بونساي
بونساي ( Bonsai ؛ []ˈbɒnsaɪ[]; يابانية: 盆栽, lit. 'tray planting', : [boɰ̃sai] = بون "طبق، آنية" + سائي "بستنة") هو فن ياباني يعنى بغرس و تربية الأشجار أو الشجيرات في أصوص (ج. أصيص: وعاء خاص يستعمل لغرس النباتات). يطلق اللفظ أيضا على الأشجار المصغرة التي يتم الحصول عليها عن طريق هذا الفن.
مع السنوات تطورت التقنيات، الشيء الذي سمح لهواة هذا الفن تغيير ارتفاع و اتجاه نمو الأشجار، و كذا التحكم في نمو هذه النباتات. البعض يسميه فن النحت على الأشجار. توجد بعض الاشكال التقليدية التي يمكن اتبعها عند القيام بعمليتي القص والتشذيب، على أن للبونساي قاعدة ذهبية تقول: "إذا أعجبك شكله ومظهره، فهو بكل تأكيد بونساي جميل".
التاريخ
يعود فن البونساي إلى أصول صينية. تم إدخاله إلى اليابان في القرن الـ12 م، وتطور ثم اشتهر في العالم عن طريقها. أقدم أشجار البونساي والتي لاتزال محفوظة اليوم تعود إلى بضع مئات من السنين. يتم تشذيب الشجيرة حسب قواعد صارمة، تصبح هذه الأشجار مصدرا للتأمل والتفكر، كما تقترن بطقوس العقيدة البوذية وكذا عقيدة الشنتو المحلية. تتخذ الشجيرات عدة أشكال ويكون قوامها منتصب، متعرج أو متموج على شاكلة الأشجار الموجود في الطبيعة. تم إدخال البونساي كهواية إلى الدول الغربية في سنوات السبعينيات (1970 م)، ولازل عدد هواة هذا الفن يزداد يوما بعد يوم.
الطريقة
يعتقد البعض أن الـ"بونساي" يتم الحصول عليها من أشجار أو شجيرات خاصة. رغم الاستعمال الشائع لبعض أنواع الأشجار في هذا الفن، إلا أنه يمكن الحصول على الـ"بونساي" عن طريق أي من ألباب الأشجار أو نبتات الغاب. من الألباب التقليدية المستعملة، لب شجرة الأرز اليابانية، أشجار الدردار الصينية، نباتات القيقب (القَيْقَب) اليابانية.
يتم زرع الشجيرة في أصيص صغير كما تحرم من السمادات المساعدة للنمو. تقلم الجذور نظرا لانعدام المجال للمزيد من التوسع. أثناء عملية النمو يتم تشذيب البراعم الصغيرة وتلوى (تحنى) الأغصان بحيث تميل نحو الأرض عن طريق خيوط من النحاس. يجب أن لا يتعدى طول الشجرة عند بلوغها الـ60 سنتيمترا، وعند بلوغها ستكون هيئتها عقدية (من العقد). يمكن الحصول على الـ"بونساي" عن طريق أصناف متنوعة من الأشجار، إلا أن أكثرها ملائمة هي ذات الطبيعة الصمغية (أشجار الصنوير مثلا).
الزراعة والرعاية
مصادر المواد
All bonsai start with a specimen of source material, a plant that the grower wishes to train into bonsai form. Bonsai practice is an unusual form of plant cultivation in that growth from seeds is rarely used to obtain source material. To display the characteristic aged appearance of a bonsai within a reasonable time, the source plant is often mature or at least partially grown when the bonsai creator begins work.[بحاجة لمصدر] Sources of bonsai material include:
- Propagation from a source tree through cuttings or layering.[1]
- Nursery stock directly from a nursery, or from a garden centre or similar resale establishment.[2]
- Commercial bonsai growers, which, in general, sell mature specimens that display bonsai aesthetic qualities already.[3]
- Collecting suitable bonsai material in its original wild situation, successfully moving it, and replanting it in a container for development as bonsai. These trees are called yamadori and are often the most expensive and prized of all bonsai.[4]
التقنيات
The practice of bonsai development incorporates a number of techniques either unique to bonsai or, if used in other forms of cultivation, applied in unusual ways that are particularly suitable to the bonsai domain. These techniques include:
- Leaf trimming, the selective removal of leaves (for most varieties of deciduous tree) or needles (for coniferous trees and some others) from a bonsai's trunk and branches.
