ياشي Iași

Coordinates: 47°09′44″N 27°35′20″E / 47.16222°N 27.58889°E / 47.16222; 27.58889
(تم التحويل من Iași)
هذا المقال هو عن مدينة كبرى في رومانيا. إذا كنت تريد other uses، انظر ياشي (توضيح).
ياشي
Iași
مدينة
من اليسار: قصر الثقافة، تمثال ڤازيلي ألكسنادري أمام المسرح الوطني، جامعة ألكسندرو يوان كوزا، برج گوليا، كاتدرائية المتروپوليتان، والحديقة النباتية.
من اليسار: قصر الثقافة، تمثال ڤازيلي ألكسنادري أمام المسرح الوطني، جامعة ألكسندرو يوان كوزا، برج گوليا، كاتدرائية المتروپوليتان، والحديقة النباتية.
درع ياشي
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
العاصمة الثقافية لرومانيا، مدينة الحب الكبير، مدينة الأقدار الشهيرة، مدينة الأفكار العظيمة، مدينة الإتحادات الثلاث، مدينة التلال السبع.[1][2][3][4]
Map of Iași within Iași County.svg
Iași metropolitan area map.svg
موقع ياشي في رومانيا (بالأحمر)##في مقاطعة ياشي
ياشي is located in رومانيا
ياشي
ياشي
Location in Romania
الإحداثيات: 47°09′44″N 27°35′20″E / 47.16222°N 27.58889°E / 47.16222; 27.58889
البلدFlag of Romania.svg رومانيا
مقاطعةمقاطعة ياشي
الوضعبلدية
التأسيس1408 (أول سجل رسمي)
الحكومة
 • العمدةگيورگه نيچيتا (الحزب الديمقراطي الاجتماعي)
المساحة
 • مدينة93٫9 كم² (36٫3 ميل²)
 • العمران
808 كم² (312 ميل²)
التعداد
 (تعداد 2011 [5])
 • مدينة263٬410
 • الكثافة2٬805/km2 (7٬260/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
349٬992
منطقة التوقيتUTC+2 (ت.ش.أ.)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+3 (ت.ش.أ.ص.)
Postal Code
700xxx
مفتاح الهاتف+40 x32
لوحات السياراتIS
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.primaria-iasi.ro

ياشي (النطق بالرومانية: [jaʃʲ]؛ ويشار إليها تاريخياً باسم ياسي)، واحدة من أكبر المدن وبلدية في رومانيا. تقع في اقليم مولداڤيا، وكانت ياشي على مدار التاريخ من أبرز المراكز الرومانية اجتماعياً، ثقافياً، أكاديمياً وفنياً. كانت المدينة عاصمة بلدية مولداڤيا من عام 1564 حتى 1859، ثم بلدية متحدة من عام 1859 حتى 1862، وعاصمة رومانيا من عام 1916 حتى 1918.

تشتهر بأنها العاصمة الثقافية لرومانيا، وهي رمز في التاريخ الروماني. يقول عنها المؤرخ نيقولا يورگا "لا يوجد رومانيا لا يعرفها".[6] ولا يزال يشار إليها على أنها العاصمة المولداڤية، وياشي هي مقعد لمقاطعة ياشي والمركز الاقتصادي الرئيسي لاقليم مولداڤيا الروماني.[7]

في 2011، كان عدد سكان ياشي 263,410 (رابع المدن الرومانية إكتظاظاً بالسكان)، يقيم في المنطقة الكبرى حوالي 350.000 مواطن، بينما يتعدى سكان المنطقة شبه الحضرية 500.000 مواطن.[5][8] وتوجد بها أول جامعة رومانية وأول كلية هندسة، وثاني أكبر مركز جامعي في المقاطعة حيث يضم أكثر من 75.000 طالب موزعين على 5 جامعات حكومية و7 جامعات خاصة.[9][10] تتركز الحياة الاجتماعية والثقافية حول مسرح ڤازيلي ألكسندري القومي (أقوم مسرح في رومانيا)، أوركسترا مولدوڤا الحكومية، دار الأوپرا، أثانايوم تاتاراشي، الحديقة النباتية الشهيرة )أقدم وأكبر حديقة نباتية في رومانيا)، مكتبة الجامعة المركزية (أقدم مكتبة في رومانيا)، المراكز الثقافية الثرية والمهرجانات، مصفوفة المتاحف، البيوت التذكارية، المزارات الدينية والتاريخية.

