريخية كونتية أوگاندي قبل-1030 Kievan Rus' 1030–1061 كونتية أوگاندي 1061–1134 Kievan Rus' 1134 Ugandi County 1134–1191/1192 Kievan Rus' 1191/1192 Ugandi County 1191/1192–1220 Livonian Brothers of the Sword 1220–1223 Ugandi County 1223 Novgorod Republic 1223–1224 Bishopric of Dorpat 1224–1558 Tsardom of Russia 1558–1582 Duchy of Livonia (Poland–Lithuania) 1582–1600 Kingdom of Sweden 1600–1603 Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth 1603–1625 Kingdom of Sweden 1625–1656 Tsardom of Russia 1656–1661 Kingdom of Sweden 1661–1704 Tsardom of Russia (Muscovy) 1704–1721 Russian Empire 1721–1917 قالب:Country data Russian Republic 1917 Russian Soviet Republic 1917–1918 قالب:Country data Republic of Estonia 1918 German occupation 1918 قالب:Country data Republic of Estonia 1918 Commune of the Working People of Estonia 1918–1919 قالب:Country data Republic of Estonia 1919–1940 Soviet occupation 1940–1941 German occupation 1941–1944 Soviet occupation 1944–1990 قالب:Country data Republic of Estonia (in transition) 1990–1991 قالب:Country data Republic of Estonia 1991–onwards

 البدايات

بدأ أكبر استيطان في تارتو في القرن الخامس الميلادي. أما المدينة نفسها فقد تأسست عام 1030، وكانت جزءًا من أستونيا المستقلة من عام 1918 حتى عام 1940. وفي نفس العام وفي ظل السيطرة الروسية على إستونيا فرضت عليها روسيا أن تكون جزءا من الاتحاد السوفيتي (السابق)، غير أنها أصبحت دولة مستقلة مرة أخرى عام 1991.

The first documented records of the area were made by later mediaeval chroniclers who described the events of early-11th-century Kievan Rus'. According to the Primary Chronicle (PVL) and Sofia First Chronicle (SPL), Yaroslav the Wise, Grand Prince of Kiev, invaded the region of Tartu in ح. 1030, and after defeating the Chud', built his own fort there, and named it Yuryev. Tartu may have remained under Kievan Rus' control until 1061, when, according to the SPL, the Yuryev fort was burned down by Sosols (probably Oeselians, Sackalians, or another Estonian tribe). Soon afterwards the fort was rebuilt by locals. In the 12th century, local Ungannians on one side and troops from the neighbouring Novgorod Republic on the other side repeatedly raided each other. In those campaigns, the invaders were reportedly able to capture Tartu in 1133 or 1134, and in the winter of 1191–1192, however these temporary captures are not known to have brought any lasting territorial changes.

 Medieval bishopric

The city of Tartu in 1533

أطلال كاتدرائية تارتو

During the period of Northern Crusades in the beginning of the 13th century the fort of Tarbatu (or Tharbata) was captured by the crusading Teutonic knights — also known as the Brothers of the Sword — and recaptured by Estonians on several occasions. In 1224, after the princes of Novgorod and Pskov had sent additional troops led by prince Vyachko of Kukenois to aid the Estonian defenders of the fort, it was besieged and conquered for one last time by the Teutonic crusaders. Subsequently, known as Dorpat (Latin: Tarbatum), Tartu became a commercial centre of considerable importance during the later Middle Ages and the capital of the semi-independent Bishopric of Dorpat.

In 1262 the army of prince Dmitri of Pereslavl launched an assault on Dorpat, capturing and destroying the town. His troops did not manage to capture the bishop's fortress on Toome Hill. The event was recorded both in subsequent German and Old East Slavic chronicles, which also provided the first record of a settlement of German merchants and artisans which had arisen alongside the bishop's fortress.

In medieval times, after the Livonian Order was subsumed into the Teutonic Knights in 1236, the town became an important trading city. In the 1280s Dorpat joined the Hanseatic League.

