شوان‌زونگ من تانگ

هذا المقال هو عن الامبراطور السابع في أسرة تانگ. إذا كنت تريد سليله الذي يُكتب اسم المعبد له أيضاً شوآن‌زونگ (لاحظ الألِف الممدودة) ويُرَوْمَن Xuanzong، انظر شوآن‌زونگ من تانگ.

شوان‌زونگ من تانگ
الميلاد والوفاة:	8 سبتمبر، 685–3 مايو، 762
لقب العائلة:	Lǐ (李)
الاسم الأول:	Longji (隆基)
تواريخ الحكم:	8 سبتمبر، 712¹–12 أغسطس، 756²
الأسرة الحاكمة:	تانگ (唐)
اسم المعبد:	Xuánzōng (玄宗)
الاسم بعد الوفاة: (قصير)	الامبراطور مِنگ³ (明皇)
الاسم بعد الوفاة: (بالكامل)	الامبراطور جي‌داو داشنگ Zhidao Dasheng دامِنگ شياو Daming Xiao 至道大聖大明孝皇帝
ملاحظة عامة: التواريخ المعطاة هنا هي حسب التقويم الجولياني. They are not in the proleptic Gregorian calendar. ——— 1. صعد إلى العرش بعد تنحية والده، الذي حصل على لقب Taishang Huang (太上皇). فعلياً، استمر والده في الحكم حتى وقوع انقلاب القصر في 29 يوليو 713، حين استولى شوانزونگ على كافة السلطات من والده في 30 يوليو. 2. بعد تمرد أن لوشان، ابن شوانزونگ نادى به الجيش امبراطوراً في 12 أغسطس 756، ولكن شوانزونگ وحاشيته، الذين فروا إلى سيشوان، فقط سمعوا الأنباء في 10 سبتمبر 756، وهذا التاريخ يؤرخ للنهاية الفعلية لحكم شوانزونگ. 3. هذا هو الاسم الأكثر شيوعاً للامبراطور شوانزونگ داخل الصين.

الامبراطور تانگ شوانزونگ Tang Xuanzong (بالصينية: 唐玄宗) (و. 8 سبتمبر 685 - 3 مايو 762)، ولد باسم لي لونگ‌جي Li Longji (李隆基)، وكان سادس امبراطور في أسرة تانگ في الصين، وحكم من 712 إلى 756. فترة حكمه كانت الأطول في أسرة تانگ، ويـُنسب إليه فضل الارتقاء بصين أسرة تانگ إلى قمة الثقافة والقوة. آخر سني حكمه تأثرت بنفوذ يانگ گويْ‌فـِيْ Yang Guifei، إحدى زوجاته، ثم انتهى حكمه على يد تمرد عسكري هائل وكارثي، أنهى العصر الذهبي لأسرة تانگ.

 الانقلاب على الإمبراطورة الأرملة وِيْ

In summer 710, Emperor Zhongzong died suddenly—a death that traditional historians believed to be a poisoning by Empress Wei and her daughter Li Guo'er the Princess Anle so that Empress Wei could become "emperor" like Wu Zetian and Li Guo'er could become crown princess. For the time being, Emperor Zhongzong's son by a concubine, Li Chongmao the Prince of Wen, was named emperor (as Emperor Shang), but Empress Wei retained actual power as empress dowager and regent. Originally, Empress Dowager Wei's clan members, along with Zong, Li Guo'er's husband Wu Yanxiu, and other officials Zhao Lüwen (趙履溫) and Ye Jingneng (葉靜能) were advising her to take the throne, like Wu Zetian did, and they also advised her to eliminate Li Dan and Princess Taiping. The official Cui Riyong leaked their plan to Li Longji. Li Longji responded by conspiring with Princess Taiping, Princess Taiping's son Xue Chongjian (薛崇簡), as well as several low-level officials close to him—Zhong Shaojing, Wang Chongye (王崇曄), Liu Youqiu, and Ma Sizong (麻嗣宗)—to act first. Meanwhile, Empress Wei's nephews Wei Bo (韋播) and Gao Song (高嵩), who had recently been put in command of imperial guards and who had tried to establish their authority by dealing with the guards harshly, had alienated the guards, and the guard officers Ge Fushun (葛福順), Chen Xuanli (陳玄禮), and Li Xianfu (李仙鳧) thereafter also joined the plot.

Without first informing Li Dan, the conspirators enacted their plan on 21 July 710, first killing Wei Bo, Gao, and Empress Wei's cousin Wei Gui (韋璿). They then began their attack on the palace, causing Empress Dowager Wei to flee to an imperial guard camp, where a guard beheaded her. Li Guo'er, Wu Yanxiu, and Lady Helou were killed as well. Li Longji soon slaughtered a number of officials in Empress Dowager's faction as well as her clan, while displaying Empress Dowager Wei's body on the street. At the urging of Princess Taiping, Li Longji, and Li Longji's brother Li Chengqi, Li Dan soon took the throne from Li Chongmao and again became emperor (as Emperor Ruizong).

 أثناء العهد الثاني للإمبراطور روي‌زونگ: في ظل الأميرة تاي‌پينگ

The Summer Palace of Emperor Ming (Xuanzong), as imagined by painter Guo Zhongshu (929–977 CE)

Emperor Ruizong once again ascended to the throne, which is different from the first time he was a puppet. This time he truly mastered the power and quickly used it handily. Emperor Ruizong was immediately faced with the issue of whom to make crown prince—as Li Chengqi, as the oldest son overall and the oldest son of his wife, was the appropriate heir under Confucian principles of succession, but Li Longji had been the one whose accomplishments had allowed him to retake the throne. He hesitated. Li Chengqi declined consideration to be crown prince—stating to his father:

If the state were secure, then consideration should be first given to the oldest son of the wife. If the state were in danger, then consideration should be first given for achievement. If you did not follow this principle, the people of the entire empire will be disappointed. I would rather die than to be placed above the Prince of Ping [(i.e., Li Longji, whose title had been changed to Prince of Ping by this point)].

Li Chengqi wept and begged to yield for several days, and after further persuasion by the chancellor Liu Youqiu—who had been part of Li Longji's coup plans—Emperor Ruizong agreed and created Li Longji crown prince. Li Longji submitted a petition offering to yield to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong rejected it. After he came to the throne, whenever the chancellors and officials discussed political affairs with him, the first sentence he asked was: "Have you ever discussed with Princess Taiping? "If the answer is yes, he will continue to ask: "Have you ever discussed with Li Longji?" If both people have clear opinions, he will make a decision based on this, as a result, he relies heavily on Princess Taiping and Li Longji. Because of his achievements, having the crown prince title and the emperor's trust, Li Longji was active and powerful in the politics of Emperor Ruizong's reign, but, also, whenever Emperor Ruizong called a court meeting, Princess Taiping would listen to the courtiers' conversations with the emperor about the government behind a pearl curtain and had the government under her hands.