- Pruning the trunk, branches, and roots of the candidate tree.[5]
- Wiring branches and trunks allows the bonsai designer to create the desired general form and make detailed branch and leaf placements.[6]
- Clamping using mechanical devices for shaping trunks and branches; bending of branches or trunks may also be achieved by the use of tension cables or guy-wires.[7]
- Grafting new growing material (typically a bud, branch, or root) into a prepared area on the trunk or under the bark of the tree.[8]
- Defoliation, which can provide short-term dwarfing of foliage for certain deciduous species.[9]
- Deadwood bonsai techniques such as jin and shari simulate age and maturity in a bonsai.[10]
الجماليات
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Bonsai aesthetics are the aesthetic goals characterizing the Japanese tradition of growing an artistically shaped miniature tree in a container. Many Japanese cultural characteristics, in particular the influence of Zen Buddhism and the expression of wabi-sabi,[11] inform the bonsai tradition in Japan. Established art forms that share some aesthetic principles with bonsai include penjing and saikei. A number of other cultures around the globe have adopted the Japanese aesthetic approach to bonsai, and, while some variations have begun to appear, most hew closely to the rules and design philosophies of the Japanese tradition.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Over centuries of practice, the Japanese bonsai aesthetic has encoded some important techniques and design guidelines. Like the aesthetic rules that govern, for example, Western common practice period music, bonsai's guidelines help practitioners work within an established tradition with some assurance of success. Simply following the guidelines alone will not guarantee a successful result. Nevertheless, these design rules can rarely be broken without reducing the impact of the bonsai specimen. Some key principles in bonsai aesthetics include:
- Miniaturization: By definition, a bonsai is a tree kept small enough to be container-grown while otherwise fostered to have a mature appearance.
- Proportion among elements: The most prized proportions mimic those of a full-grown tree as closely as possible. Small trees with large leaves or needles are out of proportion and are avoided, as is a thin trunk with thick branches.
- Asymmetry: Bonsai aesthetics discourage strict radial or bilateral symmetry in branch and root placement.
- No trace of the artist: The designer's touch must not be apparent to the viewer. If a branch is removed in shaping the tree, the scar will be concealed. Likewise, wiring should be removed or at least concealed when the bonsai is shown, and must leave no permanent marks on the branch or bark.[12]
- Poignancy: Many of the formal rules of bonsai help the grower create a tree that expresses Wabi-sabi, or portrays an aspect of mono no aware.
العرض
A bonsai display presents one or more bonsai specimens in a way that allows a viewer to see all the important features of the bonsai from the most advantageous position. That position emphasizes the bonsai's defined "front", which is designed into all bonsai. It places the bonsai at a height that allows the viewer to imagine the bonsai as a full-size tree seen from a distance, siting the bonsai neither so low that the viewer appears to be hovering in the sky above it nor so high that the viewer appears to be looking up at the tree from beneath the ground. Noted bonsai writer Peter Adams recommends that bonsai be shown as if "in an art gallery: at the right height; in isolation; against a plain background, devoid of all redundancies such as labels and vulgar little accessories."[13]
For outdoor displays, there are few aesthetic rules. Many outdoor displays are semi-permanent, with the bonsai trees in place for weeks or months at a time. To avoid damaging the trees, therefore, an outdoor display must not impede the amount of sunlight needed for the trees on display, must support watering, and may also have to block excessive wind or precipitation.[14] As a result of these practical constraints, outdoor displays are often rustic in style, with simple wood or stone components. A common design is the bench, sometimes with sections at different heights to suit different sizes of bonsai, along which bonsai are placed in a line. Where space allows, outdoor bonsai specimens are spaced far enough apart that the viewer can concentrate on one at a time. When the trees are too close to each other, aesthetic discord between adjacent trees of different sizes or styles can confuse the viewer, a problem addressed by exhibition displays.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Exhibition displays allow many bonsai to be displayed in a temporary exhibition format, typically indoors, as would be seen in a bonsai design competition. To allow many trees to be located close together, exhibition displays often use a sequence of small alcoves, each containing a single bonsai. The walls or dividers between the alcoves make it easier to view only one bonsai at a time. The back of the alcove is a neutral color and pattern to avoid distracting the viewer's eye. The bonsai pot is almost always placed on a formal stand, of a size and design selected to complement the bonsai and its pot.[15]
