محافظة کردستان

(تم التحويل من كردستان (محافظة))
للاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر Kurdistan (disambiguation)
لمعلومات عن الولاية في الدولة العثمانية، انظر ولاية ديار بكر.
محافظة کردستان
استان کردستان
Kordestan Province
محافظة
Miyane village
Miyane village
Map of Iran with Kurdistan highlighted
موقع كردستان في إيران
الإحداثيات: 35°18′41″N 46°59′46″E / 35.3113°N 46.9960°E / 35.3113; 46.9960
البلد إيران
المنطقةالمنطقة 3
العاصمةسنندج
المقاطعات10
الحكومة
 • المحافظعلي رضا شاهبازي[1]
المساحة
 • الإجمالي29٬137 كم² (11٬250 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2011)[2]
 • الإجمالي1٬493٬645
 • الكثافة51/km2 (130/sq mi)
منطقة التوقيتUTC+03:30 (IRST)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+04:30 (IRST)
اللغات الرئيسيةالفارسية (official)
اللغات المحلية:
الكردية
الأذربيجاني[3][4][5][6]

محافظة كردستان (فارسية: استان کردستان)[أ] هي إحدى محافظات إيران الإحدى وثلاثين. The province is 28،817 km2 (11،126 sq mi) in area and its capital is the city of Sanandaj.[9] كل سكانها تقريباً من الأكراد السنة. وإن كان الأكراد يتواجدون بكثرة في محافظات أخرى.

Kurdistan province is located in the west of Iran, in Region 3. It borders the Kurdistan region of Iraq to the west, and the Iranian provinces of West Azerbaijan to the north, Zanjan to the northeast, Hamadan to the east, and Kermanshah to the south.[10] It exists within both Iranian Kurdistan and Kurdistan.

التاريخ

A soldier statue from Ziwiye hoard

The earliest human occupation of Kurdistan dates back to the Paleolithic Period when Neanderthals lived in the Sirwan Valley of Kurdistan more than 40,000 years ago.[11]

السكان

Language and ethnicity

Whilst most of the people of this province speak Kurdish other languages such as Azerbaijani and Persian are also common.[12]

Iranian Kurds make up the majority of the population, but Iranian Azeris populate the eastern provincial borderlands. Most of the Kurdish population speak Sorani Kurdish, but Southern Kurdish is spoken in the eastern parts of the province, including in Bijar and Dezej, while Gorani is the main language in many villages in the southwestern part of the province. Oghuz Turkic varieties can be found in the far-eastern part of the province, including in the cities of Delbaran, Pir Taj, Serishabad, Yasukand, and Tup Aghaj. These varieties are described as distinct from Iranian Azerbaijani, although they are closely related to it. While not being the primary language in any settlement in the province, Persian is increasingly becoming the first language, especially among the population in the eastern parts of the province.[13][14]

الدين

A significant majority of the people of Kurdistan province follow the Sunni denomination of Islam. A minority of Shia, Yarsanism and Christian followers also live in this province.[15][16][17][18]

Kurdistan men's clothing

التعداد

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the province's population was 1,416,334 inhabitants in 337,179 households.[19] The following census in 2011 counted 1,493,645 living in 401,845 households.[20] The 2016 census measured the population of the province as 2,152,471 in 471,310 households.[21]

التقسيمات الإدارية

محافظة كردستان تنقسم إلى 10 مقاطعات (شهرستان)، بتعدادات كالتالي في تعدادي 2006 و 2011. Each county is named after the city or town which is its administrative capital.

مقاطعات
كردستان 		تعداد
2006 Census 		تعداد
2011 Census
سنندج 417,177 450,167
دهگلان * 62,844
سقز 208,425 210,820
مريوان 153,271 168,774
كامياران 105,895 105,996
بانه 118,667 132,565
ديوان‌دره 82,741 81,963
قروه 199,622 136,961
بيجار 97,913 93,714
سروآباد 54,832 49,841
الإجمالي 1,440,156 1,492,645
  • 2006 population included in figure for Qorveh County, from which it was split off in 2007.

Cities

According to the 2016 census, 1,134,229 people (over 70% of the population of Kurdistan province) live in the following cities:[21]

City Population
Armardeh 2,305
Babarashani 509
Baneh 110,218
Bardeh Rasheh 1,020
Bijar 50,014
Bolbanabad 3,193
Buin-e Sofla 1,518
Chenareh 455
Dehgolan 25,992
Delbaran 6,713
Dezej 2,219
Divandarreh 34,007
Ghorveh 78,276
Kamyaran 57,077
Kani Dinar 13,059
Kani Sur 1,284
Marivan 136,654
Muchesh 3,370
Pir Taj 1,199
Saheb 3,101
Sanandaj 412,767
Saqqez 165,258
Sarvabad 5,121
Serishabad 7,196
Shuyesheh 1,302
Tup Aghaj 1,645
Uraman Takht 3,176
Yasukand 3,490
Zarrineh 2,091

