ألبير كالمت

(تم التحويل من Albert Calmette)
ألبير كالمت
Albert Calmette
Calmette.jpg
Albert Calmette
وُلِدَ(1863-07-12)يوليو 12, 1863
Nice, فرنسا
توفيأكتوبر 29, 1933(1933-10-29) (aged 70)
باريس
القوميةFlag of France.svg فرنسا
عـُرِف بـBacillus Calmette-Guérin
antivenin
السيرة العلمية
المجالاتbacteriologist
الهيئاتPasteur Institute

ليون شارل ألبير كالمت ( Léon Charles Albert Calmette ؛ ForMemRS[1] ([leɔ̃ ʃaʁl albɛʁ kalmɛt] وُلِد في 12 يوليو, 1863 – 29 أكتوبر, 1933 ) طبيب وعالم بكتريا ومناعة فرنسي، وضابط رفيع في معهد باستير. شارك في اكتشاف Bacillus Calmette-Guérin, an attenuated form of Mycobacterium bovis used in the BCG vaccine against tuberculosis. He also developed the first antivenom for snake venom, the Calmette's serum.

النشأة

ولد كالميت كان في نيس، فرنسا. خدم في البحريةوذلك في عام 1881 التحق بمدرسة للأطباء البحرية في برست. بدأ في عام 1883 الخدمة في سلاح البحرية الطبي في هونغ كونغ، حيث درس الملاريا وحصلت على درجة الدكتوراه في عام 1886 بشأن هذا الموضوع. كلف بعد ذلك إلى سان بيار وميكلون، حيث وصل في 1887. وبعد ذلك خدم في غرب أفريقيا ، في الغابون و الكونغو الفرنسي، حيث بحث الملاريا و مرض النوم والبلاغرا.

Association with Pasteur

Upon his return to France in 1890, Calmette met Louis Pasteur (1822–1895) and Emile Roux (1853–1933), who was his professor in a course on bacteriology. He became an associate and was charged by Pasteur to found and direct a branch of the Pasteur Institute at Saigon (French Indochina), in 1891.[2] There, he dedicated himself to the nascent field of toxicology, which had important connections to immunology, and he studied snake and bee venom, plant poisons and curare. He also organized the production of the existing vaccines against smallpox and rabies and carried out research on cholera, and the fermentation of opium and rice.

In 1894, he returned to France and developed the first antivenoms for snake bites using immune sera from vaccinated horses (Calmette's serum). Work in this field was later taken up by Brazilian physician Vital Brazil, in São Paulo at the Instituto Butantan, who developed several other antivenoms against snakes, scorpions and spiders.[3]

He also took part in the development in the first immune serum against the bubonic plague (black pest), in collaboration with the discoverer of its pathogenic agent, Yersinia pestis, by Alexandre Yersin (1863–1943), and went to Portugal to study and to help fight a plague epidemic at Porto in 1899.[3]

Institute leadership

In 1895, Roux entrusted him with the directorship of the Institute's branch at Lille (Institut Pasteur de Lille), where he remained for the next 25 years. In 1901, he founded the first antituberculosis dispensary at Lille, and named it after Emile Roux.[3] In 1904, he founded the Ligue du Nord contre la Tuberculose (Northern Antituberculosis League), which still exists today.

In 1909, he helped to establish the Institute branch in Algiers, Algeria. In 1918, he accepted the post of assistant director of the Institute in Paris; the following year he was made a member of the Académie Nationale de Médecine.[3]

أبحاثه في السل

ألبير كالمت في 1923

Calmette's main scientific work – which was to bring him worldwide fame and permanently attach his name to the history of medicine – was the development of a vaccine against tuberculosis, which, at the time, was a major cause of death. The German microbiologist Robert Koch had discovered, in 1882, that its pathogenic agent was the tubercle bacillus, Mycobacterium tuberculosis, and Louis Pasteur became interested in it too. In 1906, a veterinarian and immunologist working at the Institut Pasteur de Lille, Camille Guérin, established that immunity against tuberculosis was associated with the living tubercle bacilli in the blood. Using Pasteur's approach, Calmette investigated how immunity would develop in response to attenuated bovine bacilli injected in animals. This preparation received the name of its two discoverers (Bacillum Calmette-Guérin, or BCG, for short). Attenuation was achieved by repeatedly cultivating them in a bile-containing substrate, based on a theory of Norwegian researcher Kristian Feyer Andvord (1855–1934).[4] From 1908 to 1921, Guérin and Calmette strived to produce less and less virulent strains of the bacillus, by transferring them to successive cultures. Finally, in 1921, they used BCG to successfully vaccinate newborn infants in the Hôpital de la Charité in Paris.

