گاليسيا (شرق أوروپا) Galicia (Eastern Europe)

(تم التحويل من گاليسيا (وسط اوروپا))
For the autonomous community of northwest Spain, see Galicia (Spain). For other uses, see Galicia (disambiguation).
گاليسيا
Galicia
منطقة تاريخية
View of the historical center of Lviv
View of the historical center of Lviv
(1890–1918)
Flag
درع گاليسيا
Coat of arms
Galicia (dark green) juxtaposed with modern-day Poland and Ukraine (light green)
Galicia (dark green) juxtaposed with modern-day Poland and Ukraine (light green)
البلدFlag of Poland.svg بولندا
Flag of Ukraine.svg أوكرانيا
أكبر المدنكراكوف
لڤيڤ
المساحة
 • الإجمالي78٬497 كم² (30٬308 ميل²)
صفة المواطنGalician
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (EET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (EEST)
UTC+1 (CET)
 • Summer (DST)UTC+2 (CEST)

گاليسيا/جاليسيا (أوكرانية: Галичина (Halychyna)، پولندية: Galicja، ألمانية: Galizien؛ روسية: Галиция (Galitsiya)؛ باليديشية: גאליציע (Galitsie), تشيكية: Halič؛ إنگليزية: Galicia) هي منطقة تقع في المنحدر الشمالي لجبال كارباثيان في جنوب شرقي بولندا، وفي الجزء الغربي من أوكرانيا. تمتد هذه المنطقة من وادي نهر فيستولا، في بولندا إلى وادي نهر دنستر في أوكرانيا، وتغطى مساحة تقدر بـ 82,900 كم². تشمل المدن الرئيسية في منطقة جاليسيا كراكاو في بولندا، ولفوف في أوكرانيا.

يوجد في جاليسيا رواسب غنية من النفط، والغاز الطبيعي. أما المعادن الأخرى الموجودة بها فتشمل الفحم الحجري والحديد والرصاص والملح والكبريت والزنك. يربي المزارعون المواشي ويزرعون المحاصيل كالشعير والبطاطس والشوفان وبنجر السكر والجاودار والقمح. كما أن غابات جاليسيا تُعدُّ مصدرًا لإنتاج خشب الصناعة الخام.

The name of the region derives from the medieval city of Halych,[1][2][3] and was first mentioned in Hungarian historical chronicles in the year 1206 as Galiciæ.[4][5] The eastern part of the region was controlled by the medieval Kingdom of Galicia–Volhynia before it was annexed by the Kingdom of Poland in 1352 and became part of the Ruthenian Voivodeship. During the partitions of Poland, it was incorporated into a crown land of the Austrian Empire – the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria.

The nucleus of historic Galicia lies within the modern regions of western Ukraine: the Lviv, Ternopil, and Ivano-Frankivsk oblasts near Halych.[6] In the 18th century, territories that later became part of the modern Polish regions of the Lesser Poland Voivodeship, Subcarpathian Voivodeship, and Silesian Voivodeship were added to Galicia after the collapse of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth.

Eastern Galicia became contested ground between Poland and Ruthenia in medieval times and was fought over by Austria-Hungary and Russia during World War I and also Poland and Ukraine in the 20th century. In the 10th century, several cities were founded there, such as Volodymyr and Jaroslaw, whose names mark their connections with the Grand Princes of Kiev. There is considerable overlap between Galicia and Podolia (to the east) as well as between Galicia and south-west Ruthenia, especially in a cross-border region (centred on Carpathian Ruthenia) inhabited by various nationalities and religious groups.

أصول وتنويعات الاسم

انظر أيضاً: King of Ruthenia and Galicia–Volhynia Wars

The name of the region in the local languages is:

خريطة Principality of Halych in the 13th century, which formed the nucleus of what later became Galicia
Annexation of the Kingdom of Ruthenia by the Kingdom of Poland as part of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars

