كياختا Kyakhta

Coordinates: 50°21′00″N 106°27′00″E / 50.35000°N 106.45000°E / 50.35000; 106.45000
(تم التحويل من Kyakhta)
لمعلومات عن المكان في تركيا، انظر Kâhta.

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كياختا
Кяхта
بلدة[1]
الترجمة اللفظية بالـ Other
 • BuryatХяагта
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علم كياختا
Flag
درع كياختا
Coat of arms
Location of كياختا
كياختا is located in روسيا
كياختا
كياختا
Location of كياختا
كياختا is located in روسيا
كياختا
كياختا
كياختا (روسيا)
الإحداثيات: 50°21′00″N 106°27′00″E / 50.35000°N 106.45000°E / 50.35000; 106.45000
البلدروسيا
الكيان الاتحاديBuryatia[1]
Administrative districtKyakhtinsky District[1]
Townكياختا[1]
Founded1728[2]
بلدة status since1805
الحكومة
 • MayorValery Tsyrempilov
المنسوب
760 m (2٬490 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 Census)[3]
 • الإجمالي20٬024
 • Capital ofKyakhtinsky District[1], بلدة كياختا[1]
 • Municipal districtKyakhtinsky Municipal District[4]
 • Urban settlementKyakhta Urban Settlement[4]
 • Capital ofKyakhtinsky Municipal District[4], Kyakhta Urban Settlement[4]
منطقة التوقيتUTC+ ([5])
Postal code(s)[6]
671840, 671842, 671843
Dialing code(s)+7 30142
OKTMO ID81633101001

كياختا (Kyakhta ؛ روسية: Кя́хта، [ˈkʲæxtə]؛ Buryat: Хяагта, romanized: Khiaagta؛ [ˈçæːχtə]؛ منغولية: Хиагт, romanized: Hiagt، [ˈçæχtʰ]) هي بلدة ومركز إداري لـKyakhtinsky District في جمهورية بورياتيا، روسيا، وتقع على نهر كياختا بالقرب من حدود روسيا-منغوليا. تقع البلدة مباشرةً في مقابل البلدة الحدودية المنغولية Altanbulag. Population: 20,041 (تعداد 2010);[3] 18,391 (تعداد 2002);[7] 18,307 (تعداد 1989).[8] من 1727 أصبحت معبراً حدودياً لـ Kyakhta trade بين روسيا والصين.[9]

أصل الاسم

The Buryat name means place covered with couch grass,[10] and is derived from Mongolian word хиаг, meaning couch grass.[11]

الجغرافيا

The region where Kyakhta stands is advantageous for Russo-Chinese trade. The Siberian River Routes connect the fur-bearing lands of Siberia to Lake Baikal. From there, the Selenga River valley is the natural route through the Selenga Highlands southeast of Lake Baikal out onto the plains of Mongolia.

التاريخ

Kyakhta was founded in 1727 soon after the Treaty of Kyakhta was negotiated just north at Selenginsk. It was the starting point of the boundary markers that defined what is now the northern border of Mongolia. Kyakhta's founder, the Serb Sava Vladislavich, established it as a trading point between Russia and the Qing Empire.[2] "He gave instructions to build the Troitskosavsky Fortress at the place of Barsukov winter camp. A church was erected inside the wooden fortress. The church gave the name both to the Troitskaya (Trinity) Fortress and to the future town of Troitskosavsk. This is what the town was called until 1734 when it was merged with the trading settlement of Kyakhta and renamed Troitskosavsk-Kyakhta. In 1934, the name was shortened to Kyakhta."[12] Other sources[9][13] have Troitskosavsk as a fort a short distance north, Troitskosavsk being the administrative and military center while Kyakhta was the trading post on the border. The Manchus built Maimaicheng just south of Kyakhta on their side of the border. Before 1762, state caravans traveled from Kyakhta to Peking. After that date, trade was mostly by barter at Kyakhta-Maimaicheng, with merchants crossing the border to make their business.