Under her ample reputation in the previous reigns, her great achievements in two coups, the trust of Emperor Ruizong's, the vast privileges, attention, independence and wealth that Emperor Ruizong bestowed on her, and having countless allies, Princess Taiping has decision-making power on many serious events in the court and the country matters and was so powerful that she even surpassed Emperor Ruizong. She could often decide the promotion or demotion, deportation or summons of officials with a single sentence, and if the subject was undecided, it was changed or determined by a sentence from her, so most chancellors, forbidden troops, civil and military officials, regional warlords and senior servants of the Imperial palace were her associates. Initially, Princess Taiping agreed to Li Longji's ascension as crown prince despite the fact that Li Longji was not Emperor Ruizong's oldest son and was not born of Emperor Ruizong's wife Empress Liu (Li Chengqi was both—and therefore pursuant to Confucian principles of succession should have been crown prince) as she believed that Li Longji was young (25 at the time he was made crown prince) and would be easy to control. However, once she began to see that Li Longji was strong-willed and criticized her influences, she became apprehensive and often had officials close to her publicly opine that Li Longji was an improper crown prince. She even spread rumors throughout the empire and tried to cause discontent among the common people, saying: Li Longji is not the eldest son of the emperor, so he should not become the crown prince. She further often paid Li Longji's staff members to spy on him to try to find faults with him. She associated with a group of officials, including the chancellors Dou Huaizhen, Xiao Zhizhong, and Cen Xi, intending to find some way to remove Li Longji, but was unable to get two other chancellors—Wei Anshi and Song Jing—to join her group. When Princess Taiping tried to depose Li Longji in two actions, one with Emperor Ruizong himself and another time by summoning the chancellors at Xuanwu Gate and publicly accusing Li Longji of treason or incompetence, but it did not achieve the desired result.

In 711, Song and another chancellor, Yao Yuanzhi, tried to persuade Emperor Ruizong to carry out a plan that they believed would end her plotting and influence. They proposed that the two princes who arguably had superior claims on the throne than Li Longji—Li Chengqi and Li Shouli (whose father Li Xian (note different character than Emperor Zhongzong) was an older brother to both Emperors Zhongzong and Ruizong)—be sent out of the capital Chang'an to serve as prefectural prefects, while Princess Taiping and Wu Youji be sent to live in Luoyang. They also proposed that Li Longji be put in charge of most affairs of state. Emperor Ruizong initially agreed and made the orders as Song and Yao suggested, except that he believed that Luoyang was too far and therefore sent Princess Taiping and Wu Youji only to Pu Prefecture (蒲州, roughly modern Yuncheng, Shanxi). After Princess Taiping found out that the plan was conceived by Song and Yao, however, she was incensed and let Li Longji know her anger, and she mobilized her group to attack Song and Yao and oppose Emperor Ruizong's decision. In fear, Li Longji submitted a petition accusing Song and Yao of alienating him from his brothers Li Chengqi and Li Shouli (who was actually a cousin but was raised with Emperor Ruizong's sons) and aunt Princess Taiping, asking that the two be put to death. Emperor Ruizong, in response, demoted Song and Yao and recalled Princess Taiping, Li Chengqi, and Li Shouli to the capital. In the aftermaths, Li Longji submitted another request to yield the crown prince position to Li Chengqi, but Emperor Ruizong declined it. Also in 711, Emperor Ruizong posthumously honored both Empress Liu and Li Longji's mother Consort Dou as empresses and built a temple for them to be worshipped, but was unable to locate their bodies for reburial, and therefore had to give them a ceremonial reburial without the bodies. But this posthumous honor for Li Longji's mother further displeased Princess Taiping. Emperor Ruizong also ordered that all minor matters be decided by Li Longji, and with this, Emperor Ruizong established Li Longji as his sole successor, but diverted his participation in important matters and focused more on the advice of his sister, Princess Taiping.

By winter 711 Princess Taiping had become even more powerful than before. Because of her recommendations, Emperor Ruizong carried out a major reorganization of his administration, relieving the chancellors Wei, Guo Yuanzhen, Dou, Li Rizhi, and Zhang Yue of their chancellor positions, instead commissioning a number of chancellors that she recommended — Liu Youqiu, Wei Zhigu, Cui Shi, and Lu Xiangxian. (Cui was a lover of Princess Taiping, and when she offered to recommend him as chancellor, because he admired Lu, he requested to be made chancellor along with Lu, even though Lu was not an associate of Princess Taiping. It was said that Emperor Ruizong, however, was initially unwilling to make Cui chancellor, but relented after Princess Taiping begged in tears, although the account may be somewhat discountable in that neither Liu nor Wei was an associate of Princess Taiping either, and both were close associates of Li Longji.)

In 712, Princess Taiping had astrologers warn Emperor Ruizong that the constellation that symbolized the imperial throne, Dizuo (帝座), showed that there would be a change in the emperor's position—believing that Emperor Ruizong would suspect Li Longji of plotting a coup and that she could remove Li Longji this way. Instead, Emperor Ruizong, reasoning that the change in the emperor's position could be accounted by an orderly transition, offered to pass the throne to Li Longji. Princess Taiping fervently opposed it, and Li Longji initially declined, but at Emperor Ruizong's insistence finally accepted and took the throne on 8 September (as Emperor Xuanzong). However, at Princess Taiping's suggestion, Emperor Ruizong retained much of the imperial power as Taishang Huang (retired emperor), and his edicts continued to carry greater force than Emperor Xuanzong's.

 ارتقاء العرش

ولد في عصر كانت السلطة الفعلية فيه في يد جدته، الامبراطورة وو زتيان Wu Zetian التي نقلت السلطة لأسرتها الحاكمة سابقاً، شوانزونگ أصبح وميض الأمل الوحيد لإستعادة أسرة لي الامبراطورية. عمته، الأميرة تاي‌پنگ Taiping حمت بضراوة شوان‌زونگ من الأذى وإليها يرجع فضل حماية شوانزونگ الصغير من أسرة وو Wu. وفي سنة 710 تآمر شوانزونگ مع الأميرة تاي‌پنگ (ابنة الامبراطورة وو زتيان) ليضعوا نهاية لمحاولة الامبراطورة وِيْ Wei الإستيلاء على الحكم. فقد قام بقتل الامبراطورة وِيْ، زوجة عمه المتوفي حديثاً الامبراطور جونگ زونگ Zhongzong, في إنقلاب بلاط وضع أبوه, الامبراطور روي‌زونگ Ruizong، على العرش. وتم تعيينه وزيراً لبضعة شهور قبل أن يصبح ولياً للعهد. ثم ارتقى شوانزونگ العرش في 712.