Indoors, a formal bonsai display is arranged to represent a landscape, and traditionally consists of the featured bonsai tree in an appropriate pot atop a wooden stand, along with a shitakusa (companion plant) representing the foreground, and a hanging scroll representing the background. These three elements are chosen to complement each other and evoke a particular season, and are composed asymmetrically to mimic nature.[16] When displayed inside a traditional Japanese home, a formal bonsai display will often be placed within the home's tokonoma or formal display alcove. An indoor display is usually very temporary, lasting a day or two, as most bonsai are intolerant of indoor conditions and lose vigor rapidly within the house.[بحاجة لمصدر]
الحاويات
A variety of informal containers may house the bonsai during its development, and even trees that have been formally planted in a bonsai pot may be returned to growing boxes from time to time. A large growing box can house several bonsai and provide a great volume of soil per tree to encourage root growth. A training box will have a single specimen, and a smaller volume of soil that helps condition the bonsai to the eventual size and shape of the formal bonsai container. There are no aesthetic guidelines for these development containers, and they may be of any material, size, and shape that suit the grower.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Completed trees are grown in formal bonsai containers. These containers are usually ceramic pots, which come in a variety of shapes and colors and may be glazed or unglazed. Unlike many common plant containers, bonsai pots have drainage holes at the bottom surface to complement fast-draining bonsai soil, allowing excess water to escape the pot. Growers cover the holes with a screening to prevent soil from falling out and to hinder pests from entering the pots from below. Pots usually have vertical sides, so that the tree's root mass can easily be removed for inspection, pruning, and replanting, although this is a practical consideration and other container shapes are acceptable.[بحاجة لمصدر]
There are alternatives to the conventional ceramic pot. Multi-tree bonsai may be created atop a fairly flat slab of rock, with the soil mounded above the rock surface and the trees planted within the raised soil. In recent times, bonsai creators have also begun to fabricate rock-like slabs from raw materials including concrete[17] and glass-reinforced plastic.[18] Such constructed surfaces can be made much lighter than solid rock, can include depressions or pockets for additional soil, and can be designed for drainage of water, all characteristics difficult to achieve with solid rock slabs. Other unconventional containers can also be used, but in formal bonsai display and competitions in Japan, the ceramic bonsai pot is the most common container.[بحاجة لمصدر]
For bonsai being shown formally in their completed state, pot shape, color, and size are chosen to complement the tree as a picture frame is chosen to complement a painting. In general, containers with straight sides and sharp corners are used for formally-shaped plants, while oval or round containers are used for plants with informal designs. Many aesthetic guidelines affect the selection of pot finish and color. For example, evergreen bonsai are often placed in unglazed pots, while deciduous trees usually appear in glazed pots. Pots are also distinguished by their size. The overall design of the bonsai tree, the thickness of its trunk, and its height are considered when determining the size of a suitable pot.[بحاجة لمصدر]
Some pots are highly collectible, like ancient Chinese or Japanese pots made in regions with experienced pot makers such as Tokoname, Japan, or Yixing, China. Today, many potters worldwide produce pots for bonsai.[19]
أنماط البونساي
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The Japanese tradition describes bonsai tree designs using a set of commonly understood, named styles.[20] The most common styles include formal upright, informal upright, slanting, semi-cascade, cascade, raft, literati, and group/forest. Less common forms include windswept, weeping, split-trunk, and driftwood styles.[21][22] These terms are not mutually exclusive, and a single bonsai specimen can exhibit more than one style characteristic. When a bonsai specimen falls into multiple style categories, the common practice is to describe it by the dominant or most striking characteristic.[بحاجة لمصدر]