The vaccination program, however, suffered a serious setback in 1930 when 72 vaccinated children developed tuberculosis in Lübeck, Germany, due to a contamination of some vaccine batches in Germany. Mass vaccination of children was reinstated in many countries after 1932, when new and safer production techniques were implemented. Notwithstanding, Calmette was deeply shaken by the event, dying one year later, in Paris.[3]

Impact on industrial brewing

Calmette helped develop the amylolytic process which was used in industrial brewing.[5]

Personal life

He was the brother of Gaston Calmette (1858–1914), the editor of Le Figaro who was shot and killed in 1914 by Henriette Caillaux after running a long press campaign against her husband.[3] Mme Caillaux was acquitted of murder on the grounds that she had committed a crime of passion.

Legacy

Calmette Bridge
Busts of Calmette and Pasteur inside the Pasteur Institute of Ho Chi Minh City

Today, his name is one of the few remaining French names in the streets of Ho Chi Minh City (others being Yersin, Alexandre de Rhodes, Pasteur). A bridge completed in 2009 is also named "Calmette" connecting district 1 to district 4, also connected to the exit of the new Thu Thiem tunnel connecting the district 1 to the future residential Thu Thiem area in district 2.[6] In Cambodia, a major hospital was named after him, Calmette Hospital.[7]

References

  1. ^ C. J. M. (1934). "Leon Charles Albert Calmette, 1863-1933". Biographical Memoirs of Fellows of the Royal Society. 1 (3): 315–325. doi:10.1098/rsbm.1934.0015. eISSN 2053-9118. ISSN 1479-571X.
  2. ^ Hawgood, B.J. (1999). "Doctor Albert Calmette 1863-1933: founder of antivenomous serotherapy and of antituberculous BCG vaccination". Toxicon. 37 (9): 1241–58. Bibcode:1999Txcn...37.1241H. doi:10.1016/s0041-0101(99)00086-0. ISSN 0041-0101. PMID 10400286.
  3. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Sakula, Alex (1983). "BCG: who were Calmette and Guerin?". Thorax. 38 (11): 806–812. doi:10.1136/thx.38.11.806. PMC 459668. PMID 6359561.
  4. ^ Álvarez Pasquín, María José; César Velasco Muñoz (2018). Vacuna a vacuna 3a edición: Manual de información sobre vacunas on line (in الفرنسية). Amazing Books. ISBN 978-84-17403-17-1.
  5. ^ Sasges, Gerard (2021-03-01). "Mold's Dominion: Science, Empire, and Capitalism in a Globalizing World". The American Historical Review. 126 (1): 82–108. doi:10.1093/ahr/rhab008. ISSN 0002-8762.
  6. ^ Luan, Kinh (22 January 2009). "Calmette Bridge completed". Saigon Times Daily. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 5 September 2019.
  7. ^ "Calmette Hospital". Archived from the original on 5 September 2019. Retrieved 5 September 2019.

