معاهدة يافا 1229

فردريك الثاني (يسار) يتسلم القدس من الملك الكامل.

معاهدة يافا هي معاهدة وقعت بتاريخ (22 من ربيع الأول 626هـ = 18 من فبراير 1229م) بين فردريك الثاني والسلطان الكامل ناصر الدين محمد. It brought an end to the Sixth Crusade, led by Frederick, by restoring the city of Jerusalem and a few other territories to the Kingdom of Jerusalem, whose king at the time was Frederick's infant son Conrad.

Negotiations lasted from September 1228 to February 1229. The two sovereigns did not meet in person, but exchanged envoys in their respective camps, at first Acre for Frederick and Nablus for al-Kāmil, later Jaffa and Tall al-ʿAjūl. The negotiations were conducted mostly in secret to avoid bad publicity. They were accompanied by the exchange of gifts, entertainment and scholarship. Simultaneously, al-Kāmil negotiated with his brother al-Ashraf for a redistribution of Ayyubid lands in Asia.

The text of the treaty is not preserved. Its terms are known only from descriptions in various Christian and Muslim writers. These are generally in agreement. The sultan ceded the castle of Toron and the city of Jerusalem, with Bethlehem and a corridor of territory connecting it to the rest of the kingdom. He also recognized the Christian possession of Nazareth and Sidon. The Muslim holy places in Jerusalem, the Ḥaram al-Sharīf, were left under Muslim control, but Christians were to have access. While Christian accounts claim that Frederick had a right to refortify Jerusalem, Muslim accounts deny this.

The treaty was regarded as a disaster in the Muslim world and was barely better received in the Christian. The possession of Jerusalem was of religious and not military significance. It was not refortified.

 خلفية

Frederick II made diplomatic contacts with the Ayyubids as early as he made his vow to go on a crusade. In 1215 and again in 1220, at his royal and imperial coronations, respectively, he made the crusader's vow. In April 1213, Pope Innocent III proclaimed a new crusade, what became the Fifth Crusade. As early as 1213 (or possibly 1217), Frederick sent a diplomatic envoy, John of Cicala, to the Ayyubid courts in Cairo and Damascus. At the time, the Ayyubid sultan was al-ʿĀdil I, co-ruling in Egypt with his son al-Kāmil while his other son, al-Muʿaẓẓam, ruled in Damascus.

According to the History of the Patriarchs of Alexandria, Frederick II and al-Kāmil exchanged three embassies in 1227. Frederick first sent envoys to Egypt in 1227. When these returned to Sicily, they brought with them al-Kāmil's envoy, Fakhr al-Dīn. A second embassy from Frederick then followed al-Kāmil's envoy home, where they arrived in September or October 1227. Archbishop Berardo di Castagna was among Frederick's envoys. Thomas of Aquino, who had been sent ahead in July or August, joined the embassy in Egypt. He then travelled from Cairo to Damascus to meet al-Muʿaẓẓam.

The Arabic chronicles generally agree that al-Kāmil sought Frederick's military aid against the alliance of al-Muʿaẓẓam with the Khwarazmians. They agree that he offered Frederick land in exchange. Ibn Wāṣil, al-Makīn, Abū al-Fidāʾ and Ibn Khaldūn say that he offered him Jerusalem, but al-Maqrīzī says that he offered only some coastal territories. Frederick's envoys met with al-Muʿaẓẓam to demand the return of the lands conquered by his uncle, Saladin. They were received coldly. Berardo di Castagna returned to Sicily with gifts from al-Kāmil in January 1228.

Shortly after the imperial embassy left Damascus, al-Muʿaẓẓam died, leaving a twelve-year-old heir, al-Nāṣir Dāʾūd, who appealed to another uncle, al-Ashraf, for assistance against al-Kāmil, who had marched north to Nablus intending to take control of his late brother's lands. This put him in control of Jerusalem, but the family dispute was unresolved when the Sixth Crusade landed in Syria.

On the eve of his crusade, Frederick's wife, Queen Isabella II of Jerusalem died, leaving their infant son, Conrad, as king of Jerusalem with Frederick, erstwhile king consort, as regent.

 بنود المعاهدة

• بمقتضاها تقرر الصلح بين الطرفين لمدة عشر سنوات.
• أن يأخذ الصليبيون بيت المقدس وبيت لحم والناصرة وصيدا.
• ونصت المعاهدة على أن تبقى مدينة القدس على ما هي عليه، فلا يُجدّد سورها، وأن يظل الحرم بما يضمه من المسجد الأقصى وقبة الصخرة بأيدي المسلمين، وتُقام فيه الشعائر، ولا يدخله الفرنج إلا للزيارة فقط.

 دخولها حيز التنفيذ

اتجه فريدريك إلى بيت المقدس، فدخل المدينة المقدسة في (19 من ربيع الآخر 626هـ = 17 من مارس 1229م)، وفي اليوم التالي دخل كنيسة القيامة، ليُتوّج ملكًا على بيت المقدس.

 ردود الفعل

استقبل المسلمون نبأ تسليم المدينة المقدسة بالأسى والحزن، وعم السخط أرجاء العالم الإسلامي، وأقيمت المآتم في المدن الكبرى.

ويصور المقريزي ما حل بالمسلمين من ألم بقوله: “فاشتد البكاء وعظم الصراخ والعويل، وحضر الأئمة والمؤذنون من القدس إلى مخيم الكامل، وأذّنوا على بابه في غير وقت الأذان.. واشتد الإنكار على الملك الكامل، وكثرت الشفاعات عليه في سائر الأقطار”.

ولما أحس السلطان الكامل أنه تورط مع ملك الفرنج أخذ يهوّن من أمر تسليم بيت المقدس، ويعلن أنه لم يعط الفرنج إلا الكنائس والبيوت الخربة، على حين بقي المسجد الأقصى على حاله. غير أن هذه المبررات لم تنطلِ على أحد من الناس.

 نهاية المعاهدة

وظل بيت المقدس أسيرًا في أيدي الصليبيين نحو خمسة عشر عامًا حتى نجح الخوارزميون في تحريره في (3 من صفر 642هـ = 11 من يوليو 1244م).

 ببليوجرافيا

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