 Polish-Lithuanian and Swedish rule

انظر أيضاً: Treaty of Dorpat

University of Tartu main building in 1860

In 1558, tsar Ivan the Terrible invaded Tartu beginning the Livonian War. Forces under the command of Pyotr Shuiski encircled the town and began the heavy bombardment. In light of this and without any prospect of external help the town surrendered. The local bishop was imprisoned in Moscow, which effectively ended the period of local self-government. Ivan Mikhailovich Viskovatyi, a leading diplomat and archivist of diplomatic records during Ivan the Terrible's reign, argued that Tartu's "founding" by Ancient Rus' justified Russia's contemporary territorial claims to the region. In the effect of the Truce of Jam Zapolski of 1582, the city along with southern regions of Livonian Confederation became part of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth. In 1598 it became the capital of the Dorpat Voivodeship of the Duchy of Livonia. A Jesuit grammar school "Gymnasium Dorpatense" was established in 1583. In addition, a translators' seminary was organized in Tartu and the city received its red and white flag from the Polish king Stephen Báthory.

The activities of both the grammar school and the seminary were stopped by the Polish–Swedish War. Already in late 1600 the forces of Charles IX of Sweden besieged the city defended by three banners of reiters and the city's burghers. Despite repeated assaults, the Swedes could not enter the city. Finally in 1601 Capt. Hermann Wrangel switched sides, assaulted the castellan and opened the gates for the Swedish forces. The town was retaken by Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth on 13 April 1603 following a brief siege led by hetman Jan Karol Chodkiewicz; roughly 1000 Swedish soldiers surrendered and were escorted to Tallinn.

In the effect of yet another Polish-Swedish War, in 1625 Tartu was once again captured by Sweden, this time for good. In the effect of the 1629 Truce of Altmark the city became part of the Dominions of Sweden, which led to the foundation of the University of Tartu in 1632 by king Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden.

 Imperial Russia

The Stone Bridge and the Old Town in 1860

In 1704 the town was taken by the Russian army in the presence of Tsar Peter the Great himself. As a result, around a quarter of the town and much of the fortifications were damaged. In 1708 the remainder of the fortifications and houses, including the remains of bishops castle, were blown up, all movable property was looted and all citizens were deported to Russia. With the Treaty of Nystad in 1721, the city became part of the Russian Empire and was known as Derpt. Fires in the 18th century destroyed much of the medieval architecture, the Great Fire of Tartu in 1775 removed most of the buildings in the centre. The city was rebuilt along Late Baroque and Neoclassical lines including the Tartu Town Hall which was built between 1782 and 1789. In 1783 the city became the centre of Derpt uyezd within the Governorate of Livonia.

During the second half of the 19th century, Tartu was the cultural centre for Estonians in the era of Romantic nationalism. The city hosted Estonia's first song festival in 1869. Vanemuine, the first national theatre, was established in 1870. Tartu was also the setting for the foundation of the Society of Estonian Writers in 1872.

Tartu Town Hall

Tartu railway station was opened in 1876 when Tapa–Tartu route was built. The station building was opened in 1877. In the history of tuberculosis, in 1891 The Veterinary College at Dorpat produced seminal research using the Tuberculin test on 1,000 cattle.

In 1893, the city was officially retitled to the ancient Russian name Yuryev. The university was subsequently russified from 1895 on with the introduction of compulsory Russian in teaching. Much of the university property was relocated to Voronezh in 1918 and during the German occupation, the university worked under the name Landesuniversität Dorpat. During the Estonian War of Independence the university of Tartu was re-opened as an Estonian language university on 1 December 1919.

 Independent Estonia (1918–1940)

With Estonian independence after World War I, the city officially became known by the Estonian name Tartu. At the end of the 1918–1920 Estonian War of Independence following World War I, a peace treaty between the Bolshevik Russia and Estonia was signed on 2 February 1920 in Tartu (Treaty of Tartu). With the treaty, Soviet Russia renounced territorial claims to Estonia "for all time".

In 1920, the peace treaty between Soviet Russia and Finland was also signed in Tartu.

During the interwar period Tähtvere neighbourhood was built, former Raadi Manor buildings started to house Estonian National Museum (destroyed during Tartu Offensive in 1944) and art school Pallas was opened.

 German and Soviet occupations (1940–1991)

During World War II, the Stalinist Soviet Union invaded and occupied Estonia and Tartu in June 1940. Large parts of the city as well as the historical Kivisild ("Stone bridge", built in 1776–1778) over the Emajõgi river were destroyed by the retreating Soviet Army, partly in 1941 and almost completely in 1944 by then retreating German Army. Already heavily damaged, Tartu was repeatedly bombed by the Soviet air forces on 27 January 1943, on 26 February 1944, on 7–8 March 1944, and on 25–26 March 1944. After the war ended, much of the city's historic centre was left in ruins. Even the less damaged buildings in entire city blocks were demolished by the Soviet occupation authorities and large swathes of previously residential areas were turned into parks and parking lots.