 عصر كاي يوان (713-741)

فترة كاي يوان من عهد الإمبراطور شوان‌زونگ عادةً ما تُعرف بأنها أحد العصور الذهبيةبتاريخ الصين – فقد كانت فترة من الاستقرار السياسي والسلام بالمجتمع والرخاء الاقتصادي، بالإضافة للتقدم في التعليم والأدب والموسيقى والرسم والنحت والدين.

ولما كان قد عـُرف باسم تانگ مِنگ هوانگ Tang Minghuang (唐明皇: "امبراطور تانگ المتفهم"), فقد بدأ النصف الأول من حكمه (712-730') بالارتقاء بصين أسرة تانگ إلى قمم القوة، في فترة عـُرفت شعبياً بعصر كاي يوان Kaiyuan era (開元之治). في البداية، شوانزونگ كان امبراطوراً دءوباً مثابراً.

أراضي ومقاطعات تانگ في 742.

شوانزونگ أو منگ هوانگ "الإمبراطور النابه" الذي حكم الصين نحو أربعين عاماً تخللتها فترات قصيرة كان فيها بعيداً عن العرش (713- 756 ب.م). وكان هذا الإمبراطور رجلاً اجتمعت فيه كثير من المتناقضات البشرية؛ فقد كان يقرض الشعر ويشن الحرب على البلاد النائية، ومن أعماله أنه فرض الجزية على تركستان الشرقية و فارس وسمرقند، وألغى حكم الإعدام وأصلح إدارة السجون والمحاكم، ولم يرحم من لا يبادر بأداء الضرائب، وكان يتحمل راضياً مسروراً عنت الشعراء والفنانين والعلماء؛ وأنشأ كلية لتعليم الموسيقى في حديقة له تسمى "حديقة شجرة الكمثرى"، وقد بدأ حكمه متقشفاً متزمتاً، أغلق مصانع الحرير وحرم على نساء القصر التحلي بالجواهر أو الملابس المطرزة.

 فترة كاي يوان المبكرة

Spring Outing of the Tang Court, by Xuanzong era artist Zhang Xuan, 8th century original

Meanwhile, Zhang Yue and Liu Youqiu served as chancellors, but they were soon displaced by Yao Yuanzhi (who then changed his name to Yao Chong) and Lu Huaishen. Changing the system of having a large group of chancellors simultaneous, as had been the case throughout Tang, Emperor Xuanzong reduced the numbers to two (or sometimes three) for the rest of his reign. Yao was considered a highly capable administrator, and with him ruling on most important matters and Lu assisting, the government was said to be highly efficient.

In 714, Emperor Xuanzong carried out a series of political reprisals against the cruel secret police officials of Wu Zetian's reign, exiling the ones that were still alive and eventually barring their descendants from holding political offices. At the urging of Jiang Jiao's brother Jiang Hui (姜誨), he also exiled a number of chancellors – Wei Sili, Wei Anshi, Zhao Yanzhao, and Li Jiao – from Emperor Zhongzong's reign whom Jiang accused of being unable to curb Empress Wei's abuse of power.

Also in 714, Emperor Xuanzong, wanting to punish the Khitan and the Xi for having defeated Tang forces during Emperor Zhongzong's reign, commissioned the general Xue Ne to attack them, but Xue suffered another devastating loss to them, at the casualty rate of 80–90%. However, later in the year, when the Tibetan Empire attacked, Emperor Xuanzong again commissioned Xue to defend against the attack, and Xue was able to repel the Tibetan forces. Subsequently, though, although both sides tried to invoke the marriage between Li Shouli's daughter Princess Jincheng and Me Agtsom, emperor of the Tibetan Empire, in seeking peace, the two sides could not reach an agreement and remained in border conflict yearly. In response, Emperor Xuanzong established the office of jiedushi (military governor) of Longyou Circuit (隴右, headquartered in what is now Haidong, Qinghai), with a centralized command of 12 prefectures under a single military general. Eventually, the establishment of jiedushi would be extended to other parts of the empire.

Also in 714, Emperor Xuanzong created Li Siqian, his second son and the son of his then-favorite concubine Consort Zhao, crown prince. (Emperor Xuanzong's wife Empress Wang was sonless.)

Meanwhile, the Tang relationship with Qapaghan Qaghan of the Göktürks had fluctuated during the first few years of the Kaiyuan era, as minor hostilities occurred at the borders as well as contests over vassals' loyalty for the two states, but they were also at times friendly to each other, with Qapaghan requesting at times to marry a Tang princess and Emperor Xuanzong agreeing to the proposal. In 716, however, Qapaghan was killed in battle against the Bayegu (拔野古), and from that point on, lacking his efficient leadership, the Göktürks, while remaining an important regional power, posed much less of a threat to China, although at times still capable of dealing serious defeats to Tang forces, as was the case in 720 when the Göktürk general Tonyukuk defeated the Tang garrison at Liang Prefecture (涼州, roughly modern Wuwei, Gansu) and the Tang vassal Basmyl. Meanwhile, Tang, the Tibetan Empire, and the Umayyad Caliphate were constantly engaging in a three-way tug of war for influence in the Xiyu (i.e., modern Xinjiang and former Soviet Central Asia) region. In 715, for example, when the king of Bahanna (拔汗那) was expelled by a new king supported by the Tibetan Empire and the Umayyad Caliphate, Tang forces commanded by the general Zhang Xiaosong (張孝嵩) attacked the new king and restored the old king. General Tang Jiahui led the Chinese to defeat the following Arab-Tibetan attack in the Battle of Aksu (717). The attack on Aksu was joined by Turgesh Khan Suluk. Both Uch Turfan and Aksu were attacked by the Turgesh, Arab, and Tibetan force on 15 August 717. Qarluqs serving under Chinese command, under Arsila Xian, a Western Turkic Qaghan serving under the Chinese Assistant Grand Protector General Tang Jiahui defeated the attack. Al-Yashkuri, the Arab commander and his army fled to Tashkent after they were defeated.

Great Mosque of Xi'an, one of China's oldest mosques, built during the reign of Emperor Xuanzong.

In and around 716, there was a major locust infestation in the central China region. At Yao's suggestion, Emperor Xuanzong ordered an extensive campaign of extermination, which was said to reduce the impact of the infestation and ward off a major famine. Later in 716, however, due a corruption scandal involving Yao's sons and his associate Zhao Hui (趙誨), Yao incurred displeasure from Emperor Xuanzong and offered to resign. He and Yuan Qianyao, who replaced Lu after Lu's death earlier in 716, were removed from their offices and replaced with Song Jing and Su Ting, with Song making more of the important decisions and Su assisting. Yao would not return to the chancellorship, but would remain influential as a key advisor for Emperor Xuanzong until Yao's death in 721. Contrary to the practical and flexible Yao, Song was more interested in emphasizing integrity and rule of law in governance, and it was said that while Yao's and Song's emphases were different, they were both regarded as instrumental in establishing the rule of Kaiyuan and that subsequent chancellors could not compare to them.