A frequently used set of styles describes the orientation of the bonsai tree's main trunk. Different terms are used for a tree with its apex directly over the center of the trunk's entry into the soil, slightly to the side of that center, deeply inclined to one side, and inclined below the point at which the trunk of the bonsai enters the soil.[23]
- Formal upright (直幹, chokkan) is a style of trees characterized by a straight, upright, tapering trunk. Branches progress regularly from the thickest and broadest at the bottom to the finest and shortest at the top.[24]
- Informal upright (模様木, moyogi) is a style of trees incorporating visible curves in trunk and branches, but the apex of the informal upright is located directly above the trunk's entry into the soil line.[25]
- Slant (斜幹, shakan) is a style of bonsai possessing straight trunks like those of bonsai grown in the formal upright style. However, the slant style trunk emerges from the soil at an angle, and the apex of the bonsai will be located to the left or right of the root base.[26]
- Cascade (懸崖, kengai) is a style of specimens modeled after trees that grow over water or down the sides of mountains. The apex (tip of the tree) in the semi-cascade (半懸崖, han-kengai) style bonsai extend just at or beneath the lip of the bonsai pot;[27] the apex of a full cascade-style falls below the base of the pot.[28]
A number of styles describe the trunk shape and bark finish. For example, the deadwood bonsai styles identify trees with prominent dead branches or trunk scarring.[29]
- Shari (舎利幹, sharimiki) is a style involving the portrayal of a tree in its struggle to live while a significant part of its trunk is bare of bark.[30]
Although most bonsai trees are planted directly into the soil, there are styles describing trees planted on rock.[31]
- Root-over-rock (石上樹, sekijoju) is a style in which the roots of the tree are wrapped around a rock, entering the soil at the base of the rock.[بحاجة لمصدر]
- Growing-in-a-rock (石付 ishizuke or ishitsuki) is a style in which the roots of the tree are growing in soil contained within the cracks and holes of the rock.[بحاجة لمصدر]
While the majority of bonsai specimens feature a single tree, there are well-established style categories for specimens with multiple trunks.[32]
- Forest or group (寄せ植え, yose ue) is a style comprising the planting of several or many trees of one species, typically an odd number, in a bonsai pot.[33]
- Multi-trunk styles like sokan and sankan have all the trunks growing out of one spot with one root system, so the bonsai is actually a single tree.[بحاجة لمصدر]
- Raft (筏吹き, ikadabuki) is a style of bonsai that mimic a natural phenomenon that occurs when a tree topples onto its side from erosion or another natural force. Branches along the top side of the trunk continue to grow as a group of new trunks.[بحاجة لمصدر]
أنماط أخرى
A few styles do not fit into the preceding categories. These include:
- Broom (箒立ち, hokidachi) is a style employed for trees with fine branching, like elms. The trunk is straight and branches out in all directions about 1⁄3 of the way up the entire height of the tree. The branches and leaves form a ball-shaped crown.[34]
- Windswept (吹き流し, fukinagashi) is a style describing a tree that appears to be affected by strong winds blowing continuously from one direction, as might shape a tree atop a mountain ridge or on an exposed shoreline.[35]
فنانو البونساي
Below is a list of some notable bonsai artists.[36]
| Name | Year of birth | Year of death | Nationality |
|---|---|---|---|
| قالب:Sort name | 1986 | American | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1975 | Italian | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1940 | Japanese | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1948 | Japanese | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1914 | 2004 | American |
| قالب:Sort name | 1911 | 2006 | Japanese-American |
| قالب:Sort name | 1944 | Austrian | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1954 | Japanese | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1951 | Greek-American | |
| قالب:Sort name | 1921 | 1997 | Japanese |
معارض البونساي
There are exhibitions, shows, and competitions dedicated to bonsai all around the world. However, there is a consensus that the best specimens are in Japan. Japan has several private and public museums dedicated to bonsai, such as the Shunka-en Bonsai Garden in Tokyo and the Omiya Bonsai Museum in Saitama.[37]
In the United States, there are two museums dedicated to bonsai, the National Bonsai & Penjing Museum at the National Arboretum in Washington DC, and the Pacific Bonsai Museum close to Tacoma, WA.[38][39]