After the war, the Soviet authorities declared Tartu a "closed town for foreigners", as an airbase for bombers was constructed on Raadi Airfield, in the northeast outskirts of the city. It was one of the largest military airbases in the former Eastern Bloc and housed strategic bombers carrying nuclear bombs. On one end of an older strip of the runway, the new building of Estonian National Museum was built.

Tartu Airport was opened in the south of the city in 1946. Besides the airport Estonian Aviation Academy was established in 1993. Privately owned Estonian Aviation Museum, which is 5 km to the East of the airport (7 km by car), was opened to the public in 2002. During the 1944–1991 Soviet occupation the population of Tartu almost doubled from 57,000 to above 100,000 — due to mass immigration from Russia and other areas of the former Soviet Union, in large part because of the military airbase.

AHHAA Science Centre

 Modern era

Since Estonia regained its independence in 1991, the old town centre has been renovated. Notably, St. John's Church, in ruins since World War II, has been restored. Many new commercial and business buildings have been erected (Tartu Kaubamaja, Tasku, Emajõe kaubanduskeskus, Lõunakeskus, Kvartal, etc.). The highest residential building and local landmark Tigutorn was opened in 2008.

The AHHAA science centre relocated to a new building in 2011 and the Estonian National Museum's new main building opened in 2016.

 المناخ

تارتو 1961–1990
جدول طقس (التفسير)
ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     40   −3 −8     32   −2 −8     32   2 −5     33   10 1     53   17 6     69   20 10     76   22 12     80   21 11     67   15 7     60   9 3     52   2 −2     45   −1 −6 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س إجمالي الهطل - مم المصدر: World Meteorological Organization
التحويل لوحدات إمبراطورية ي ف م أ م ي ي أ س أ ن د     1.6   28 18     1.2   28 17     1.3   36 24     1.3   49 33     2.1   62 42     2.7   69 49     3   71 53     3.2   69 52     2.6   59 44     2.4   48 37     2   36 29     1.8   30 22 متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °ف إجمالي الهطل - بوصة

Tartu lies within the temperate humid continental climate zone. The climate is rather mild considering the high latitude, largely due to the proximity of the Baltic Sea and warm airflows from the Atlantic. Nevertheless, continental influence can be felt on hot summer days and cold spells in winter, when temperature can occasionally (but rarely) drop below −30 °C (−22 °F). Generally, summers are cool to warm and winters are cold.

بيانات المناخ لـ تارتو (Tõravere)
الشهر	ينا	فب	مار	أبر	ماي	يون	يول	أغس	سبت	أكت	نوف	ديس	السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف)	9.7 (49.5)	10.4 (50.7)	18.4 (65.1)	27.3 (81.1)	30.1 (86.2)	31.1 (88.0)	34.2 (93.6)	35.1 (95.2)	30.2 (86.4)	21.5 (70.7)	13.6 (56.5)	12.5 (54.5)	35.1 (95.2)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف)	−2.1 (28.2)	−2.2 (28.0)	2.7 (36.9)	10.6 (51.1)	17.0 (62.6)	20.1 (68.2)	22.7 (72.9)	21.2 (70.2)	15.4 (59.7)	9.2 (48.6)	2.5 (36.5)	−1 (30)	9.7 (49.5)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف)	−7.1 (19.2)	−8.2 (17.2)	−4.3 (24.3)	1.1 (34.0)	6.0 (42.8)	9.7 (49.5)	12.5 (54.5)	11.7 (53.1)	7.4 (45.3)	3.5 (38.3)	−1.5 (29.3)	−5.6 (21.9)	2.1 (35.8)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف)	−35.4 (−31.7)	−35.8 (−32.4)	−25.9 (−14.6)	−11.4 (11.5)	−5.9 (21.4)	0.1 (32.2)	3.1 (37.6)	2.0 (35.6)	−4.3 (24.3)	−13.8 (7.2)	−20.8 (−5.4)	−32.2 (−26.0)	−35.8 (−32.4)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches)	48 (1.9)	35 (1.4)	28 (1.1)	30 (1.2)	55 (2.2)	84 (3.3)	72 (2.8)	86 (3.4)	61 (2.4)	69 (2.7)	53 (2.1)	49 (1.9)	680 (26.8)
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس	31.5	63.6	127.3	183.3	257.0	251.1	268.6	219.9	135.8	81.5	31.3	24.3	1٬675٫8
Source: Estonian Weather Service (normals 1981-2010)