Meanwhile, Song and Su had carried out a stern campaign against the use of coins that were not officially forged by the government, which brought popular resentment that Emperor Xuanzong found problematic. In 720, he removed Song and Su from chancellor offices and replaced them with Yuan and Zhang Jiazhen, and in 721 added Zhang Yue as a chancellor as well.

Meanwhile, by 722, Empress Wang, who had contributed to Emperor Xuanzong's reign by providing suggestions, had begun to lose favor to Consort Wu, a great-grandniece of Emperor Xuanzong's grandmother Wu Zetian. Emperor Xuanzong secretly discussed with Jiang Jiao the possibility of deposing her, but Jiang Jiao careless leaked the discussion. At the urging of Zhang Jiazhen, who was friendly with Empress Wang's brother Wang Shouyi (王守一), advocated that Jiang Jiao be punished and exiled, and Jiang died in exile.

Meanwhile, at Zhang Yue's suggestion, the Tang northern border defense forces, which had about 600,000 men at that time, was reduced by 200,000 men to allow the soldiers to return home. Further, seeing that the Tang conscription system, due to abuses against the soldiers at the time, was near a collapse, as the soldiers were forced into long tours of duty but their families were not exempt from taxes, thus causing great numbers of desertions, Zhang suggested a switch to a recruitment-based system where soldiers were paid salaries. This allowed, for a time, Tang's soldier supply to be replenished. (Some later historians condemned Zhang for the abolition of the conscription system, believing the abolition to be the root of Tang's later fracturing, but some others, such as the modern historian Bo Yang, argued that Zhang's actions not only were necessary to restore the supply of soldiers but saved many lives.)

 استقباله مبعوثاً من الخليفة سليمان الأموي

خبر وصول مبعوث الخليفة سليمان إلى الصين.

في وقت ما، بين 24/7 و 21/8 سنة 716م، وصل مبعوث من الخليفة الأموي سليمان (حكم 715-717) إلى بلاط الامبراطور شوان‌زونگ من تانگ، في تشانگ آن، الصين. بالصينية 黑密牟尼蘇利漫: هي منطوق "خــَ[ليفة]-أمير [الـ]مؤمنين-سليمان. العرب، بالصينية، كانوا يُعرفون بإسم تازيك 大食 (من تاجيك أي فارسي).

 فترة كاي يوان الوسطى

Emperor Xuanzong giving audience to Zhang Guo, by Ren Renfa (1254–1327)

In 723, Zhang Jiazhen was demoted on account of a corruption scandal involving his brother Zhang Jiayou (張嘉祐). His position was filled by Wang Jun, who was soon himself demoted over suspicions, never proven, that he was plotting treason. With Zhang Yue thus effectively being the senior chancellor, Zhang Yue promoted literary studies, which Emperor Xuanzong also favored. In 724, he also commissioned the chief imperial astronomer Nangong Shuo (南宮說) to carry out a major astronomical survey to observe the sun and the North Star at various points of the empire.

Also in 724, it was discovered that Wang Shouyi had engaged sorcerers to make amulets for Empress Wang to wear, hoping that the use of magic would allow her to have a son. Empress Wang was deposed and reduced to commoner rank, while Wang Shouyi was exiled and subsequently ordered to commit suicide in exile. Empress Wang died later in the year, and it was said that the eunuchs and the ladies in waiting mourned her bitterly and Emperor Xuanzong much regretted his treatment of her. Still, after Empress Wang's removal and death, Consort Wu became undisputed mistress of the palace and was treated inside the palace like an empress would be. Still, in 726, when Emperor Xuanzong considered creating her empress, he encountered oppositions from officials on two grounds – that her Wu clan was hated by the people and that as she had her own sons, the position of Li Siqian the Crown Prince (whose name had been changed to Li Hong by this point) would be threatened. As a result, Emperor Xuanzong never created her empress. But Consort Wu's was a chief favorite of the emperor and undisputed mistress of the palace until her death and had political power.

In winter 725, Emperor Xuanzong, at Zhang Yue's urging, carried out a magnificent ceremony at Mount Tai to offer sacrifices to heaven and earth.

On 11 May 726, Zhang Yue was accused of corruption by several officials that he had blocked the advances of – Cui Yinfu (崔隱甫), Yuwen Rong, and Li Linfu – and was found to have committed corruption. At the intercession of Gao Lishi, however, Zhang Yue was removed only from his chancellor post on 18 May and permitted to maintain his title and a number of other posts. He was replaced by Li Yuanhong on 15 May, and subsequently, Du Xian was also added as a chancellor.

In 727, at the suggestion of the general Wang Junchuo (王君㚟), Emperor Xuanzong commissioned Wang Junchuo to attack the Tibetan Empire, and after a Tibetan incursion in late 726, Wang counterattacked and inflicted losses on Tibetan forces commanded by the general Xinuoluogonglu (悉諾邏恭祿). Later in the year, though, Xinuoluogonglu and another general, Zhulongmangbuzhi (燭龍莽布支) attacked and captured Wang's home prefecture Gua Prefecture (瓜州, roughly modern Jiuquan, Gansu), taking Wang's father Wang Shou (王壽) captive. As a result, Wang Junchuo did not dare to counterattack, and subsequently blamed the defeat on a number of tribal chiefs in the area and had them exiles. In response, Yaoluoge Hushu (藥羅葛護輸), the nephew of one of the chiefs so exiled, Yaoluoge Chengzong (藥羅葛承宗), ambushed Wang Junchuo and killed him, and while Yaoluoge Hushu was forced to flee thereafter, for several years Tang did not engage in any offensive campaigns in the region.

Around the same time, Emperor Xuanzong began to build a residential complex in the palace for imperial clan members, known as the Mansion of the Ten Princes (十王院), to centralize their residence. Thereafter, imperial princes, including the crown prince, would rarely live outside the palace complex.

On 6 December 728, Emperor Xuanzong added the general Xiao Song as a chancellor. Subsequently, in 729, with Yuan, even though he was senior chancellor, unable to curb the disputes between Li Yuanhong and Du, Emperor Xuanzong removed all three from chancellor positions, promoting Yuwen and Pei Guangting to be chancellors in their stead – in Yuwen's case, for his abilities to find ways to add to the imperial treasury by imposing special taxes and levies. Later in the year, though, Yuwen made false accusations against the general Li Hui (李褘) the Prince of Xin'an (Emperor Xuanzong's second cousin) and was exiled, and subsequently died in exile. Still, it was said that it was starting from Yuwen's times that Emperor Xuanzong began to pay attention on taxes to replenish the imperial treasury, which traditional historians viewed as the start of his inflicting financial burdens on the people. Further, with Pei in charge of the civil service system, it was said that due to Pei's strict adherence to seniority, the Tang civil service system began to lose its ability to find talented people to serve in offices.