The twin towns of Kyakhta and Maimaicheng can be seen on this 1851 map, on the shortest route from Irkutsk to Peking

Kyakhta and Maimaicheng were visited by the famous English adventurer and engineer Samuel Bentham in 1782. He related that he was entertained by the commander of the Chinese city "with the greatest politeness which a stranger can meet with in any country whatever". At that time, the Russians sold furs, textiles, clothing, hides, leather,[9] hardware, and cattle, while the Chinese sold silk, cotton stuffs, teas,[9] fruits, porcelain, rice, candles, rhubarb, ginger, and musk. Much of the tea is said to have come from Yangloudong (zh), a major center of tea production and trade near today's Chibi City, Hubei.[14]

Kyakhta was crowded, unclean, ill-planned, and never came to reflect the wealth that flowed through it,[15] although several Neoclassical buildings were erected in the 19th century, including a tea bourse (1842) and the Orthodox cathedral (1807–1817), both of which still stand. In 1996 the Voskreskenskaya church was being used as a stable.[16] It was from Kyakhta that Nikolay Przhevalsky, Grigory Potanin, Pyotr Kozlov, and Vladimir Obruchev set off on their expeditions into the interior of Mongolia and Xinjiang.

Town status was granted to Kyakhta in 1805.[17]

After the entire Russian-Chinese frontier was opened to trade in 1860 and the Trans-Siberian and the Chinese Eastern Railways bypassed it, Kyakhta fell into decline. In the mid-20th century, a branch railway was built from Ulan-Ude (on the Trans-Siberian) to Mongolia's Ulan Bator, and, eventually, to China, paralleling the old Kyakhta trade route. However, this railway crosses the Russian-Mongolian border not in Kyakhta itself, but in nearby Naushki.[18]

رطانة كياختا

كياختا، 1885
سوق كياختا، 1885

As the first market town on the border between the Russian and Chinese Empires, Kyakhta gave its name to the so-called Kyakhta Russian–Chinese Pidgin, a contact language that was used by Russian and Chinese traders to communicate.[19]

الوضع الإداري والبلدي

Within the framework of administrative divisions, Kyakhta serves as the administrative center of Kyakhtinsky District.[1] As an administrative division, it is, together with one rural locality (the settlement of Sudzha), incorporated within Kyakhtinsky District as the Town of Kyakhta.[1] As a municipal division, the Town of Kyakhta is incorporated within Kyakhtinsky Municipal District as Kyakhta Urban Settlement.[4]

الاقتصاد

Kyakhta's economy today relies mainly on its status as an important center for trade between Russia, China, and Mongolia, located on the highway from the republic's capital of Ulan-Ude to the Mongolian capital of Ulan Bator. It also has textile, lumber, and food-processing plants.

الثقافة

Kyakhta is home to the Damdin Sükhbaatar memorial museum.

المناخ

Kyakhta has a humid continental climate (Köppen climate classification Dwb) with dry, severely cold winters and warm, moist summers.

بيانات المناخ لـ كياختا (1991–2020 normals)
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) −0.1
(31.8) 		8.6
(47.5) 		20.5
(68.9) 		30.6
(87.1) 		35.0
(95.0) 		39.3
(102.7) 		40.6
(105.1) 		37.1
(98.8) 		31.6
(88.9) 		26.6
(79.9) 		12.8
(55.0) 		5.4
(41.7) 		40.6
(105.1)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) −15.0
(5.0) 		−9.0
(15.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		11.2
(52.2) 		18.6
(65.5) 		24.8
(76.6) 		26.4
(79.5) 		23.7
(74.7) 		16.9
(62.4) 		7.7
(45.9) 		−3.9
(25.0) 		−12.6
(9.3) 		7.5
(45.5)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) −20.1
(−4.2) 		−15.1
(4.8) 		−5.6
(21.9) 		3.8
(38.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		17.5
(63.5) 		19.9
(67.8) 		17.1
(62.8) 		10.0
(50.0) 		1.3
(34.3) 		−9.2
(15.4) 		−17.6
(0.3) 		1.1
(33.9)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −24.5
(−12.1) 		−20.4
(−4.7) 		−11.5
(11.3) 		−2.6
(27.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		10.9
(51.6) 		14.0
(57.2) 		11.6
(52.9) 		4.5
(40.1) 		−3.8
(25.2) 		−13.9
(7.0) 		−21.7
(−7.1) 		−4.5
(24.0)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −55.2
(−67.4) 		−49.1
(−56.4) 		−39.7
(−39.5) 		−24.8
(−12.6) 		−12.1
(10.2) 		−4.5
(23.9) 		1.4
(34.5) 		−2.7
(27.1) 		−9.7
(14.5) 		−26.8
(−16.2) 		−34.7
(−30.5) 		−42.1
(−43.8) 		−55.2
(−67.4)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 4
(0.2) 		3
(0.1) 		4
(0.2) 		11
(0.4) 		35
(1.4) 		66
(2.6) 		89
(3.5) 		74
(2.9) 		39
(1.5) 		11
(0.4) 		7
(0.3) 		5
(0.2) 		348
(13.7)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 10.7 6.3 7.2 7.8 10.7 10.4 11.9 12.1 9.6 8.0 8.3 9.4 112.4
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 79.1 73.9 65.8 53.0 53.0 58.7 64.1 68.0 66.5 68.0 73.9 79.1 66.9
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 158.1 187.6 235.6 243.0 275.9 276.0 279.0 254.2 234.0 186.0 153.0 127.1 2٬609٫5
Source 1: Pogoda.ru.net[20]
Source 2: climatebase.ru (precipitation days, humidity and sunshine hours)[21]

