هيراگانا

لمعلومات عن the Unicode block، انظر Hiragana (Unicode block).

Hiragana 平仮名 ひらがな
النوع	Syllabary
اللغات	Japanese and the Ryukyuan languages
الفترة الزمنية	~800 CE to the present
النظم الوالدة	Oracle Bone Script Seal Script Clerical Script Regular script (Kanji) Man'yōgana Hiragana
النظم الشقيقة	Katakana, Hentaigana
الاتجاه	Left-to-right
ISO 15924	Hira, 410
مرادف اليونيكود	Hiragana
نطاق اليونيكود	Hiragana: U+3040–U+309F Kana Extended-B: U+1AFF0–U+1AFFF Kana Supplement: U+1B000–U+1B0FF Kana Extended-A: U+1B100–U+1B12F Small Kana Extension: U+1B130–U+1B16F

هيراگانا (平仮名・ひらがな) هي طريقة أبجدية لكتابة اللغة اليابانية، أي حسب المقاطع الصوتية. وقد طورت في الأصل ليستعملها الأطفال والنساء لضعف عقولهم عن استيعاب حروف الكانجي الصينية المعقدة.

إقرأ أيضا كاتاكانا.

 نظام الكتابة

حروف الهيراگانا الأساسية a i u e o ∅ あ い う え お k か き く け こ s さ し す せ そ t た ち つ て と n な に ぬ ね の h は ひ ふ へ ほ m ま み む め も y や ゆ よ r ら り る れ ろ w わ ゐ ゑ を ん (n) Functional marks and diacritics っ ゝ ゛ ゜

Only used in some proper names

After the 1900 script reform, which deemed hundreds of characters hentaigana, the hiragana syllabary consists of 48 base characters, of which two (ゐ and ゑ) are only used in some proper names:

• 5 singular vowels: あ /a/, い /i/, う /u/, え /e/, お /o/ (respectively pronounced [a], [i], [ɯ], [e] and [o])
• 42 consonant–vowel unions: for example き /ki/, て /te/, ほ /ho/, ゆ /ju/, わ /wa/ (respectively pronounced [ki], [te], [ho], [jɯ] and [wa])
• 1 singular consonant (ん), romanized as n.

These are conceived as a 5×10 grid (gojūon, 五十音, "Fifty Sounds"), as illustrated in the adjacent table, read あ (a), い (i), う (u), え (e), お (o), か (ka), き (ki), く (ku), け (ke), こ (ko) and so forth (but si→shi, ti→chi, tu→tsu, hu→fu, wi→i, we→e, wo→o). Of the 50 theoretically possible combinations, yi, ye, and wu are completely unused. On the w row, ゐ and ゑ, pronounced [i] and [e] respectively, are uncommon in modern Japanese, while を, pronounced [o], is common as a particle but otherwise rare. Strictly speaking, the singular consonant ん (n) is considered to be outside the gojūon.

These basic characters can be modified in various ways. By adding a dakuten marker ( ゛), a voiceless consonant is turned into a voiced consonant: k→g, ts/s→z, t→d, h/f→b and ch/sh→j (also u→v(u)). For example, か (ka) becomes が (ga). Hiragana beginning with an h (or f) sound can also add a handakuten marker ( ゜) changing the h (f) to a p. For example, は (ha) becomes ぱ (pa).

A small version of the hiragana for ya, yu, or yo (ゃ, ゅ or ょ respectively) may be added to hiragana ending in i. This changes the i vowel sound to a glide (palatalization) to a, u or o. For example, き (ki) plus ゃ (small ya) becomes きゃ (kya). Addition of the small y kana is called yōon.

A small tsu っ, called a sokuon, indicates that the following consonant is geminated (doubled). In Japanese this is an important distinction in pronunciation; for example, compare さか, saka, "hill" with さっか, sakka, "author". However, it cannot be used to double an n – for this purpose, the singular n (ん) is added in front of the syllable, as in みんな (minna, "all"). The sokuon also sometimes appears at the end of utterances, where it denotes a glottal stop, as in いてっ! ([iteʔ], "Ouch!").

Two hiragana have pronunciations that depend on the context:

• は is pronounced [wa] when used as a particle (otherwise, [ha]).
• へ is pronounced [e] when used as a particle (otherwise, [he]).

Hiragana usually spells long vowels with the addition of a second vowel kana; for example, おかあさん (o-ka-a-sa-n, "mother"). The chōonpu (long vowel mark) (ー) used in katakana is rarely used with hiragana, for example in the word らーめん, rāmen, but this usage is considered non-standard in Japanese. However, the Okinawan language uses chōonpu with hiragana. In informal writing, small versions of the five vowel kana are sometimes used to represent trailing off sounds (はぁ, haa, ねぇ, nee). Plain (clear) and voiced iteration marks are written in hiragana as ゝ and ゞ, respectively. These marks are rarely used nowadays.