التسمية والأسماء

تاريخياً يشار للمدينة بالأسماء التالية:


التاريخ

درع بلدية مولدوڤيا في دير كتاتويا.
Historical affiliations

 مولداڤيا 1408–1859
United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia 1859–1862
 رومانيا 1862–present

العصور القديمة

Archaeological investigations attest to the presence of human communities on the present territory of the city and around it as far back as the prehistoric age.[11] Later settlements included those of the Cucuteni–Trypillia culture, a late Neolithic archaeological culture.

There is archaeological evidence of human settlements in the area of Iași dating from the 6th to 7th centuries (Curtea Domnească) and 7th to 10th centuries; these settlements contained rectangular houses with semicircular ovens.[12] Also, many of the vessels (9th–11th centuries) found in Iași had a cross, potentially indicating that the inhabitants were Christians.[13]

التطور المبكر

In 1396, Iași is mentioned by the German crusader Johann Schiltberger (a participant in the Battle of Nicopolis).[14] The name of the city is first found in an official document in 1408. This is a grant of certain commercial privileges by the Moldavian Prince Alexander to the Polish merchants of Lvov. However, as buildings older than 1408 still exist, e.g. the Armenian Church believed to be originally built in 1395, it is certain that the city existed before its first surviving written mention.

عاصمة مولدوڤيا

Three Hierarchs Monastery
ياشي في القرن السابع عشر.
المحكمة الأميرية في مولداڤيا

Around 1564, Prince Alexandru Lăpușneanu moved the Moldavian capital from Suceava to Iași. Between 1561 and 1563, a school and a Lutheran church were founded by the Greek adventurer prince, Ioan Iacob Heraclid.[15]

Iași in the 1700s

In 1640, Vasile Lupu established the first school in which the Romanian replaced Greek, and set up a printing press in the Byzantine Trei Ierarhi Monastery (Monastery of the Three Hierarchs; built 1635–39). Between 15 September – 27 October 1642, the city hosted the Synod of Iași (also referred to as the Synod of Jassy).[16] In 1643, the first volume ever printed in Moldavia was published in Iași.

The city was often burned down and looted by the Tatars (in 1513, 1574, 1577, 1593), by the Ottomans in 1538, the Cossacks and Tartars (1650), or the Poles (1620, 1686).[17] In 1734, it was hit by the plague. The city was also affected by famine (1575, 1724, 1739–1740), or large local fires (1725, 1735, 1753, 1766, 1785), propagated by many buildings that were built on wooden structures.[17]

It was through the Treaty of Jassy that the sixth Russo-Turkish War was brought to a close in 1792. A Greek revolutionary manoeuvre and occupation under Alexander Ypsilanti (Αλέξανδρος Υψηλάντης) and the Filiki Eteria (Φιλική Εταιρία) (1821, at the beginning of the Greek War of Independence) led to the storming of the city by the Turks in 1822.[15] In 1844 a severe fire affected much of the city.

منتصف القرن 19 - القرن 20

شارع أل. لاپوشنيو.
ميدان الاتحاد.
Union Square

Between 1564 and 1859, the city was the capital of Moldavia; then, between 1859 and 1862, both Iași and Bucharest were de facto capitals of the United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. In 1862, when the union of the two principalities was recognised under the name of Romania, the national capital was established in Bucharest. For the loss caused to the city in 1861 by the removal of the seat of government to Bucharest the constituent assembly voted 148,150 lei to be paid in ten annual instalments, but no payment was ever made.[15]

During World War I, Iași was the capital of a much reduced Romania for two years, following the Central Powers' occupation of Bucharest on 6 December 1916. The capital was returned to Bucharest after the defeat of Imperial Germany and its allies in November 1918. In November–December 1918 Iași hosted the Jassy Conference.