بيانات المناخ لـ تارتو (Tõravere) 2000-2014
الشهر	ينا	فب	مار	أبر	ماي	يون	يول	أغس	سبت	أكت	نوف	ديس	السنة
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف)	−2.1 (28.2)	−2.4 (27.7)	3.3 (37.9)	11.4 (52.5)	16.9 (62.4)	19.9 (67.8)	23.5 (74.3)	21.9 (71.4)	16.4 (61.5)	9.6 (49.3)	2.9 (37.2)	−0.6 (30.9)	10.1 (50.2)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف)	−5.3 (22.5)	−7.2 (19.0)	−4.3 (24.3)	1.5 (34.7)	6.0 (42.8)	9.9 (49.8)	13.3 (55.9)	12.4 (54.3)	7.8 (46.0)	3.7 (38.7)	−0.1 (31.8)	−3.5 (25.7)	2.8 (37.0)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches)	48.7 (1.92)	33.4 (1.31)	35.9 (1.41)	29.2 (1.15)	52.5 (2.07)	85.1 (3.35)	67.4 (2.65)	85.1 (3.35)	37.3 (1.47)	67.6 (2.66)	59.1 (2.33)	45.8 (1.80)	647 (25.5)
Source: weatheronline.co.uk

 الاقتصاد

Emajõe Business Centre (left) and Snail Tower (right)

Mostly known as a university town, Tartu is also a site of heavy industry. The food industry has traditionally been important for the town's economy and some bigger companies in the field include A. Le Coq, Tartu Mill and Salvest. Kroonpress is one of the leading printing press companies in the Baltics.

At the beginning of the 21st century, many ICT enterprises and other high-tech companies have taken a foothold in Tartu. Notable examples include Playtech Estonia, Nortal (formerly Webmedia Group), ZeroTurnaround, Tarkon, Reach-U and Raintree Estonia. Skype has an office in Tartu. The university is one of the largest employers, which explains the large proportion of highly skilled professionals – researchers, professors, doctors, and Tartu University Clinic has been considered the largest employer of Tartu.

 Transport

The city is served by Tartu Airport. The distance to Estonia's "summer holiday capital", Pärnu (in the western Estonia) is 176 كيلومتر (109 ميل) and the fastest route there by road is through Viljandi and Kilingi-Nõmme. Tartu is connected to Riga, Tallinn, and other Estonian towns by many bus and train routes.

 السكان

Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881 and Estonian Statistical Office. Note that the data up to 2011 is not directly comparable to the most recent numbers, as the methodology of compiling population statistics has changed.

التعداد التاريخي
السنة	1881	1897	1922	1934	1959	1970	1979	1989	2000	2011	2021
تعداد	29٬974	42٬308	50٬342	58٬876	74٬263	90٬459	104٬381	113٬420	101٬118	97٬600	95٬190
±%	—	+41.1%	+19.0%	+17.0%	+26.1%	+21.8%	+15.4%	+8.7%	−10.8%	−3.5%	−2.5%
Source: Censuses