In 730, the Khitan general Ketugan (可突干) killed the king Li Shaogu (李邵固) and took over the reign of the Khitan and the Xi personally, forcing the king of the Xi, Li Lusu (李魯蘇) to flee to Tang for protection. Tang sent an army to attack the Khitan, but meanwhile made peace with the Tibetan Empire. Initially, the campaign against the Khitan did not succeed, but in 732, with Li Hui in command, Tang forces dealt Ketugan a serious defeat and causing many of Ketugan's subordinates to defect and submit to Tang, although Ketugan was not captured.

 فترة كاي يوان المتأخرة

Xuanzong's Journey to Shu, in the manner of the mid 8th century Tang artist Li Zhaodao, an 11th-century Song dynasty remake

Meanwhile, Tang also began to have periodic conflicts with Balhae, and in 733 Emperor Xuanzong tried to commission Dae Mun-ye (大門藝), the brother of Balhae's King Mu, to attack Balhae, along with forces from Silla, but the attack was not successful.

Also in 733, Pei Guangting died, and at the recommendation of Xiao Song, he was replaced with Han Xiu, but soon, Song and Han were in repeated conflicts, and late in 733, both were removed and replaced with Pei Yaoqing, who became known for improving the food distribution system, and Zhang Jiuling, known for his integrity. In 734, Emperor Xuanzong added Li Linfu, a close associate of Consort Wu, as a chancellor as well.

Around the new year 735, Ketuhan was killed in an internal Khitan power struggle, and Khitan became a vassal again, although it would not stay so permanently.

By 736, Emperor Xuanzong was described as having been tired of important affairs of state and beginning to become wasteful and exuberant in his lifestyle. Zhang tried to curb his behavior but thus began to lose favor, while Li Linfu was gaining power due to his association with Consort Wu. Further, Zhang supported Li Hong (whose name had been changed to Li Ying by this point), while Li Linfu and Consort Wu supported her son Li Mao (李瑁) the Prince of Shou and tried to have Li Mao made crown prince. In 736, due to Li Linfu's machinations that made Emperor Xuanzong believed that Zhang and Pei Yaoqing were improperly engaging in factionalism, Zhang and Pei Yaoqing were removed and replaced by Niu Xianke, who closely followed Li Linfu's will, and thereafter, Li Linfu would dominate the imperial government almost to the end of Emperor Xuanzong's reign. Li Linfu did all he could to stay in power, and carried out many dirty tricks against actual or potential threats to his power. He also severely discouraged criticism, ending the relative freedom that officials had to make proposals to Emperor Xuanzong. This was often viewed by traditional historians as the turning point of Emperor Xuanzong's reign, which up to that point was considered a golden age in Chinese history, toward a path of degeneration. The Song dynasty historian Sima Guang, in his Zizhi Tongjian, for example, commented:

Of the chancellors that the Emperor commissioned after he took the throne, Yao Chong emphasized flexibility, Song Jing emphasized the rule of law, Zhang Jiazhen emphasized administrative abilities, Zhang Shuo emphasized literary talent, Li Yuanhong and Du Xian emphasized frugality, and Han Xiu and Zhang Jiuling emphasized honesty. All of them had their different talents. After Zhang Jiuling was demoted, however, the officials were all concerned about keeping their positions, and honest words no longer had a place in government.

In 737, with Zhang no longer in the government to protect him, Li Ying was deposed and subsequently forced to commit suicide. However, with Consort Wu dying later in the year, Emperor Xuanzong did not immediately accept Li Linfu's proposal to have Li Mao made crown prince. Rather, he chose an older son, Li Yu the Prince of Zhong, in 738.

 السنون اللاحقة (معظم عصر تيان باو)

تمثال يانگ گويْ-فـِيْ تستحم في حمامات "هوا تشينگ", قرب شيآن.

اختتم شوانزونگ حكمه أبيقورياً يستمتع بكل وسيلة من وسائل الترف، وضحى آخر الأمر بعرشه لينعم ببسمات يانگ گويْ-فـِيْ Yanggui Fei. وكان حين التقى بها في سن الستين، أما هي فكانت في السابعة والعشرين. وكانت قد قضت عشر سنين محظية لابنه الثامن عشر، الأمير شو Shou 壽王. وكانت بدينة ذات شعر مستعار ، ولكن الإمبراطور أحبها لأنها كانت عنيدة، ذات أطوار شاذة ، متغطرسة وقحة ، وتقبلت منه إعجابه بها بقبول حسن. أمر شوانزونگ بطلاق ابنه منها، ثم أدخلها دير للراهبات الطاويات لمدة عامين، حتى يستطيع أخذها خليلة ملكية بدون عار. وقام بإعادة بناء قصر الينابيع الساخنة على سفح جبل ليشان لخليلته وشقيقاتها، وسمى القصر "هوا تشينگ".

وعرفته بخمس أسر من أقاربها ، وسمحت له بأن يعيّن أبناء هذه الأسر في وظائف مجزية سهلة في بلاطه. وكان منج يسمى هذه السيدة "الطاهرة العظيمة"، وقد أخذ عنها فن الاستمتاع بضروب الترف والملاذ، وانصرف ابن السماء عن الدولة وشؤونها وعهد بالسلطة الحكومية كلها إلى يانج جو-جونگ أخي السيدة الطاهرة، وهو رجل فاسد عاجز؛ وبينما كانت نذر الخراب والدمار تحيط به من فوقه ومن أسفل منه، كان هو يواصل ليله بنهاره منهمكاً في ضروب اللهو والفساد.

 36 مليون قتيل في تمرد آن لو-شان

•  مقالة مفصلة: تمرد أن لوشان

كان في بلاط شوانزونگ رجل تتاري يسمى آن لو-شان يعشق هو الآخر يانگ گوي-فـِي، وقد كسب هذا الرجل ثقة الإمبراطور فرفعه إلى منصب حاكم إحدى الولايات الشمالية، وأمره على زهرة جيوش الإمبراطورية. ولم يلبث آن لو-شان أن أعلن نفسه إمبراطوراً على البلاد وزحف بجيوشه على شانگ آن. وتداعت حصون المدينة وكانت قد طال إهمالهما، وفر منج من عاصمة ملكه. وتمرد الجنود الذين كانوا يحرسونه في فراره، وقتلوا يانگ گوي-جونگ وجميع أفراد الأسر الخمس، واختطفوا يانگ گوي-فـِي من بين يدي الملك وقتلوها أمام عينيه. ونزل الإمبراطور عن عرشه بعد أن أذلته الشيخوخة والهزيمة، وعاثت جحافل آن شان الهمجية في المدينة فساداً، وقتلت عدداً كبيراً من أهلها ولم تفرق بين كبير وصغير. ويقال أن ستة وثلاثين مليوناً من الأنفس قد قضى عليهم في هذه الفتنة الصماء. ولكن الفتنة أخفقت آخر الأمر في الوصول إلى أغراضها، وقتل آن لو -شان بيد ابنه نفسه، وقتل هذا الابن بيد أحد القواد، ثم قتل هذا القائد ابن له. وظلت نار الفتنة مشتعلة حتى أكلت وقودها وخمدت جذورها في عام 672، وعاد منگ هوانج محطماً كسير القلب إلى عاصمته المخربة. ومات فيها بعد بضعة أشهر من ذلك الوقت.