Most populous cities

The following sorted table lists the most populous cities in Kurdistan in 2016.[21]

Rank City County Population
1 Sanandaj Sanandaj 412,767
2 Saqqez Saqqez 165,258
3 Marivan Marivan 136,654
4 Baneh Baneh 110,218
5 Qorveh Qorveh 78,276
6 Kamyaran Kamyaran 57,077
7 Bijar Bijar 50,014
8 Divandarreh Divandarreh 34,007
9 Dehgolan Dehgolan 25,992
10 Kani Dinar Marivan 13,059

Culture

المقالة الرئيسية: Kurdish Cultural Region

Clothing

المقالة الرئيسية: Kurdish clothing

The people of this province have special clothes that they have been wearing for centuries. The important point about the clothes of the people of this province is that even after the spread of modernism all over the world, the people of this province still try to be faithful to their past traditions in the field of lifestyle.[14][22][23][24][25]

Dance and music

المقالة الرئيسية: Kurdish music
Traditional women's clothing used in all parts of Kurdistan

Among the cultural symbols of Kurdistan people are Kurdish dance and singing. This cultural tradition is very popular not only in this province but also throughout the country.

Important annual celebrations

Chaharshanbeh Suri

المقالة الرئيسية: Chaharshanbe Suri

Chaharshanbeh Suri or Charshanbeh Suri is an Iranian festival of the fire dance celebrated on the eve of the last Wednesday of the year, of ancient Zoroastrian origin. It is the first festivity of Nowruz, the Iranian New Year. In this celebration, people light fires on the mountains and on the roofs of houses, dance, and rejoice.[12][26][27][28]

Nowruz

المقالة الرئيسية: Nowruz
Hawraman female with traditional headdress decorated by coins
A Kurdish girl lighting a fire during Nowruz
Kurdish New Year ceremony of Nowruz, Palangan village, Hawraman, Kurdistan

Nowruz is one of the most important ceremonies that has been celebrated by Iranians for millennia. Nowruz and related ceremonies are celebrated in the most opulent way possible in Kurdistan province. As the spring equinox, Nowruz marks the beginning of spring in the Northern Hemisphere, better i.e. the moment at which the Sun crosses the celestial equator and equalizes night and day is calculated exactly every year. Traditional customs of Nowruz include fire and water, ritual dances, gift exchanges, reciting poetry, symbolic objects and more.[12][29][30][31][32][33][34][35][36]

Economy

A fine old Senneh prayer kilim from the 19th century

The major activities of the inhabitants are agriculture and modern livestock farming. Wheat, barley, grains and fruits are the major agricultural products. The chemical, metal, textile, leather and food industries are the main industrial activities in this province. This province has one of the largest rates of unemployment in Iran. According to Iranian statistics, more than twenty thousand people depend on being a kolbar for sustenance.[37][15]

Colleges and universities

See also


قالب:Wikivoyage inline

Notes

  1. ^ Also romanized as Kordestan province and Ostān-e Kordestān; كردي: پارێزگای کوردستان, romanized as Parêzgay Kurdistan[7][8]