Some historians[أ] speculated that the name had to do with a group of people of Thracian origin (i.e. Getae)[7] who during the Iron Age moved into the area after the Roman conquest of Dacia in 106 CE and may have formed the Lypytsia culture with the Venedi people who moved into the region at the end of La Tène period.[7] The Lypytsia culture supposedly replaced the existing Thracian Hallstatt (see Thraco-Cimmerian) and Vysotske cultures.[7] A connection with Celtic peoples supposedly explains the relation of the name "Galicia" to many similar place names found across Europe and Asia Minor, such as ancient Gallia or Gaul (modern France, Belgium, and northern Italy), Galatia (in Asia Minor), the Iberian Peninsula's Galicia, and Romanian Galați.[7][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] Some other scholars[من؟] assert that the name Halych has Slavic origins – from halytsa, meaning "a naked (unwooded) hill", or from halka which means "jackdaw".[8] (The jackdaw featured as a charge in the city's coat of arms[9] and later also in the coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria.[10] The name, however, predates the coat of arms, which may represent canting or simply folk etymology). Although Ruthenians drove out the Hungarians from Halych-Volhynia by 1221, Hungarian kings continued to add Galicia et Lodomeria to their official titles.

In 1349, in the course of the Galicia–Volhynia Wars, King Casimir III the Great of Poland conquered the major part of Galicia and put an end to the independence of this territory. Upon the conquest Casimir adopted the following title:

Casimir by the grace of God king of Poland and Rus (Ruthenia), lord and heir of the land of Kraków, Sandomierz, Sieradz, Łęczyca, Kuyavia, Pomerania (Pomerelia). لاتينية: Kazimirus, Dei gratia rex Polonie et Rusie, nec non-Cracovie, Sandomirie, Siradie, Lancicie, Cuiavie, et Pomeranieque Terrarum et Ducatuum Dominus et Heres.

Under the Jagiellonian dynasty (Kings of Poland from 1386 to 1572), the Kingdom of Poland revived and reconstituted its territories. In place of historic Galicia there appeared the Ruthenian Voivodeship.

In 1526, after the death of Louis II of Hungary, the Habsburgs inherited the Hungarian claims to the titles of the Kingship of Galicia and Lodomeria, together with the Hungarian crown. In 1772 the Habsburg Empress Maria Theresa, Archduchess of Austria and Queen of Hungary, used those historical claims to justify her participation in the First Partition of Poland. In fact, the territories acquired by Austria did not correspond exactly to those of former Halych-Volhynia – the Russian Empire took control of Volhynia to the north-east, including the city of Volodymyr-Volynskyi (Włodzimierz Wołyński) – after which Lodomeria was named. On the other hand, much of Lesser Poland – Nowy Sącz and Przemyśl (1772–1918), Zamość (1772–1809), Lublin (1795–1809), and Kraków (1846–1918) – became part of Austrian Galicia. Moreover, despite the fact that Austria's claim derived from the historical Hungarian crown, "Galicia and Lodomeria" were not officially assigned to Hungary, and after the Ausgleich of 1867, the territory found itself in Cisleithania, or the Austrian-administered part of Austria-Hungary.

The full official name of the new Austrian territory was the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator. After the incorporation of the Free City of Kraków in 1846, it was extended to Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria, and the Grand Duchy of Kraków with the Duchies of Auschwitz and Zator (ألمانية: Königreich Galizien und Lodomerien mit dem Großherzogtum Krakau und den Herzogtümern Auschwitz und Zator).

Each of those entities was formally separate; they were listed as such in the Austrian emperor's titles, each had its distinct coat-of-arms and flag. For administrative purposes, however, they formed a single province. The duchies of Auschwitz (Oświęcim) and Zator were small historical principalities west of Kraków, on the border with Prussian Silesia. Lodomeria, under the name Volhynia, remained under the rule of the Russian Empire – see Volhynian Governorate.

تاريخ

روذينيا الحمراء

المقالة الرئيسية: روذينيا الحمراء and Halych-Volhynia

كانت جاليسيا مملكة مستقلة خلال العصور الوسطى. وأصبحت جزءاً من بولندا خلال القرن الرابع عشر الميلادي واحتلتها النمسا في أواخر القرن الثامن عشر. وحصلت عام 1867م على حكم ذاتي محدود تحت الحكم النمساوي. ازدهرت المنطقة بمركزها الثقافي والتعليمي للغة البولندية. ثم أصبحت مصدراً لحركة الاستقلال البولندية. أصبحت جاليسيا جزءاً من الدولة البولندية المستقلة التي تم تأسيسها بعد الحرب العالمية الأولى (1914- 1918م). وفي نهاية الحرب العالمية الثانية، عام 1945م، ضمت جاليسيا الشرقية إلى أوكرانيا السوفييتية بمقتضى اتفاقية بين الاتحاد السوفييتي (سابقًا) وبولندا. وفي عام 1991، نالت أوكرانيا استقلالها وظلت جاليسيا الغربية جزءاً من بولندا.