Ethnic composition 1922-2021

Ethnicity	1922		1934		1941		1959		1970		1979		1989		2000		2011		2021
	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%	amount	%
Estonians	42459	84.5	51559	87.6	44732	93.7	56205	75.7	68129	75.3	77597	74.3	82031	72.3	80397	79.5	79700	81.7	76227	80.1
Russians	2570	5.11	2640	4.48	1490	3.12	-	-	18009	19.9	21530	20.6	24604	21.7	16245	16.1	14340	14.7	12441	13.1
Ukrainians	-	-	16	0.03	-	-	-	-	1277	1.41	1685	1.61	2369	2.09	1239	1.22	891	0.91	1107	1.16
Belarusians	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	-	551	0.61	749	0.72	1088	0.96	490	0.48	355	0.36	304	0.32
Finns	-	-	49	0.08	27	0.06	-	-	1220	1.35	1271	1.22	1275	1.12	1073	1.06	706	0.72	900	0.95
Jews	1115	2.22	920	1.56	0	0.00	-	-	420	0.46	346	0.33	267	0.24	154	0.15	113	0.12	81	0.09
Latvians	-	-	278	0.47	1043	2.18	-	-	137	0.15	197	0.19	167	0.15	105	0.10	113	0.12	268	0.28
Germans	3210	6.39	2706	4.60	-	-	-	-	-	-	103	0.10	133	0.12	123	0.12	118	0.12	306	0.32
Tatars	-	-	6	0.01	-	-	-	-	-	-	112	0.11	146	0.13	83	0.08	65	0.07	45	0.05
Poles	-	-	144	0.24	71	0.15	-	-	-	-	164	0.16	179	0.16	137	0.14	92	0.09	133	0.14
Lithuanians	-	-	26	0.04	15	0.03	-	-	102	0.11	127	0.12	159	0.14	96	0.09	74	0.08	109	0.11
unknown	0	0.00	278	0.47	44	0.09	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	0	0.00	378	0.37	136	0.14	255	0.27
other	902	1.79	254	0.43	335	0.70	18058	24.3	614	0.68	500	0.48	1002	0.88	649	0.64	897	0.92	3014	3.17
Total	50256	100	58876	100	47757	100	74263	100	90459	100	104381	100	113420	100	101169	100	97600	100	95190	100

 الأحياء

Tartu is officially divided into 17 neighbourhoods, which carry no administrative purposes. Their names and borders are defined.

Kesklinn

Annelinn

Karlova

Ihaste

Ropka
tööstusrajoon

Jaamamõisa

Raadi-
Kruusamäe

Ülejõe

Supilinn

Tähtvere

Ropka

Veeriku

Variku

Tammelinn

Ränilinn

Maarja-
Mõisa

Vaksali

Neighborhood	Area (ha)	Residents 2001	Residents 2006	Residents 2012
Annelinn	541	30,000	28,200	27,480
Ihaste	424	1,000	1,800	2,322
Jaamamõisa	149	3,000	3,000	3,202
Karlova	230	9,500	9,000	9,073
Kesklinn (Downtown)	180	7,500	6,700	6,575
Maarjamõisa	113	800	500	377
Raadi-Kruusamäe	283	5,000	4,800	4,626
Ropka	146	5,500	5,300	5,120
Ropka industrial district	354	2,700	2,700	2,511
Ränilinn	122	2,500	1,800	1,732
Supilinn	48	2,100	1,800	1,790
Tammelinn	311	8,000	8,100	8,195
Tähtvere	250	4,500	3,500	3,023
Vaksali	75	2,900	3,100	3,206
Variku	77	2,000	1,900	1,840
Veeriku	281	5,500	5,300	5,561
Ülejõe	302	8,200	7,700	7,876

A memorial to Oscar Wilde and Eduard Vilde

 Education and culture

The city is best known for being home to the University of Tartu (formerly known as the University of Dorpat; ألمانية: Universität Dorpat), founded under King Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden in 1632. Mainly for this reason, Tartu is also – tongue-in-cheek – known as "Athens of the Emajõgi" or as "Heidelberg of the North".

Tartu is also the seat of the Estonian University of Life Sciences, the Baltic Defence College, Estonian Aviation Academy (formerly known as Tartu Aviation College), and the Estonian Ministry of Education and Research. Other notable institutions include the Supreme Court of Estonia (re-established in Tartu in autumn 1993), the Estonian Historical Archives, Estonian National Museum, Estonian Sports and Olympic Museum as well as the oldest and renowned theatre in the country, Vanemuine, where they have a well-respected ballet company as well as theatre, opera and musical productions.

In music, there exists the Tartu school of composition.

Most of the sculptures in Tartu are dedicated to historical figures. Among them, the most famous are the Barclay de Tolly monument on Barclay Square in downtown, the Kissing Students monument on the town hall square and Gustav II Adolf´s monument on King's Square (Kuningaplats).