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ ministry opens office in Sanandaj, governor says%0A%09%09%09%09%09%09%09 Foreign ministry opens office in Sanandaj, governor says
  2. ^ Selected Findings of National Population and Housing Census 2011
  3. ^ http://www.encyclopaediaislamica.com/madkhal2.php?sid=2396
  4. ^ Government of Kurdistan Province (Persian)
  5. ^ ghorveh Municipality website (Persian)
  6. ^ Payam Noor University of ghorveh (Persian)
  7. ^ "ئەنجوومەنی دادوەری ئێران بەدواداچوون بۆ دۆسیەی گەندەڵی لە پارێزگای کوردستان دەکات". Naskurd (in الكردية). Archived from the original on 29 November 2022. Retrieved 18 March 2020.{{cite news}}: CS1 maint: unfit URL (link)
  8. ^ "Parêzgeha Kurdistanê qaremana pêşbirkên werzişên zorxaneyî yên Îranê". Sahar. 16 September 2017. Retrieved 18 March 2020.
  9. ^ Habibi, Hassan (2 November 2017) (in fa). Approval of the organization and chain of citizenship of the elements and units of the national divisions of Kurdistan province, centered in the city of Sanandaj. Ministry of the Interior, Defense Political Commission of the Government Board. Proposal 3233.1.5.53; Letter 907-93808; Notification 83352/T130K. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://rc.majlis.ir/fa/law/show/113045. Retrieved on 22 January 2024. 
  10. ^ "همشهری آنلاین-استان‌های کشور به ۵ منطقه تقسیم شدند (Provinces were divided into 5 regions)". Hamshahri Online (in الفارسية). 22 June 2014. Archived from the original on 23 June 2014.
  11. ^ Biglari, F and S. Shidrang (2019) Rescuing the Paleolithic Heritage of Hawraman, Kurdistan, Iranian Zagros, Near Eastern Archaeology 82 (4): 226-235.https://doi.org/10.1086/706536
  12. ^ أ ب ت Ahmady, Kameel. 2023. From Border to Border (Comprehensive research study on identity and ethnicity in Iran), Scholars' Press publishes, Moldova (in الإنجليزية).
  13. ^ Mohammadirad, Masoud (2016). "Language distribution: Kordestan Province". Iran Atlas.
  14. ^ أ ب Ahmady, Kameel (2022-01-25). "A Peace-Oriented Investigation of the Ethnic Identity Challenge in Iran (A Study of Five Iranian Ethnic Groups with the GT Method)". International Journal of Kurdish Studies (in الإنجليزية). 8 (1): 1–40. doi:10.21600/ijoks.1039049. ISSN 2149-2751.
  15. ^ أ ب Ahmady, Kameel (2022-08-25). "Ethnicity and Identities in Iran: Progress and Equality". International Journal of Kurdish Studies (in الإنجليزية). 8 (2): 238–272. doi:10.21600/ijoks.1148638. ISSN 2149-2751.
  16. ^ Department Of State. The Office of Electronic Information, Bureau of Public Affairs (2007-09-14). "Iran". 2001-2009.state.gov (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  17. ^ "The World Factbook — Central Intelligence Agency". 2017-11-07. Archived from the original on 2017-11-07. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  18. ^ "Mamouri, Ali (December 1, 2013). "Iranian government builds bridges to Sunni minority". Al-Monitor. Retrieved January 25, 2015".
  19. ^ (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Kurdistan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/12.xls. Retrieved on 25 September 2022. 
  20. ^ (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Kurdistan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Kurdistan.xls. Retrieved on 19 December 2022. 
  21. ^ أ ب ت (in fa) (Excel)Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Kurdistan Province. The Statistical Center of Iran. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_12.xlsx. Retrieved on 19 December 2022. 
  22. ^ Condra, Jill (2013-04-09). Encyclopedia of National Dress [2 volumes]. Santa Barbara, Calif: Bloomsbury Publishing USA. ISBN 978-0-313-37637-5.
  23. ^ "Kurdish photos – 'A little Kurdish girl' Archived 2008-10-22 at the Wayback Machine". Archived from the original on 2012-03-21. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  24. ^ Foundation, Encyclopaedia Iranica. "Welcome to Encyclopaedia Iranica". iranicaonline.org (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  25. ^ "Clothing". Kurdish Central (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  26. ^ "Persian fire-jumping festival delights Berkeley residents". The Daily Californian (in الإنجليزية). 2013-03-13. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  27. ^ Razavi, Mahboobeh (2019-03-01). "Chaharshanbe Suri: Experiencing Iran's Fiery Festival". SURFIRAN Mag (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  28. ^ (in en)Encyclopædia Iranica, 2023-11-09, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Iranica&oldid=1184355996, retrieved on 2023-11-15 
  29. ^ They celebrate the new year, which they call Chār shanba sur, on the first Wednesday of April, slightly later than the Iranian new year, Now-Ruz, on 21 March. (...) . The fact that Kurds celebrate the Iranian new year (which they call "Nawrôz" in Kurdish) does not make them Zoroastrian" – Richard Foltz (2017). "The 'Original' Kurdish Religion? Kurdish Nationalism and the False Conflation of the Yezidi and Zoroastrian Traditions". Journal of Persianate Studies. Volume 10: Issue 1. pp. 93, 95.
  30. ^ Nations, United. "International Nowruz Day". United Nations (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  31. ^ "Kurdish Newroz". The Kurdish Project (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  32. ^ Plimmer, Joe (2023-03-21). "Nowruz: Kurdish new year 2023 celebrations – in pictures". the Guardian (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). ISSN 0261-3077. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  33. ^ "Nowruz: The Rebirth of Nature | Silk Roads Programme". en.unesco.org. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  34. ^ Khalid, Hewa Salam (2020). "Newroz from Kurdish and Persian Perspectives – A Comparative Study". Journal of Ethnic and Cultural Studies. 7 (1): 116–130. ISSN 2149-1291. JSTOR 48710250.
  35. ^ "Nowruz Brings Kurdish Unrest In Iran's North West". Iran International (in الإنجليزية). 2023-11-15. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  36. ^ "Nowruz 2023: Kurdish new year celebrations in pictures". euronews (in الإنجليزية). 2023-03-24. Retrieved 2023-11-15.
  37. ^ Fars News: The situation of kolbars vaguer than ever.

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