الجالية اليهودية

تمثال أبراهام گولدفادن بالقرب من مسرح ياشي الوطني..
انظر أيضاً: تاريخ اليهود في رومانيا

Iași also figures prominently in Jewish history, with the first documented presence of Sephardi Jews from the late 16th century. The oldest tomb inscription in the local cemetery probably dates to 1610.[18] By the mid-19th century, owing to widespread Russian Jewish and Galician Jewish immigration into Moldavia, the city was at least one-third Jewish, growing to 50% Jewish by 1899 according to the Great Geographic Dictionary of Romania cited by JewishGen.[19] The Podu Roș Synagogue was built in Iași, circa 1810, by Avraham Yehoshua Heshel of Apta, but the synagogue became mostly Misnagdic not long thereafter.

الكنيس الكبير.
Great Synagogue (1671)

In 1855, Iași was the home of the first-ever Yiddish-language newspaper, Korot Haitim, and, in 1876, the site of what was arguably the first-ever professional Yiddish theatre performance, established by Avraham Goldfaden. The words of HaTikvah, the national anthem of Israel, were written in Iași by Naftali Herz Imber. Jewish musicians in Iași played an important role as preservers of Yiddish folklore, as performers and composers.

The first Zionist Hebrew-language newspaper in Romania, Emek Israel, was published in Iași in 1882. Zionist sports clubs, student associations and discussion groups were established in the city, most of which later merged into the Organizația Sionistă. The Hachshara Farms in Iași were a type of training farms to prepare young people for resettlement in the Palestine region.[20]

According to the 1930 census, with a population of 34,662 (some 34% of the city's population), Jews were the second largest ethnic group in Iași. There were over 127 synagogues. During WWII Romanian government forces under Marshall Ion Antonescu launched the Iași pogrom against the city's Jewish community, which lasted from 28 June to 30 June 1941. According to Romanian authorities,[21] over 13,266 people,[22] or one third of the Jewish population, were massacred and many were deported. It was one of the worst pogroms during World War II.[23] After World War II, in 1947, there were about 38,000 Jews living in Iași. Because of massive emigration to Israel, in 1975 there were about 3,000 Jews living in Iași and four synagogues were active.[18]

Podu Roș Synagogue (photo circa 1910)

Currently, Iași has a dwindling Jewish population of ca. 300 to 600 members and two working synagogues, one of which, the 1671 Great Synagogue, is the oldest surviving synagogue in Romania and among the oldest synagogues still active in Europe. A 10-year restoration project funded by UNESCO, the Romanian Ministry of Culture and the local authorities of Iași restored it to its former glory, opening in time for Hanukkah on 4 December 2018.[24][25]

Greek community

The history of the city and its development is marked by the thriving commercial community of Greeks, as well as their occupation of public positions.[26] The Greek-born monarchs of Moldavia, politicians, teachers, clergy, doctors, philosophers, and writers contributed decisively to the emergence of Iași as an intellectual center.[26]

Memorial inscription placed on the facade of the house of Greek scholar Daniel Philippidis in Iași (address: Strada Cuza Vodă 3)

The Greek Hegemonic School (Ελληνική Ηγεμονική Σχολή) was founded in 1709 in Iași and organized in 1710 by prince Nicholas Mavrocordatos.[26] The city already had a Greek printing shop next to the Trei Ierarhi Monastery, since the time of the ruler Vasile Lupu.[26] From 1774 the school was transformed into an academy with a philological, theological, mathematical and physical department, an academy that became known for its great Greek professors.[26] A Greek Mechanical School also operated in Iași at the same time.[26] From 1728, the Greek language began to be taught as a subject in the existing school, and from 1776 it was established as the language for all subjects at the school.[26]

Iași was an important center of the revolutionary organization Filiki Eteria and was chosen as the core of the formation of the Greek forces.[26] Here Georgios Lassanis from Kozani gathered and recruited warriors on the orders of Alexander Ypsilantis.[26] On 24 February 1821, Alexander Ypsilantis issued a proclamation at Trei Ierarhi Monastery and at the head of approximately 200 infantry and cavalry, declared the Greek Revolution.[26][27] The struggle for the liberation of Greece begun in Iași.[26]

The modern "Greek Community of Iași" was founded in 1990.[26] The community has approximately 400 official members but the Greeks in Iași are much more numerous according to its president Marika Pieptou.[26] At the end of May 2008, the 7th Greek Language "Olympiad" was organized in the city of Iași, in the halls of the “Ion Simionescu” General School.[26] 66 students of Greek origin and philhellenes, of all ages and language levels, took part in the competition.[26] The organizers were honored with the presence of the Minister of Education of Romania, Anghel Stanciu, the Chairman of the Education Committee of the Romanian Parliament, as well as representatives of the local authorities and the presidency of the Hellenic Union of Romania.[26] Also, at the Alexandru Ioan Cuza University there is a department (lectorate) of Greek language.[26]