رحلة لجوء الامبراطور شوانزونگ إلى سيشوان، رسم من عصر أسرة مينگ بعد تشيو يـِنگ Qiu Ying (و.1494-1552).

جواد مهدى للامبراطور شوانزونگ, رسم من القرن 12 أثناء أسرة سونگ.

وقد انتقده المؤرخون المتأخرون بشدة, حتى في عهد أسرة تانگ، لتفشي الفساد وتعيين لي لن‌فو Li Linfu وزيراً. إلا أنه من الناحية الأخرى، نجد ماو تسي تونگ يقول:

	شوان‌زونگ كان "نصف مشرق، نصف مظلم"(一半明一半暗).
—ماو تسي تونگ

القوة التى امتلك شوان‌زونگ ناصيتها مكنته من زعماء الفئات في المحافظات الحدودية (Fanzhen) الأمر الذي أفضى إلى فترة تالية مليئة بالصراع وعدم الاستقرار، الأمر الذي هيأ الساحة لزوال أسرة تانگ وما تبعها من فترة الأسر الخمس والممالك العشر.

 كإمبراطور متقاعد

ملف:唐玄宗李隆基泰陵.JPG

Tailing (泰陵), the tomb of Emperor Xuanzong, in Pucheng County, Shaanxi

Emperor Xuanzong, after becoming retired emperor, largely allowed Emperor Suzong to coordinate the campaign against Yan, but at times nevertheless stepped in to make decisions. For example, in spring 757, apparently without first consulting Emperor Suzong, he named Li Lin chancellor, although he subsequently sent both Li Lin and another chancellor, Cui Yuan, whom he had not sent to Emperor Suzong previously, to Emperor Suzong. He also posthumously honored Emperor Suzong's mother Consort Yang (not Yang Yuhuan) as an empress. Meanwhile, remembering Zhang Jiuling had previously warned about An Lushan, Emperor Xuanzong sent messengers to Zhang's tomb to offer sacrifices to him.

Late in 757, Emperor Suzong, with aid from Huige, recaptured Chang'an from Yan, then ruled by An Lushan's son An Qingxu, who had killed An Lushan earlier in 757 and taken over the throne himself. After Emperor Suzong recaptured Chang'an, he sent messengers to Emperor Xuanzong requesting that he return to Chang'an and offering the throne back to Emperor Xuanzong. Emperor Xuanzong, apprehensive of the offer, initially not only declined but further requested to remain in Jiannan. Only after Emperor Suzong, at the suggestion of his strategist Li Mi, had the government officials make a joint submission to Emperor Xuanzong no longer mentioning the return of the throne, did Emperor Xuanzong agree to depart Jiannan to return to Chang'an. On the way back to Chang'an, he had Gao Lishi try to dig up Consort Yang Yuhuan's body for reburial, but her body had already decomposed; only her fragrance bag remained. Emperor Xuanzong took the fragrance bag back to Chang'an and visited it daily, as if Consort Yang were still alive. On 17 January 758, he arrived at Chang'an, and in a grand ceremony where Emperor Suzong offered the throne back to him again, he formally declined again and personally put the yellow robe symbolizing imperial status on Emperor Suzong, commenting, "I had been the Son of Heaven for 50 years, and I did not consider it a great honor. Now, I am truly honored to be the father to the Son of Heaven." He took up residence at Xingqing Palace, a palace that was remodelled from the residence that he and his brothers had when they were imperial princes.

After Emperor Xuanzong was back in Chang'an, he largely stayed out of policy decisions, although he at times still exerted his influence on Emperor Suzong. For example, Emperor Suzong had wanted to spare Zhang Shuo's sons Zhang Jun (張均) and Zhang Ji (張垍), who had previously submitted to An Lushan, because of Zhang Shuo's contributions and Zhang Jun's and Zhang Ji's prior efforts to protect him from Li Linfu's machinations, but Emperor Xuanzong deeply hated them for having surrendered to An, and at Emperor Xuanzong's insistence, Zhang Jun was executed, and Zhang Ji was exiled to Lingnan.

Meanwhile, after a while, Emperor Xuanzong settled into a routine at Xingqing Palace, with Chen Xuanli and Gao Lishi attending to him. Also often attending to him were his daughter Li Chiying (李持盈), the Princess Yuzhen, the lady in waiting Ru Xianyuan (如仙媛), and the eunuchs Wang Cheng'en (王承恩) and Wei Yue (魏悅). The imperial musicians often played for him, and he often climbed up Changqing Tower (長慶樓) to receive well wishes from the populace. He also often held feasts for generals and people from Jiannan, with Li Chiying and Ru serving as hostesses. Meanwhile, though, Emperor Xuanzong's attendants looked down at the powerful eunuch Li Fuguo, who had served Emperor Suzong throughout the campaign against Yan. To retaliate, Li Fuguo began to try to convince Emperor Suzong that Emperor Xuanzong and his attendants were plotting to seize power back. In 760, with Emperor Suzong's tacit, although not explicit, approval, on one occasion when Emperor Xuanzong was out riding, Li Fuguo intercepted him and forced him to move back to the main palace. Even on that occasion, however, Gao would not submit to Li Fuguo, and even yelled at Li Fuguo to force him to get off his horse and to escort Emperor Xuanzong on foot, along with Gao. Soon after Emperor Xuanzong was forcibly moved, Li Fuguo forced Chen to retire, Li Chiying to return to her temple (she had become an ordained Taoist nun in 711), and exiled Gao, Wang, Wei, and Ru.

After Emperor Xuanzong was forcibly moved back to the main palace, Emperor Suzong tried to please him by offering him the best of all of the tributes of the land first, but Emperor Xuanzong became depressed and rarely ate meat, and quickly became ill. Emperor Suzong had his daughters Princesses Wan'an and Xianyi attend to their grandfather, and initially frequently personally visited Emperor Xuanzong, but after some time became ill himself and could not visit Emperor Xuanzong. He began to regret forcibly moving Emperor Xuanzong and considered killing Li Fuguo, but as Li Fuguo wielded command of the imperial guards at this time, he did not dare to try to do so. Emperor Xuanzong died, in that depressed state, on 3 May 762.

Emperor Xuanzong was deeply criticized by later historians for his wastefulness and for his appointing of Li Linfu, Yang Guozhong, and An to prominent offices. The strength that Xuanzong had allowed the military governors to have, which was perpetuated after Tang had defeated Yan, led to a period of increasing conflict and instability which set the stage for the decline of the Tang dynasty and the ensuing Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period.