مقاطع عادية

	ـَ	ـِ	ـُ	ـً (e)	ـٌ (o)

ا أَ あ إِ い أُ う أً え أٌ お ك كَ か كِ き كُ く كً け كٌ こ س سَ さ شِ し سُ す سً せ سٌ そ ت تَ た چِ ち تْسُ つ تً て تٌ と ن نَ な نِ に نُ ぬ نً ね نٌ の ه هَ は هِ ひ فُ ふ هً へ هٌ ほ م مَ ま مِ み مُ む مً め مٌ も ي يَ や يُ ゆ يٌ よ ر رَ ら رِ り رُ る رً れ رٌ ろ و وَ わ إِ ゐ - أً ゑ أٌ を نْ (نون غنة) نْ ん

مقاطع مجهورة

	ـَ	ـِ	ـُ	ـً (e)	ـٌ (o)

گ گَ が گِ ぎ گُ ぐ گً げ گٌ ご ز زَ ざ جِ じ دْزُ ず زً ぜ زٌ ぞ د دَ だ جِ じ دْزُ ず دً で دٌ ど ب بَ ば بِ び بُ ぶ بً べ بٌ ぼ پ پَ ぱ پِ ぴ پُ ぷ پً ぺ پٌ ぽ

مقاطع مغوّرة

	يَ	يُ	يٌ (yo)

ك كْيَ きゃ كْيُ きゅ كْيٌ きょ گ گْيَ ぎゃ گْيُ ぎゅ گْيٌ ぎょ س شَ しゃ شُ しゅ شٌ しょ ز جَ じゃ جُ じゅ جٌ じょ ت چَ ちゃ چُ ちゅ چٌ ちょ ن نْيَ にゃ نْيُ にゅ نْيٌ にょ ه هْيَ ひゃ هْيُ ひゅ هْيٌ ひょ ب بْيَ びゃ بْيُ びゅ بْيٌ びょ پ پْيَ ぴゃ پْيُ ぴゅ پْيٌ ぴょ م مْيَ みゃ مْيُ みゅ مْيٌ みょ ر رْيَ りゃ رْيُ りゅ رْيٌ りょ

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 جدول الهيراگانا

The following table shows the complete hiragana together with the modified Hepburn romanization and IPA transcription in the gojūon order. Hiragana with dakuten or handakuten follow the gojūon kana without them, with the yōon kana following. Those in bold do not use the initial sound for that row. For all syllables besides ん, the pronunciation indicated is for word-initial syllables, for mid-word pronunciations see below.

الرموز المقطعية للهيراگانا

	Monographs (gojūon)					Digraphs (yōon)
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
∅	あ a [a]	い i [i]	う u [ɯ]	え e [e]	お o [o]
K	か ka [ka]	き ki [ki]	く ku [kɯ]	け ke [ke]	こ ko [ko]	きゃ kya [kʲa]	きゅ kyu [kʲɯ]	きょ kyo [kʲo]
S	さ sa [sa]	し shi [ɕi]	す su [sɯ]	せ se [se]	そ so [so]	しゃ sha [ɕa]	しゅ shu [ɕɯ]	しょ sho [ɕo]
T	た ta [ta]	ち chi [tɕi]	つ tsu [tsɯ]	て te [te]	と to [to]	ちゃ cha [tɕa]	ちゅ chu [tɕɯ]	ちょ cho [tɕo]
N	な na [na]	に ni [ɲi]	ぬ nu [nɯ]	ね ne [ne]	の no [no]	にゃ nya [ɲa]	にゅ nyu [ɲɯ]	にょ nyo [ɲo]
H	は ha [ha] ([wa] as particle)	ひ hi [çi]	ふ fu [ɸɯ]	へ he [he] ([e] as particle)	ほ ho [ho]	ひゃ hya [ça]	ひゅ hyu [çɯ]	ひょ hyo [ço]
M	ま ma [ma]	み mi [mi]	む mu [mɯ]	め me [me]	も mo [mo]	みゃ mya [mʲa]	みゅ myu [mʲɯ]	みょ myo [mʲo]
Y	や ya [ja]		ゆ yu [jɯ]		よ yo [jo]
R	ら ra [ɾa]	り ri [ɾi]	る ru [ɾɯ]	れ re [ɾe]	ろ ro [ɾo]	りゃ rya [ɾʲa]	りゅ ryu [ɾʲɯ]	りょ ryo [ɾʲo]
W	わ wa [wa]	ゐ wi [wi]		ゑ we [we]	を o [o]
	Diacritics (gojūon with (han)dakuten)					Digraphs with diacritics (yōon with (han)dakuten)
	a	i	u	e	o	ya	yu	yo
G	が ga [ɡa]	ぎ gi [ɡi]	ぐ gu [ɡɯ]	げ ge [ɡe]	ご go [ɡo]	ぎゃ gya [ɡʲa]	ぎゅ gyu [ɡʲɯ]	ぎょ gyo [ɡʲo]
Z	ざ za [(d)za]	じ ji [(d)ʑi]	ず zu [(d)zɯ]	ぜ ze [(d)ze]	ぞ zo [(d)zo]	じゃ ja [(d)ʑa]	じゅ ju [(d)ʑɯ]	じょ jo [(d)ʑo]
D	だ da [da]	ぢ ji [(d)ʑi]	づ zu [(d)zɯ]	で de [de]	ど do [do]	ぢゃ ja [(d)ʑa]	ぢゅ ju [(d)ʑɯ]	ぢょ jo [(d)ʑo]
B	ば ba [ba]	び bi [bi]	ぶ bu [bɯ]	べ be [be]	ぼ bo [bo]	びゃ bya [bʲa]	びゅ byu [bʲɯ]	びょ byo [bʲo]
P	ぱ pa [pa]	ぴ pi [pi]	ぷ pu [pɯ]	ぺ pe [pe]	ぽ po [po]	ぴゃ pya [pʲa]	ぴゅ pyu [pʲɯ]	ぴょ pyo [pʲo]