World War II

المقالة الرئيسية: Iași pogrom

During the war, while the full scale of the Holocaust remained generally unknown to the Allied Powers, the Iași pogrom, launched by the Romanian dictator, Ion Antonescu, stood as one of the well-known examples of brutality toward the Jews. The pogrom lasted from 29 June to 6 July 1941, and over 13,266 people,[28] or one third of the Jewish population, were massacred in the pogrom itself or in its aftermath, and many were deported. Particularly brutal was the massacre of Jews who were forced on sealed trains in the brutal summer heat. Over half of the occupants perished in these trains, which were aimlessly driven throughout the countryside with no particular destination.

المقالة الرئيسية: First Jassy–Kishinev Offensive and Second Jassy–Kishinev Offensive

In May 1944, the Iași area became the scene of ferocious fighting between Romanian-German forces and the advancing Soviet Red Army and the city was partially destroyed. The German Panzergrenadier Division Großdeutschland won a defensive victory at the Battle of Târgu Frumos, near Iași, which was the object of several NATO studies during the Cold War. By 20 August, Iași had been taken by Soviet forces.[29]

Iași suffered heavy damage due to Soviet (June–July 1941, June 1944) and American (June 1944) airstrikes, respectively. The bombing of Soviet aviation and artillery on 20 August 1944, resulted in more than 5,000 civilian deaths and the destruction of two-thirds of the city.[30]

بعد الحرب العالمية الثانية

المقالة الرئيسية: مذبحة ياشي

Iași experienced a major wave of industrialisation, in 1955–1989.[31] During this period of time, it received numerous migrants from rural regions, and the urban area expanded.[32] In the Communist era, Iași saw a growth of 235% in population and 69% in area. The local systematisation plans of the old city started in 1960 and continued in the 1970s and 1980s as part of the larger national systematisation programme; however, the urban planning was sometimes arbitrary and followed by dysfunctions.[33] By 1989, Iași had become highly industrialised, with 108,000 employees (representing 47% of the total workforce) active in 46 large state-owned enterprises, in various industries: machine building and heavy equipment, chemical, textile, pharmaceutical, metallurgical, electronics, food, energy, building materials, furniture.[34][35]

After the end of the Communist regime and the transition to a free market economy, the private sector has grown steadily, while much of the old industry (such as the industrial sector) gradually decayed.

Păcurari Cemetery Gate (the old Jewish cemetery)
المقالة الرئيسية: هجوم ياشي-كيشينڤ الأول and هجوم ياشي-كيشينڤ –(أغسطس 1944)

الجغرافيا

الطبوغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: التلال السبع في ياشي
تل كوپو

Located in the North-East of Romania, at the contact between the Jijia Plain and the Bârlad Plateau, Iași used to be the crossroads place of the historic trade routes that passed through Moldavia coming from the Kingdom of Poland, Habsburg monarchy, Tsardom of Russia, and Constantinople.

The city lies on the Bahlui River valley, a tributary of the Jijia River (tributary of the Prut River). The surrounding country is one of uplands and woods, featuring monasteries and parks. Iași itself stands amid vineyards and gardens, partly on hills, partly in the in-between valley.[15]

The central part of the city is located on the 25 m (82 ft) fluvial terrace of the Bahlui River (the so-called Palat Terrace).[36] From this nucleus, the city evolved after the medieval times toward south and north on the Bahlui River floodplain and on the adjacent hills. The southern part of the city lies on the Iași Ridge (رومانية: Coasta Iașilor) (the northernmost hill of the Bârlad Plateau). Considering the present day extension of the administrative boundaries, the city territory has an altitudinal extension of 320 m (1،050 ft), between the 34.5 m a.s.l. (113.19 ft) in the Bahlui River floodplain, at the Holboca bridge, and 354.77 m a.s.l. (1,163.94 ft), at the edge of the Repedea Hill.

It is a common belief that Iași is built on seven hills (رومانية: coline): Breazu, Bucium, Cetățuia, Copou, Galata, Repedea and Șorogari, thus triggering comparisons with Rome.