Japan also hosts several annual bonsai competitions where trees compete for awards in different categories. The most prestigious bonsai competition for amateur-owned trees, although most trees are prepared for display by professionals, is the Kokufu-ten, held every year in the month of February in the Tokyo Metropolitan Art Museum. The Kokufu-ten is the oldest competition in Japan, celebrating in 2023 its 97th edition. Awards are presented in different categories.[40]
For bonsai professionals, the top competition in Japan is the Nippon Bonsai Sakufu-ten organized by the Japan Bonsai Cooperative Association. The competition is held in December of each year and the top prize is the Prime Minister Award, which went to Hiroaki Suzuki in 2022 for a Shimpaku Juniper tree.[41][42]
تبويب الأحجام
Japanese bonsai exhibitions and catalogs frequently refer to the size of individual bonsai specimens by assigning them to size classes (see table below). Not all sources agree on the exact sizes or names for these size ranges, but the concept of the ranges is well-established and useful to both the cultivation and the aesthetic understanding of the trees. A photograph of a bonsai may not give the viewer an accurate impression of the tree's real size, so printed documents may complement a photograph by naming the bonsai's size class. The size class implies the height and weight of the tree in its container.[بحاجة لمصدر]
In the very largest size ranges, a recognized Japanese practice is to name the trees "two-handed", "four-handed", and so on, based on the number of men required to move the tree and pot. These trees will have dozens of branches and can closely simulate a full-size tree. The very largest size, called "imperial", is named after the enormous potted trees of Japan's Imperial Palace.[43]
At the other end of the size spectrum, there are a number of specific techniques and styles associated solely with the smallest common sizes, mame and shito. These techniques take advantage of the bonsai's minute dimensions and compensate for the limited number of branches and leaves that can appear on a tree this small.[بحاجة لمصدر]
| Common names for bonsai size classes[44] | ||
|---|---|---|
| Large bonsai | ||
| الاسم الشائع | Size class | Tree Height |
| Imperial bonsai | Eight-handed | 152–203 cm (60–80 in) |
| Hachi-uye | Six-handed | 102–152 cm (40–60 in) |
| Dai | Four-handed | 76–122 cm (30–48 in) |
| Omono | Four-handed | 76–122 cm (30–48 in) |
| Medium-size bonsai | ||
| Common name | Size class | Tree Height |
| Chiu | Two-handed | 41–91 cm (16–36 in) |
| Chumono | Two-handed | 41–91 cm (16–36 in) |
| Katade-mochi | One-handed | 25–46 cm (10–18 in) |
| Miniature bonsai | ||
| Common name | Size class | Tree Height |
| Komono | One-handed | 15–25 cm (6–10 in) |
| Shohin | One-handed | 13–20 cm (5–8 in) |
| Mame | Palm size | 5–15 cm (2–6 in) |
| Shito | Fingertip size | 5–10 cm (2–4 in) |
| Keshitsubo | Poppy-seed size | 3–8 cm (1–3 in) |
البونساي المنزلي
The Japanese tradition of bonsai does not include indoor bonsai, and bonsai appearing at Japanese exhibitions or in catalogs have been grown outdoors for their entire lives. In less-traditional settings, including climates more severe than Japan's, indoor bonsai may appear in the form of potted trees cultivated for the indoor environment.[45]
Traditionally, bonsai are temperate climate trees grown outdoors in containers.[46] Kept in the artificial environment of a home, these trees weaken and die. However, a number of tropical and sub-tropical tree species will survive and grow indoors, such as the jade plant and members of the genus Ficus.[47]
في الثقافة الشعبية
Bonsai is taught in schools.[بحاجة لمصدر] It has also featured in manga, anime, and been shown on television.
- In the Karate Kid film franchise, Mr. Miyagi practices bonsai and teaches through it, up to even being the central feature of the film in The Karate Kid Part III,[48] and many years later, being part of the plot of the Cobra Kai sequel TV series.[49]
- In the Discworld series of books by Terry Pratchett, most notably in Small Gods, the History Monk Lu-Tze practices the art of bonsai mountains, a parody of bonsai, due to his expanded lifespan.[بحاجة لمصدر]
انظر أيضاً
- Bonsai aesthetics
- Bonsai cultivation and care
- Bonsai Kitten
- Bonsai styles
- Chrysanthemum bonsai
- List of species used in bonsai
- Tree shaping
- Dwarf forest
- Kokedama
- Kusamono
المراجع
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- ^ "Buying Bonsai trees in a store or online shop - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Collecting Trees from the forest (Yamadori) - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Pruning Bonsai, cutting branches to shape the tree - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Wiring Bonsai trees to shape and bend the branches - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "How to Clamp Bonsai Trees - Bonsai Tree Gardener". October 2018.