 الشعر

Xuanzong had one poem collected in the famous poetry anthology Three Hundred Tang Poems, in the style of the five-character-regular-verse (wulu) form and in the huaigu genre, and which was translated by Witter Bynner as "I Pass Through the Lu Dukedom with a Sigh and a Sacrifice for Confucius". This poem refers to the philosopher-sage Confucius and to Confucius' home state of Lu, during the by-then long-gone Spring and Autumn period, and expresses sadness for what is past and beyond recall, thus reflecting on the transience of mortal existence.

‪The Ode on Pied Wagtails, the only known surviving example of Xuanzong's calligraphy‬

The Ode on Pied Wagtails, the only known surviving example of Xuanzong's calligraphy

 المستشارون في عهده

• Cen Xi (712–713)
• Liu Youqiu (712, 713)
• Cui Shi (712–713)
• Lu Xiangxian (712–713)
• Wei Zhigu (712–713)
• Dou Huaizhen (712–713)
• Xiao Zhizhong (713)
• Guo Yuanzhen (713)
• Zhang Yue (713, 721–726)
• Yao Chong (713–716)
• Lu Huaishen (713–716)
• Xue Na (713)
• Yuan Qianyao (716, 720–729)
• Song Jing (716–720)
• Su Ting (716–720)
• Zhang Jiazhen (720–723)
• Wang Jun (723)
• Li Yuanhong (726–729)
• Du Xian (726–729)
• Xiao Song (728–733)
• Pei Guangting (729–733)
• Yuwen Rong (729)
• Han Xiu (733)
• Pei Yaoqing (733–736)
• Zhang Jiuling (733–736)
• Li Linfu (734–752)
• Niu Xianke (736–742)
• Li Shizhi (742–746)
• Chen Xilie (746–754)
• Yang Guozhong (752–756)
• Wei Jiansu (754–756)
• Cui Yuan (756)
• Fang Guan (756)