Final nasal monograph	Polysyllabic monographs
n	kashiko	koto	sama	nari	mairasesoro	yori
ん n [ɴ m n ɲ ŋ ɰ̃]	kashiko [kaɕiko]	koto [koto]	sama [sama]	nari [naɾi]	/ mairasesoro [maiɾasesoːɾoː]	ゟ yori [joɾi]
		゙ goto [goto]

Functional graphemes
sokuonfu	chōonpu	odoriji (monosyllable)	odoriji (polysyllable)
っ (indicates a geminate consonant)	ー (after long vowel)	ゝ (reduplicates and unvoices syllable)	〱 (reduplicates and unvoices syllable)
		ゞ (reduplicates and voices syllable)	〱゙ (reduplicates and voices syllable)
		ゝ゚ (reduplicates and changes syllable)	〱゚ (reduplicates and changes syllable)

 Unicode

المقالة الرئيسية: Hiragana (Unicode block), Kana Supplement (Unicode block), Kana Extended-A (Unicode block), Kana Extended-B (Unicode block), and Small Kana Extension (Unicode block)

Hiragana was added to the Unicode Standard in October, 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Hiragana is U+3040–U+309F:

The Unicode hiragana block contains precomposed characters for all hiragana in the modern set, including small vowels and yōon kana for compound syllables as well as the rare ゐ wi and ゑ we; the archaic 𛀁 ye is included in plane 1 at U+1B001 (see below). All combinations of hiragana with dakuten and handakuten used in modern Japanese are available as precomposed characters (including the rare ゔ vu), and can also be produced by using a base hiragana followed by the combining dakuten and handakuten characters (U+3099 and U+309A, respectively). This method is used to add the diacritics to kana that are not normally used with them, for example applying the dakuten to a pure vowel or the handakuten to a kana not in the h-group.

Characters U+3095 and U+3096 are small か (ka) and small け (ke), respectively. U+309F is a ligature of より (yori) occasionally used in vertical text. U+309B and U+309C are spacing (non-combining) equivalents to the combining dakuten and handakuten characters, respectively.

Historic and variant forms of Japanese kana characters were first added to the Unicode Standard in October, 2010 with the release of version 6.0, with significantly more added in 2017 as part of Unicode 10.

The Unicode block for Kana Supplement is U+1B000–U+1B0FF, and is immediately followed by the Kana Extended-A block (U+1B100–U+1B12F). These blocks include mainly hentaigana (historic or variant hiragana):

The Unicode block for Kana Extended-B is U+1AFF0–U+1AFFF: قالب:Unicode chart Kana Extended-B

The Unicode block for Small Kana Extension is U+1B130–U+1B16F:

In the following character sequences a kana from the /k/ row is modified by a handakuten combining mark to indicate that a syllable starts with an initial nasal, known as bidakuon. As of Unicode 14.0, these character combinations are explicitly called out as Named Sequences:

Hiragana named sequences Unicode Named Character Sequences Database
Sequence name	Codepoints		Glyph
HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGA	U+304B	U+309A	か゚
HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGI	U+304D	U+309A	き゚
HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGU	U+304F	U+309A	く゚
HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGE	U+3051	U+309A	け゚
HIRAGANA LETTER BIDAKUON NGO	U+3053	U+309A	こ゚

 See also

• Japanese writing system
• Bopomofo (Zhùyīn fúhào, "phonetic symbols"), a phonetic system of 37 characters for writing Chinese developed in the 1900s and is more common in Taiwan.
• Iteration mark explains the iteration marks used with hiragana.
• Japanese phonology explains Japanese pronunciation in detail.
• Japanese typographic symbols gives other non-kana, non-kanji symbols.
• Katakana
• Nüshu, a syllabary writing system used by women in China's Hunan province
• Shodō, Japanese calligraphy.

 References

 Sources

• "The Art of Japanese Calligraphy", Yujiro Nakata, ISBN 0-8348-1013-1, gives details of the development of onode and onnade.

 External links

ابحث عن hiragana في
قاموس المعرفة.

• Practice pronunciation and stroke order of Hiragana
• Hiragana unicode chart
• Hiragana trace sheets
• Hiragana study tool Archived 2020-07-18 at the Wayback Machine