- ^ "Grafting trees as Bonsai cultivation technique - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Bonsai defoliation, pruning leaves to induce new growth - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ "Deadwood on Bonsai (Jin, Shari and Uro) - Bonsai Empire". www.bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2022-05-03.
- ^ Chan. Bonsai Masterclass. pp. 12–14.
- ^ Chan. Bonsai Masterclass. p. 14.
- ^ Adams, Peter D. (1981). The Art of Bonsai. Ward Lock Ltd. p. 134. ISBN 978-0-8317-0947-1.
- ^ Norman, Ken (2005). Growing Bonsai: A Practical Encyclopedia. Lorenz Books. pp. 176–177. ISBN 978-0-7548-1572-3.
- ^ Adams, Peter D. The Art of Bonsai. Color plates facing pp. 89, 134.
- ^ Andy Rutledge, "Bonsai Display 101 Archived 2017-11-28 at the Wayback Machine", The Art of Bonsai Project. Accessed 18 July 2009.
- ^ Lewis, Colin (2001). The Art of Bonsai Design. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc.: New York. pp. 44–51. ISBN 0-8069-7137-1.
- ^ Adams, Peter D. The Art of Bonsai. Color plates following p. 88; p. 134.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةAbout Bonsai Pots and Potters - ^ "Japanese Styles of Bonsai". Magical Miniature Landscapes. Retrieved 2016-09-13.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةbonsai_masterclass_peter_chan - ^ D'Cruz, Mark. "Ma-Ke Bonsai Care Guide - Bonsai Styles". Ma-Ke Bonsai. Archived from the original on 2012-12-27. Retrieved 2012-12-24.
- ^ Koreshoff. Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy. p. 153.
- ^ Zane, Thomas L. (2003). Intermediate Bonsai: a course syllabus (PDF). Daytona Beach, FL: Backyard Bonsai. p. 31. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2022-11-21. Retrieved 2022-12-02.
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Naka, John Yoshio (1973). Bonsai Techniques I. Bonsai Institute of California. pp. 123–124. ISBN 0-930422-31-7.
- ^ "Sharimiki Bonsai". Bonsaiempire.com. Retrieved 2009-11-21.
- ^ Masakuni Kawasumi II; Masakuni Kawasumi III (2005). The Secret Techniques of Bonsai: A guide to starting, raising, and shaping bonsai. Kodansha International. pp. 86–91. ISBN 978-4-7700-2943-0.
- ^ Yuji Yoshimura & Barbara M. Halford (1957). The Art of Bonsai: Creation, Care and Enjoyment. Tuttle Publishing, North Clarendon VT USA. pp. 65–66. ISBN 0-8048-2091-0.
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Zane 2003
- ^ Koreshoff. Bonsai: Its Art, Science, History and Philosophy. pp. 178–185.
- ^ "Bonsai artists, experts and teachers - Bonsai Empire".
- ^ "Bonsai". www.japan-guide.com. 13 May 2023.
- ^ "National Bonsai Foundation - Bonsai Museum Washington DC". National Bonsai Foundation.
- ^ "Pacific Bonsai Museum |".
- ^ "Kokufu Bonsai Ten Shows, Part I". www.magiminiland.org.
- ^ "第48回日本盆栽作風展 内閣総理大臣賞受賞作家 鈴木浩章". 15 December 2022 – via www.youtube.com.
- ^ "日本盆栽作風展 ｜ 日本盆栽協同組合". bonsaikumiai.jp. September 22, 2021.
- ^ Gustafson. Miniature Bonsai. p. 17.
- ^ Gustafson. Miniature Bonsai. p. 18.
- ^ Lesniewicz, Paul (1996). Bonsai in Your Home. Sterling Publishing Company. ISBN 0-8069-0781-9.
- ^ Indoor Bonsai,online article from the Montreal Botanical Garden
- ^ Pike, Dave (1989). Indoor bonsai : a beginner's step-by-step guide. Wiltshire: Crowood. ISBN 1-85223-254-4. OCLC 19516580.
- ^ "Bonsai in the Karate Kid movie - Bonsai Empire". bonsaiempire.com. 2013-08-09. Retrieved 2023-01-21.
- ^ Daniel's Bonsai - Cobra Kai Clip at YouTube
وصلات خارجية
| Authority control databases: National |
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