أمراء گاليسيا

King's seal of George I of Halych(1301–1308) "S[igillum] Domini Georgi Regis Rusie", "S[igillum] Domini Georgi Ducis Ladimerie".
Władysław Opolczyk's duke seal, 1378
Władysław Opolczyk's duke seal "Ladislaus Dei Gracia Dux Opoliensis Wieloniensis et Terre Russie Domin et Heres" (~1387)

بعد وفاة جورج الثاني من هاليخ، تم ضم گاليسيا إلى مملكة پولندا، بين 1340 و 1366، أأثناء حكم كاسيمير الثالث من پولندا.

ملوك گاليسيا

King Andrew II Rex Galiciae at Lodomerie with queen Gertrude von Andechs-Meranien

من تقسيم پولندا حتى مؤتمر ڤيينا

Territorial changes of Galicia, 1772–1918
Galicia and its division into East and West Galicia in the 18th century.
Map of Galicia in 1836


من 1815 حتى 1860

Coat-of-arms of the Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria in the 19th century.

الاستقلال الذاتي الگاليسي

Galician Sejm (parliament) في لڤيڤ.
Galicia in 1897


الشعب

Peasants and Jews from Galicia, c. 1886

In 1773, Galicia had about 2.6 million inhabitants in 280 cities and market towns and approximately 5,500 villages. There were nearly 19,000 noble families, with 95,000 members (about 3% of the population). The serfs accounted for 1.86 million, more than 70% of the population. A small number were full-time farmers, but by far the overwhelming number (84%) had only smallholdings or no possessions.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Galicia had arguably the most ethnically diverse population of all the countries in the Austrian monarchy, consisting mainly of Poles and "Ruthenians";[12] the peoples known later as Ukrainians and Rusyns, as well as ethnic Jews, Germans, Armenians, Czechs, Slovaks, Hungarians, Roma and others. In Galicia as a whole, the population in 1910 was estimated to be 45.4% Polish, 42.9% Ruthenian, 10.9% Jewish, and 0.8% German.[13] This population was not evenly distributed. The Poles lived mainly in the west, with the Ruthenians predominant in the eastern region ("Ruthenia"). At the turn of the twentieth century, Poles constituted 88% of the whole population of Western Galicia and Jews 7.5%. The respective data for Eastern Galicia show the following numbers: Ruthenians 64.5%, Poles 22.0%, Jews 12%.[14][15] Of the 44 administrative divisions of Austrian eastern Galicia, Lviv (پولندية: Lwów, ألمانية: Lemberg) was the only one in which Poles made up a majority of the population.[16] Anthropologist Marianna Dushar has argued that this diversity led to a development of a distinctive food culture in the region.[17]

Ruthenians in Galicia in 1863

The Polish language was the most spoken language in Galicia as a whole, although the eastern part of the region was predominantly Ruthenian-speaking. According to the 1910 census, 58.6% of Galicia spoke Polish as its mother tongue, compared to 40.2% who spoke a Ruthenian language.[18] The number of Polish-speakers may have been inflated because Jews were not given the option of listing Yiddish as their language.[19] Eastern Galicia was the most diverse part of the region, and one of the most diverse areas in Europe at the time.

The Galician Jews immigrated in the Middle Ages from Germany. German-speaking people were more commonly referred to by the region of Germany where they originated (such as Saxony or Swabia). For those who spoke different native languages, e.g. Poles and Ruthenians, identification was less problematic, and the widespread multilingualism blurred ethnic divisions.

Religiously, Galicia is predominantly Catholic, and Catholicism is practiced in two rites. Poles are Roman Catholic, while Ukrainians belong to the Greek Catholic Church. Other Christians belong to one of the Ukrainian Orthodox Churches. Until the Holocaust, Judaism was widespread, and Galicia was the center of Hasidism.