 Science

Tartu has been an intellectual centre of both Estonia and the Baltic countries for several centuries. Scholars hailing from Tartu include the pioneer of embryology Karl Ernst von Baer, a pioneer of animal behaviour studies Jakob von Uexküll, and a cultural theorist and semiotician Juri Lotman. Johann Friedrich von Eschscholtz, a Baltic German physician, naturalist, and entomologist, was born in Tartu. He was one of the earliest scientific explorers of the Pacific region, making significant collections of flora and fauna in Alaska, California, and Hawaii. Nobel Chemistry Prize laureate Wilhelm Ostwald studied and worked in Tartu. The Tartu School is one of the leading scientific schools in semiotics.

 Main sights

St. John's Church

Interior

The architecture and city planning of historical Tartu mainly go back to the pre-independence period, with Germans forming the upper and middle classes of society, and therefore contributing many architects, professors and local politicians.

Most notable are the old Lutheran St. John's Church (إستونية: Jaani Kirik, ألمانية: Johanneskirche), the 18th-century town hall, the university building, ruins of the 13th-century cathedral, the botanical gardens, the main shopping street, many buildings around the town hall square and Barclay Square.

The historical slum area called Supilinn (Soup Town) is located on the bank of river Emajõgi, near the town centre and is regarded as one of the few surviving "poor" neighbourhoods of 19th-century Europe. At the moment Supilinn is being rapidly renovated, undergoing a slow transformation from the historic slum into a prestigious high-class neighborhood. The active community embodied by the Supilinn Society is committed to preserving the heritage.

The Second World War destroyed large parts of the city centre and during the Soviet occupation, many new buildings were erected – notably the new Vanemuine Theater. The effects of the war are still witnessed by the relative abundance of parks and greenery in the historic centre. Typical Soviet-style neighbourhoods of blocks of high-rise flats were built between World War II and the restoration of Estonian independence in 1991, the largest such district being Annelinn.

Presently, Tartu is also known for several modern buildings of the "steel, concrete and glass" variation, but has managed to retain a mix of old and new buildings in the centre of town. Notable examples include the Tigutorn Tower and the Emajõe Centre, both built during the current period of independence; Tartu's tallest and second tallest towers, respectively. Tartu's large student population means that it has a comparatively thriving nightlife, with many nightclubs, bars, and restaurants, including the world's highest-ceiling pub, in the historic Gunpowder Cellar of Tartu.

Annually, in the summer, Tartu hosts the Hanseatic Days festival (إستونية: Hansapäevad) to celebrate its Hanseatic heritage. The festival includes events such as handicraft markets, historic workshops and jousting tournaments.

 الرياضة

Rally Estonia ceremonial start place

The city hosts the Rally Estonia. It is the biggest motorsport event in the Baltic states. The rally was part of the European Rally Championship between 2014 and 2016. Since 2020 Rally Estonia is part of the World Rally Championship.

Tartu is the home for basketball club Tartu Ülikool/Rock, which participates in the Korvpalli Meistriliiga and the Latvian-Estonian Basketball League.

Football club JK Tammeka Tartu, one of the Meistriliiga clubs, is located in Tartu. Their home stadium is the Tamme Staadion, which has a capacity of 1600. The city is also home to the Tartu JK Welco and FC Santos Tartu clubs, which play in the Esiliiga, the second division.

Tartu has a professional volleyball club, Bigbank Tartu, as well as the handball team, the Tartu Ülikool/Glassdrive, which plays in the second division of Estonian handball.

Tartu is also the hometown of Clement "Puppey" Ivanov, captain of Team Secret, a professional Dota 2 team. He won the first International, and was runner-up two years in a row with Natus Vincere.

The 2017 World Orienteering Championships were held in Tartu.

The annual running event Tartu Sügisjooks takes place in Tartu.