 العائلة

 القرينات والأنجال

• Empress, of the Wang clan of Taiyuan (皇后 太原王氏; d. 724)
• Empress Zhenshun, of the Wu clan (貞順皇后 武氏／贞顺皇后 武氏; 699–737), third cousin
  • Li Yi, Prince Dao of Xia (夏悼王 李一; 716–717), ninth son
  • Princess Shangxian (上仙公主)
  • Li Min, Prince Ai of Huai (懷哀王 李敏／怀哀王 李敏; 719–720), 15th son
  • Li Mao, Prince Shou (壽王 李瑁／寿王 李瑁; 720–775), 18th son
  • Li Qi, Prince Sheng (盛王 李琦; d. 764), 21st son
  • Princess Xianyi (咸宜公主;722–784)
    • Married Yang Hui of Hongnong (弘農 楊洄／弘农 杨洄; d. 761) in 735, and had issue (one son)
    • Married Cui Song of Boling (博陵 崔嵩) in 761
  • Princess Taihua (太華公主／太华公主), 21st daughter
    • Married Yang Qi of Hongnong (弘農 楊錡／弘农 杨锜) in 745
• Empress Yuanxian, of the Yang clan of Hongnong (元獻皇后 弘農楊氏/元献皇后 弘农杨氏; 699–729)
  • Li Heng, Emperor Suzong (肅宗 李亨／肃宗 李亨; 711–762), 3rd son
  • Princess Qi (齊公主／齐国公主), 8th daughter
    • Married Zhang Ji (張垍／张垍), the second son of Zhang Yue, in 728, and had issue (one daughter)
    • Married Pei Ying of Hedong (河東 裴潁／河东 裴颍) in 730
    • Married Yang Dun of Hongnong (弘農 楊敦／弘农 杨敦)
• Noble Consort Yang, of the Yang clan of Hongnong (貴妃 弘農楊氏／贵妃 弘农杨氏; 719–756)
• Noble Consort, of the Dong clan (貴妃 董氏／贵妃 董氏)
• Noble Consort, of the Xiang clan (貴妃 項氏／贵妃 项氏)
  • Unnamed daughter
• Noble Consort Yang, of the Yang clan of Hongnong (淑妃 弘農楊氏／淑妃 弘农杨氏), personal Zhenyi (真一)
• Pure Consort, of the Huangfu clan of Anding (淑妃 安定皇甫氏; 694–735)
  • Li Yao, Prince E (鄂王 李瑤; d. 737), 5th son
  • Princess Linjin (臨晉公主／临晋公主; d. 773), 2nd daughter
    • Married Zheng Qianyao of Xingyang (滎陽 鄭潛曜／荥阳 郑潜曜) in 740
• Virtuous Consort, of the Qian clan (德妃 錢氏／钱氏)
  • Li Yan, Prince Di (棣王 李琰; d. 752), 4th son
• Elegant Consort, of the Zhao clan (麗妃 趙氏／丽妃 赵氏; 693–726)
  • Li Ying, Crown Prince (皇太子 李瑛; d. 737), 2nd son
• Splendid Consort, of the Liu clan (華妃 劉氏／华妃 刘氏)
  • Li Cong, Emperor Fengtian (奉天皇帝 李琮; d. 752), 1st son
  • Li Wan, Crown Prince Jinggong (靖恭皇太子 李琬; d. 755), 6th son
  • Li Sui, Prince Yi (儀王 李璲／仪王 李璲; d. 765), 12th son
• Imperial Concubine of the First Rank, of the Lin clan (昭儀／昭仪 林氏)
  • Princess Yichun (宜春公主)
• Imperial Concubine of the Fourth Rank, of the Guo clan (順儀／顺仪 郭氏)
  • Li Lin, Prince Yong (永王 李璘; d. 757), 16th son
• Imperial Concubine of the Third Rank, of the Wu clan (賢儀／贤仪 武氏), third cousin
  • Li Xuan, Prince Liang (涼王 李璿; d. 774), 29th son
  • Li Jing, Prince Ai of Bian (汴哀王 李璥; d. 736), 30th son
• Imperial Concubine of the Sixth Rank, of the Dong clan (芳儀/芳仪 董氏), personal name Fangyi (芳仪)
  • Princess Guangning (廣寧公主／广宁公主)
    • Married Cheng Changyin (程昌胤; 725–784)
    • Married Su Kezhen (蘇克貞／苏克贞)
• Fairness Lady, of the Liu clan of Hedong (婕妤 河東柳氏／婕妤 河东柳氏)
  • Princess Qi (齊公主), 1st daughter
    • Married Wang Yao of Langya, Duke Langya (琊瑯 王繇／瑯琊公 王徭) in 723, and had issue (one son)
  • Li Bin, Prince Yan (延王 李玢; d. 784), 20th son
• Fairness Lady of the Gao clan (婕妤 高氏; 694–739)
  • Li Jiao, Prince Ying (潁王 李璬／颍王 李璬; 718–783), 13th son
  • Princess Changle (昌樂公主／昌乐公主)
    • Married Dou E of Henan (河南 竇鍔／河南 窦锷) in 737
• Beauty, of the Zhong clan (美人 鍾氏／钟氏)
  • Li Huan, Prince Ji (濟王 李環／济王 李环; d. 768), 22nd son
• Beauty, of the Lu clan (美人 盧氏／卢氏)
  • Li Huang, Prince Xin (信王 李瑝; 725–774), 23rd son
• Beauty, of the Wang clan (美人 王氏)
  • Li Gui, Prince Chen (陳王 李珪／陈王 李珪; 725–784), 25th son
• Beauty, of the Du clan (美人 杜氏)
  • Princess Wanchun (萬春公主／万春公主; 732–770), 24th daughter
    • Married Yang Fei of Hongnong (弘農 楊朏／弘农 杨朏; d. 756), a son of Yang Guozhong, in 754
    • Married Yang Qi of Hongnong (弘農 楊錡／弘农 杨锜) in 756
• Talented Lady, of the Liu clan (才人 劉氏／刘 氏)
  • Li Ju, Prince Guang (光王 李琚; d. 737), 8th son
• Talented Lady, of the Yan clan (才人 閻氏／阎氏)
  • Princess Xincheng (信成公主)
    • Married Dugu Ming of Henan (河南 獨孤明／独孤明) in 737, and had issue (one daughter)
  • Li Ci, Prince Yi (義王 李玼／义王 李玼; 725–784), 24th son
• Talented Lady, of the Chen clan (才人 陳氏／陈氏)
  • Li Gong, Prince Feng (豐王 李珙／丰王 李珙; d. 763), 26th son
• Talented Lady, of the Zheng clan (才人 鄭氏／郑氏)
  • Li Tian, Prince Heng (恆王 李瑱／恒王 李瑱), 27th son
• Talented Lady, of the Zhao clan (才人 趙氏／赵氏)
  • Princess Shouguang (壽光公主／寿光公主; 726–750), 22nd daughter
    • Married Guo Ye of Jingzhao (京兆 郭液) in 746, and had issue (one son)
• Talented Lady, of the Chang clan (才人 常氏)
  • Princess Xinping (新平公主; d. 775)
    • Married Pei Jian of Hedong (河東 裴玪／河东 裴玪), and had issue (one son)
    • Married Jiang Qingchu of Tianshui, Duke Chu (天水 姜慶初／姜庆初; d. 767) in 751
• Lady, of the Caoyena clan (曹野那氏)
  • Princess Shou'an (壽安公主／寿安公主), personal name Chongniang (蟲娘／虫娘)
    • Married Su Fa (蘇發／苏发)
• Unknown
  • Li Xun, Prince An (安王 李洵)
  • Princess Changfen (常芬公主), 2nd daughter
    • Married Zhang Qushe, Count Fanyang (張去奢／张去奢; 688–747) in 731
  • Princess Xiaochang (孝昌公主), 3rd daughter
  • Princess Tangchang (唐昌公主), 4th daughter
    • Married Xue Xiu of Hedong (河東 薛銹／河东 薛锈; d. 737) in 728 and issue (one son)
  • Princess Lingchang (靈昌公主／灵昌公主), 5th daughter
  • Princess Changshan (常山公主), 6th daughter
    • Married Xue Tan of Hedong (河東 薛譚／河东 薛谭; d. 728) in 728
    • Married Dou Ze of Henan (河南 竇澤／窦泽) in 728
  • Princess Wan'an (萬安公主／万安公主)
  • Princess Huaisi (懷思公主／怀思公主)
  • Princess Jin (晉公主／晋公主), 11th daughter
    • Married Cui Huitong of Qinghe (清河 崔惠童) in 737
  • Princess Xinchang (新昌公主)
    • Married Xiao Heng of Lanling (蘭陵 蕭衡／兰陵 箫衡; d. 747), a son of Xiao Song, and had issue (five sons, one daughter)
  • Princess Wei (衛公主／卫公主)
    • Married Doulu Jian of Changli, Duke Rui (昌黎 豆盧建／昌黎 豆卢建; 706–744) in 737
    • Married Yang Shuo of Hongnong (弘農 楊說／弘农 杨说) in 744
  • Princess Zhenyang (真陽公主／真阳公主)
    • Married Yuan Qing of Henan (河南 源清) in 740
    • Married Su Zhen, Duke Qi (蘇震／苏震)
  • Princess Chu (楚公主)
    • Married Wu Chengjiang, Duke Puyang (吳澄江), and had issue (one son)
  • Princess Yongning (永寧公主／永宁公主), 17th daughter
    • Married Pei Qiqiu of Hedong (河東 裴齊丘／河东 裴齐丘) in 738
  • Princess Song (宋公主), 19th daughter
    • Married Wen Xihua (溫西華／温西华) in 747
    • Married Yang Hui (楊徽／杨徽)
  • Princess Lecheng (樂城公主／乐城公主), 23rd daughter
    • Married Xue Lüqian of Hedong (河東 薛履謙／河东 薛履谦; d. 761) in 746

 آراء دينية

Xuanzong "ordered his four brothers to worship in the Chang'an Nestorian church", but also asked that paintings of him and the four previous emperors be kept in the church there.

 في الأدب

• 'The Smile that cost an Empire' (1950, revised 1953), a long "dialogue" poem by F. L. Lucas, set in 755, in which Emperor Xuanzong of Tang discusses Yang Guifei with elderly court poet Yuan Shen, followed by a narrative coda set in 756.

 في الثقافة الشعبية

• Portrayed by Masayuki Mori in Princess Yang Kwei Fei. (1955)
• Portrayed by Kwong Wa in The Legend of Lady Yang. (2000)
• Portrayed by Benny Chan in Whatever it Takes. (2001)
• Portrayed by Leon Lai in Lady of the Dynasty. (2015)
• Portrayed by Chin Han in The Glory of Tang Dynasty. (2017)
• Portrayed by Steven Ma in Deep in the Realm of Conscience. (2018)

 انظر أيضاً

• الوزير ژانگ جيولينگ
• الفنان وو تاو-تزو
• الأميرة تاي‌پـِنگ

 المصادر

ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.

 وصلات خارجية

• Works by شوان‌زونگ من تانگ at LibriVox (public domain audiobooks)

شوان‌زونگ من تانگ بيت لي وُلِد: 8 سبتمبر 685
ألقاب ملكية
سبقه الامبراطور روي‌زونگ من تانگ	إمبراطور أسرة تانگ 712–756	تبعه الامبراطور سوزونگ من تانگ
	إمبراطور الصين (معظم الأقاليم) 712–756
	إمبراطور الصين (الوسطى/الشمالية) 712–756	تبعه آن لوشان من يان