المناخ

Under the Köppen climate classification, Iaşi falls within either a humid continental climate (Dfa, near Dfb) if the 0 °C (32 °F) isotherm is used, or a humid temperate climate (Cfa) bordering on an oceanic climate (Cfb) if the −3 °C (27 °F) isotherm is used. Iași experiences four distinct seasons. Summers are warm with temperatures sometimes exceeding 35 °C (95 °F) while winters are cold and windy with moderate snowfall and temperatures at night sometimes dropping below −15 °C (5 °F).

بيانات المناخ لـ ياشي، رومانيا
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) −1
(31) 		2
(35) 		8
(46) 		16
(61) 		22
(72) 		25
(77) 		27
(80) 		26
(79) 		22
(72) 		16
(61) 		8
(47) 		2
(36) 		14
(58)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) −4
(25) 		−2
(29) 		3
(37) 		11
(51) 		16
(61) 		19
(67) 		21
(69) 		20
(68) 		16
(61) 		10
(50) 		4
(40) 		−1
(31) 		9
(49)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −7
(19) 		−5
(23) 		−1
(30) 		5
(41) 		10
(50) 		13
(56) 		15
(59) 		14
(57) 		11
(51) 		5
(41) 		1
(34) 		−4
(25) 		5
(41)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 33
(1.30) 		30
(1.20) 		30
(1.20) 		53
(2.10) 		64
(2.50) 		102
(4.00) 		84
(3.30) 		56
(2.20) 		48
(1.90) 		25
(1.00) 		36
(1.40) 		30
(1.20) 		592
(23.30)
[بحاجة لمصدر]


تخطيط المدينة

العمارة

قصر الثقافة وكنيسة سانت نيقولا
ميدان وسط المدينة


الأديرة والكنائس

كنيسة بارنوڤسكي.
كنيسة سانت جورج (كاتدرائية المتروپوليتان الكبرى)


الحدائق والمنتزهات

منتزه سيريك
تمثال ميهاي إمينسكو وشجرة ليندن في منتزه كوپو.


الحياة الثقافية

بيت بوگور، المتحف الأدبي الروماني.
أوپرا مولداڤا الحكومي


المسارح والأوركسترا

متحف ڤازيلي ألكسندر الوطني والأوپرا الوطنية الرومانية في ياشي
Luceafărul Theatre


المتاحف

Ion Creangă Memorial House


Mihai Codreanu Memorial House
المعهد الفرنسي في ياشي

المراكز الثقافية الأجنبية

يوجد في ياشي خمس مراكز ثقافية: الفرنسي، الألماني، البريطاني، اللاتيني والكاريبي واليوناني.

بينالي پريفيك

الإعلام

المقالة الرئيسية: الإعلام في ياشي

الاقتصاد

غرفة التجارة والصناعة
مركز پالاش للتسوق


الشركات

أكبر عشر شركات
الشركة الصناعة الموظفون
St. Spiridon University Hospital رعاية صحية 2,717
Alexandru Ioan Cuza University تعليم عالي 2,263
Delphi Diesel Systems سيارات 2,087
Gheorghe Asachi Technical University تعليم عالي 1,848
Antibةiotice SA صناعة دوائي 1,418
University of Medicine and Pharmacy تعليم عالي 1,344
RATP نقل عام 1,300
CET صناعة الطاقة 1,200
St. Maria Clinic Children's Hospital رعاية صحية 1,200
ApaVital SA صناعة المياه 1,200

المصدر:[38][39][40][41]

الديموغرافيا

أعداد السكان التاريخية في ياشي
السنة السكان %±
القرن 18 ~30,000[42] —
1831 59,880[42] 99.6%
1859 65,745[42] 9.8%
1900 78,067[43] 18.7%
تعداد 1912 75,229[44] −3.6%
تعداد 1930 102,872 36.7%
تعداد 1948 96,075 −6.6%
تعداد 1956 112,977 17.6%
تعداد 1966 161,023 42.5%
تعداد 1977 265,002 64.5%
تعداد 1992 344,425 29.9%
تعداد 2002 320,888 −6.8%
تعداد 2011 263,410 −17.9%
Roznovanu Palace, today Iași City Hall