 أبرز الأشخاص

Carl Robert Jakobson

Alar Karis

Siim-Sander Vene

• Andrus Ansip (1956), politician, former Prime Minister of Estonia
• Paul Ariste (1905–1990), linguist
• Lauri Aus (1970–2003), professional road cyclist
• Karl Ernst von Baer (1792–1876), Baltic German scientist and explorer
• George Browne, (1698–1792), Irish-born Governor of Dorpat
• Karl Ernst Claus (1796–1864), Baltic German chemist and botanist
• Jacob von Eggers (1704-1773), military engineer in Swedish and Saxonian service
• Jaan Einasto (1929), astrophysicist
• Elisabeth Erm (1993), fashion model
• Friedrich Robert Faehlmann (1798–1850), writer, medical doctor and philologist
• George Hackenschmidt (1877–1968), strongman, professional wrestler, writer and philosopher
• Adolf von Harnack (1851–1930), German lutheran theologian and church historian
• Else Hueck-Dehio, Baltic German writer
• Carl Robert Jakobson (1841–1882), writer, politician and teacher
• Maarja Jakobson (1977), actress
• Martin Järveoja (1987), rally co-driver
• Rasmus Kaljujärv (1981), actor
• Kallista Kann (1895–1983), linguist
• Alar Karis (1958), biologist and the 6th President of Estonia
• Kerr Kriisa (2001), basketball player
• Sally von Kügelgen (1860–1928), painter
• Leonid Kulik (1883–1942), Russian mineralogist
• Oskar Luts (1887–1953), writer and playwright
• Markko Märtin (1975), rally driver
• Emil Mattiesen (1875–1939), composer, pianist and philosopher
• Jaan Mölder (1987), rally driver
• Peeter Põld (1878–1930), pedagogic scientist, school director and politician
• Laura Põldvere (1988), singer
• Elsa Ratassepp (1893–1972), actress
• Eno Raud (1928–1996), children's author
• Zofia Romer (1885–1972), Polish painter
• Alma Johanna Ruubel (1899–1990), mathematician
• Kristina Šmigun-Vähi (1977), cross-country skier
• Rein Taaramäe (1987), professional road cyclist
• Aino Talvi (1909–1992), actress
• Ants Veetõusme (born 1949), politician (former Mayor of Tartu) and financial figure
• Siim-Sander Vene (born 1990), basketball player
• Adalbert Volck (1868–1948), Baltic German politician

 التعداد

According to Statistics Estonia, Tartu's population comprised the following self-reported ethnic groups in January 2013:

القومية	العدد	النسبة
الإجمالي	97,117	100%
Estonians	79,700	82.06%
Russians	14,340	14.7%
Ukrainians	891	0.9%
Finns	713	0.7%
Belarusians	355	0.3%
ألمان	118	0.12%
Jews	113	0.1%
Latvians	113	0.11%
Poles	92	0.09%
أرمن	92	0.09%
لتوان	74	0.07%
تتار	65	0.06%
غيرهم	805	0.8%

Tartu's historic population is presented in the following table, based on data from official censuses since 1881 and Estonian Statistical Office:

Population of Tartu (in thousands) from 1990–2009.

Year	Population
1881	29,974
1897	42,308
1922	50,342
1934	58,876
1959	74,263
1970	90,459
1979	104,381
1989	113,320
1995	104,874
2000	101,241
2005	101,483
2010	103,284
2011	103,740
2012	104,109
2013	97,117

 العلاقات الدولية

 بلدات توأم - مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Estonia

Tartu is twinned with:

Bærum, النرويج Deventer, هولندا Ferrara, إيطاليا Frederiksberg, Denmark Gyumri, Armenia (signed in Soviet times) Hafnarfjörður, Iceland

Hämeenlinna, Finland كاوناس، لتوانيا Lüneburg, Germany Pskov, Russia Riga, Latvia Salisbury, United States

Tampere, Finland توركو، فنلندا Uppsala, Sweden Veszprém, Hungary Zutphen, Netherlands

 معرض صور

• 

  Tartu city hall

• 

  Teller chapel in Tartu, Estonia. Built in 1794

• 

  University of Tartu main building

• 

  University of Tartu Botanical Gardens

• 

  Botanical Garden

• 

  Cathedral ruins

• 

  Angel's Bridge at dusk in winter

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  Monument to Barclay de Tolly

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  Hanseatic Days celebration

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  Sailing barge Jõmmu on Tartu Town Hall Square

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  Song Festival Museum

• 

  Front side view of Science Centre AHHAA

 انظر أيضاً

• جامعة تارتو
• Tartu University Library
• إستونيا

 وصلات خارجية

• الموقع الرسمي لمدينة تارتو (بالإنجليزية)
• Official website
• Tourism website
• University of Tartu
• Maps of Tartu (in Estonian)
• Interactive map of modern architecture in Tartu (in Estonian)
• Live webcameras overlooking Town Hall Square
• Weather in Tartu
• Educational portal of Tartu in Russian