المصادر

  • Nègre, Noël (1939). Albert Calmette, sa vie, son oeuvre scientifique. Paris: Masson et Cie. OCLC 23392606. {{cite book}}: Unknown parameter |coauthors= ignored (|author= suggested) (help)
  • Calmette, A. (1896). "The Treatment of Animals Poisoned with Snake Venom by the Injection of Antivenomous Serum". BMJ. 2: 399. doi:10.1136/bmj.2.1859.399. PMC 2509956.
  • Hawgood BJ (2007). "Albert Calmette (1863-1933) and Camille Guérin (1872-1961): the C and G of BCG vaccine". Journal of Medical Biography. 15 (3): 139–46. doi:10.1258/j.jmb.2007.06-15. PMID 17641786. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |doi_brokendate= ignored (|doi-broken-date= suggested) (help); Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Daniel TM (2005). "Leon Charles Albert Calmette and BCG vaccine". The International Journal of Tuberculosis and Lung Disease. 9 (9): 944–5. PMID 16158885. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Milleliri JM (2005). "Unpublished letter from Albert Calmette to Marcel Léger. A new mission for China?". Médecine Tropicale (in French). 65 (2): 135. PMID 16038352. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Hawgood BJ (1999). "Doctor Albert Calmette 1863-1933: founder of antivenomous serotherapy and of antituberculous BCG vaccination". Toxicon. 37 (9): 1241–58. doi:10.1016/S0041-0101(99)00086-0. PMID 10400286. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Oehme J (1993). "Albert Calmette (1863-1933)". Kinderkrankenschwester (in German). 12 (8): 288. PMID 8398793. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Bendiner E (1992). "Albert Calmette: a vaccine and its vindication". Hospital Practice. 27 (10A): 113–6, 119–22, 125 passim. PMID 1400676. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Fillastre C (1986). "Homage to Albert Calmette". Developments in Biological Standardization (in French). 58 ( Pt A): 3–7. PMID 3297869. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Dodin A (1983). "Albert Calmette. President of the Société de Pathologie Exotique". Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales (in French). 76 (3): 211–4. PMID 6354491. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Birth CA (1974). "Bacille Calmette-Guérin (BCG). Léon Charles Albert Calmette 1863-1933 Jean-Marie Camille Guérin 1872-1961". The Practitioner. 212 (1269): 391–2. PMID 4614251. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Gelinas JA (1973). "Albert Calmette. The Saigon years 1891-1893: A historical review". Military Medicine. 138 (11): 730–3. PMID 4201992. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Cossairt J (1973). "Stamps in radiology (Leon Charles Albert Calmette)". Radiology. 107 (3): 536. PMID 4581661. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • Togunova AI (1971). "Half a century since the development and practical application of live BCG vaccine (Albert Calmette), (Camille Guérin)". Problemy Tuberkuleza (in Russian). 49 (4): 1–6. PMID 4944950. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • Deschiens R (1966). "Homage to Madame Albert Calmette". Bulletin de la Société de pathologie exotique et de ses filiales (in French). 59 (6): 933–6. PMID 4868558. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • DUJARRICDELARIVIERE R (1964). "EULOGY FOR CHARLES-ALBERT CALMETTE (1863-1933)". Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine (in French). 148: 648–55. PMID 14262487. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • ROCCHIETTA S (1964). "ALBERT CALMETTE (1863-1933)". Minerva Medica (in Italian). 55: 1432–4. PMID 14225467. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • ""NO TRUCE FOR TUBERCULOSIS". 4. THE BIRTH OF BCG. ALBERT CALMETTE AND CAMILLE GUERIN". Indian Journal of Medical Sciences. 18: 418–9. 1964. PMID 14179613. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help)
  • TOGUNOVA AI (1964). "THE LIFE AND WORK OF ALBERT CALMETTE". Vestnik Akademii Meditsinskikh Nauk SSSR (in Russian). 19: 69–74. PMID 14255874. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • "CELEBRATION OF THE CENTENARY OF THE BIRTH OF ALBERT CALMETTE (1863-1933)". Semaine Des Hôpitaux: Informations (in French). 42: 5–7. 1963. PMID 14095595. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • LUGOSI L (1963). "ALBERT CALMETTE AND CAMILLE GUERIN". Gyermekgyógyászat (in Hungarian). 14: 321–2. PMID 14097501. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • VANBENEDEN J (1963). "ALBERT CALMETTE. AN EXCITING AND PRODUCTIVE CAREER". Revue Médicale de Liège (in French). 18: 669–74. PMID 14095568. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  • DE ASSIS A (1963). "ALBERT CALMETTE. (APROPOS OF THEFIRST CENTENARY OF HIS BIRTH)". Hospital (in Portuguese). 64: 1–11. PMID 14048912. {{cite journal}}: Unknown parameter |month= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

وصلات خارجية

[تصنيف:أشخاص من نيس]]

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