المدن والبلدات الكبرى

View of the historic البلدة القديمة في لڤيڤ
منظر البلدة القديمة في سانوك

انظر أيضاً

المراجع

  1. ^ "European Kingdoms – Eastern Europe – Galicia". The History Files. Kessler Associates. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  2. ^ Zakharii, Roman. "History of Galicia". Toronto Ukrainian Genealogy Group. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  3. ^ "Historical Glossary: Galicia (Halychyna)". Ukrainians in the United Kingdom. 2018. Retrieved 1 January 2019.
  4. ^ "Rex+Galiciae+et+Lodomeriae"&pg=PA165 Die Oesterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort und Bild, Volume 19 (in الألمانية). Austria: K.k. Hof- und Staatsdruckerei. 1898. p. 165. Retrieved 1 December 2015. Um welchen Preis er dies that, wird nicht überliefert, aber seit dieser Zeit, das ist seit dem Jahre 1206 findet sich in seinen Urkunden der Titel: 'Rex Galiciae et Lodomeriae'
  5. ^ Martin Dimnik (12 June 2003). The Dynasty of Chernigov, 1146–1246. Cambridge University Press. p. 266. ISBN 978-1-139-43684-7. Retrieved 13 December 2014.
  6. ^ Wilson, Andrew (2006). Ukraine's Orange Revolution. Andrew Wilson (historian): Yale University Press. p. 34. ISBN 0-300-11290-4.
  7. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Galicia and Lodomeria at the Encyclopedia of Ukraine
  8. ^ Max Vasmer points to Russian galitsa, an adjectival form meaning "jackdaw" – see Galich in Russisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (1950–1958).
  9. ^ Halych coat of arms: 14th century
  10. ^ Coat of arms of Galicia-Lodomeria
  11. ^ "Władysław Opolczyk – Wikipedia, wolna encyklopedia" (in (Polish)). Pl.wikipedia.org. 2009-07-15. Retrieved 2009-07-25.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  12. ^ Magocsi, Paul R. (2002). The Roots of Ukrainian Nationalism: Galicia as Ukraine's Piedmont. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. p. 57.
  13. ^ Paul Robert Magocsi. (1996). A History of Ukraine. Toronto: University ofToronto Press. Pg. 424.
  14. ^ Piotr Eberhardt. Ethnic groups and population changes in twentieth-century Central-Eastern Europe: history, data, analysis. M.E. Sharpe, 2003. pp.92–93. ISBN 978-0-7656-0665-5
  15. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 123
  16. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003). The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, p. 134
  17. ^ Plakhta, Dmytro (22 August 2018). ""Food is a little universal anchor and a way of identification"".
  18. ^ Anstalt G. Freytag & Berndt (1911). Geographischer Atlas zur Vaterlandskunde an der österreichischen Mittelschulen. Vienna: K. u. k. Hof-Kartographische. "Census December 31st 1910"
  19. ^ Timothy Snyder. (2003).The Reconstruction of Nations. New Haven: Yale University Press, pg. 134
الهامش
  • Paul Robert Magocsi, Galicia: A Historical Survey and Bibliographic Guide (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 1983). Concentrates on the historical, or Eastern Galicia.
  • Andrei S. Markovits and Frank E. Sysyn, eds., Nationbuilding and the Politics of Nationalism: Essays on Austrian Galicia (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1982). Contains an important article by Piotr Wandycz on the Poles, and an equally important article by Ivan L. Rudnytsky on the Ukrainians.
  • Christopher Hann and Paul Robert Magocsi, eds., Galicia: A Multicultured Land (Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2005). A collection of articles by John Paul Himka, Yaroslav Hrytsak, Stanislaw Stepien, and others.
  • A.J.P. Taylor, The Habsburg Monarchy 1809–1918, 1941, discusses Habsburg policy toward ethnic minorities.
  • (Polish) Grzegorz Hryciuk, Liczba i skład etniczny ludności tzw. Galicji Wschodniej w latach 1931-1959, [Number and Ethnic Composition of the People of so-called Eastern Galicia 1931-1959] Lublin 1996
  • Alison Fleig Frank, Oil Empire: Visions of Prosperity in Austrian Galicia (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2005). A new monograph on the history of the Galician oil industry in both the Austrian and European contexts.
  • Dohrn, Verena, journey to Galicia, publishing house S. Fischer, 1991, ISBN 3-10-015310-3

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Galicia and Lodomeria timeline


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