التعليم

Al. I. Cuza University
University of Medicine and Pharmacy


الصحة

الفرق الرياضية

Panorama of Emil Alexandrescu Stadium, home to the CSMS Iași
الرياضة الاتحاد النادي التأسيس الملعب
كرة السلة Men's Divizia A Politehnica Iași Sala Polivalentă
كرة السلة Women's Divizia A Politehnica Național Iași Sala Polivalentă
كرة القدم Liga I CSMS Iași 2010 Emil Alexandrescu Stadium
كرة اليد Women's Liga Naţională Terom Iași Sala Polivalentă
رگبي SuperLiga Poli Agro Unirea Iași 1964 Agronomia Stadium
الكرة الطائرة Women's Divizia A2 ACS Penicilina Iași Sala Polivalentă

النقل

السكك الحديدية

محطة السكك الحديدية الكبرى

النقل الجوي

مطار ياشي.

النقل البري

النقل العام

النصب التذكارية والتاريخية

مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المدن والبلدات الشقيقة في رومانيا

ياشي على توأمة مع المدن والبلدات التالية:

قنصليات ياشي

قنصليات شرفية:

أشخاص

انظر: قائمة أشخاص من ياشي

المصادر

المراجع


الهوامش

  1. ^ – 80th anniversary of the Great Union of 1918
  2. ^ – Iasi, the cultural city (Romanian)
  3. ^ – About Iasi at laiasi.ro (Romanian)
  4. ^ Romanian Cities at tarom.ro (Romanian)
  5. ^ أ ب "Iasi County at the 2011 census" (PDF) (in Romanian). INSSE. February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 16, 2012.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ Tourism – About Iasi
  7. ^ About Iasi City
  8. ^ "The Economy of a Regional Metropolis. Case-study: Iasi, Romania" (PDF). Transylvanian Review of Administrative Sciences. Retrieved 2012-02-08.
  9. ^ History of Education in Romania
  10. ^ Metropolitan Area Iasi (Romanian)
  11. ^ Orașul Iași: monografie istorică și socială (in رومانية)
  12. ^ C. Cihodaru, Gh. Platon, Istoria orașului Iași, Editura Junimea, 1980, pp 30–50
  13. ^ Dan Gh. Teodor, Creștinismul la est de Carpați, Editura Mitopoliei Moldovei și Bucovinei, Iași, 1984, p.91,93,136
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  15. ^ أ ب ت ث Chisholm 1911.
  16. ^ John Anthony McGuckin (15 December 2010). The Encyclopedia of Eastern Orthodox Christianity. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 325–. ISBN 978-1-4443-9254-8.
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  19. ^ "Iasi (Romania) Pages 40–64".
  20. ^ Eaton, Henry (2013). The Origins and Onset of the Romanian Holocaust. Wayne State University Press. p. 35. ISBN 9780814338568.
  21. ^ International Commission on the Holocaust in Romania, p. 126
  22. ^ Jewishgen The Iași Pogrom Archived 2012-05-18 at the Wayback Machine at Radio Romania International Iași Pogrom quotes 13,266 or 14,850 Jews killed.
  23. ^ Romania's Iași pogrom, one of the most deadly massacres of Jews during World War II France 24 25 March 2022
  24. ^ Great Synagogue of Iași at wmf.org
  25. ^ https://www.romania-insider.com/iasi-synagogue-reopens at romania-insider.com
  26. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س ش ص ض ط ظ Ντίνας, Κ., Σούτσιου, Τσ., Χατζηπαναγιωτίδη, Α. & Χρηστίδης, Γ (2011). "«Ελληνόγλωσση Πρωτοβάθμια και Δευτεροβάθμια Διαπολιτισμική Εκπαίδευση στη Διασπορά»".: 80-84. 
  27. ^ "curierul-iasi.ro". curierul-iasi.ro.
  28. ^ Jewishgen
    The Iași Pogrom Archived 2012-05-18 at the Wayback Machine at Radio Romania International
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  38. ^ Top 10 angajatori (Romanian)
  39. ^ Statul, angajator de top la Iaşi şi în 2012 (Romanian)
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  41. ^ Delphi estimează o creştere a numărului de angajaţi (Romanian)
  42. ^ أ ب ت [Universitatea Al.I.Cuza Iași Ed. Litera, București 1971, pag.9–10](Romanian)
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