اسم البلدة باللغات الأخرى

In Mongolian, Kyakhta was formerly known as Ар Хиагт (Ar Khiagt, lit. "North Kyakhta"); Altanbulag (then, Maimaicheng) across the border was Өвөр Хиагт (Övör Khiagt, lit. "South Kyakhta"). When the town was known as Troitskosavsk, its name in Mongolian was Дээд Шивээ (Deed Šhivee).

المراجع

The Assumption Church in Kyakhta

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د Resolution #43
  2. ^ أ ب Mark Mancall (1971). Russia and China: their diplomatic relations to 1728, (Volume 61 of Harvard East Asian series, Center for East Asian Studies, Harvard University). Harvard University Press. p. 263. ISBN 9780674781153.
  3. ^ أ ب Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1". Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012. {{cite web}}: Invalid |ref=harv (help); Unknown parameter |trans_title= ignored (|trans-title= suggested) (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Law #985-III
  5. ^ "Об исчислении времени". Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации (in Russian). 3 June 2011. Retrieved 19 January 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  6. ^ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in روسية)
  7. ^ Федеральная служба государственной статистики (Federal State Statistics Service) (2004-05-21). "Численность населения России, субъектов Российской Федерации в составе федеральных округов, районов, городских поселений, сельских населённых пунктов – районных центров и сельских населённых пунктов с населением 3 тысячи и более человек[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (Population of Russia, its federal districts, federal subjects, districts, urban localities, rural localities—administrative centers, and rural localities with population of over 3,000)". Всероссийская перепись населения 2002 года (All-Russia Population Census of 2002) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved 2008-07-25. {{cite web}}: URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  8. ^ "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров.[[Category:Articles containing روسية-language text]] (All Union Population Census of 1989. Present population of union and autonomous republics, autonomous oblasts and okrugs, krais, oblasts, districts, urban settlements, and villages serving as district administrative centers.)". Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года (All-Union Population Census of 1989) (in Russian). Demoscope Weekly (website of the Institute of Demographics of the State University—Higher School of Economics. 1989. Retrieved 2007-12-13. {{cite web}}: Italic or bold markup not allowed in: |publisher= (help); URL–wikilink conflict (help)CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  9. ^ أ ب ت ث  Chisholm, Hugh, ed. (1911). "Kiakhta" . دائرة المعارف البريطانية. Vol. 15 (eleventh ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 782. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |coauthors= (help)
  10. ^ Pospelov, p. 234
  11. ^ Ирина Ф. Попова. "Торговля России и Китая через Кяхту и Маймайчен", in Mongolica-XI (SPb., 2013), p. 28, fn. 1.
  12. ^ "Photo of Bolshaya Street in Troitskosavsk - Nikolay Charushin. Подробное описание экспоната, аудиогид, интересные факты. Официальный сайт Artefact". ar.culture.ru (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2024-03-27.
  13. ^ Clifford M Foust, 'Muscovite and Mandarin', 1969, index
  14. ^ Li Baihao; Zhu Jianhua; Huang Li; Guo Jian (2005), "One cultural route span the Millenary: Chinese Tea Road", Proceedings of the Scientific Symposium "Monuments and sites in their setting - conserving cultural heritage in changing townscapes and landscapes", Xi'an, p. 4, http://www.international.icomos.org/xian2005/papers/4-25.pdf, retrieved on August 29, 2010 
  15. ^ W. Bruce Lincoln. The Conquest of a Continent: Siberia and the Russians. Cornell University Press, 2007. Page 145.
  16. ^ Martha Avery, The Tea Road, 2003, page 135 and photograph
  17. ^ rbth.com
  18. ^ Rolf Potts, Stranded in Siberia: At an obscure border town, our correspondent discovers the biggest obstacle in negotiating the next 4,000 miles: The train has left without him. (Salon Magazine, 1999-11-10)
  19. ^ International Council for Philosophy and Humanistic Studies (1996). Atlas of languages of intercultural communication in the Pacific, Asia, and the Americas, Volume 2, Part 1. (Volume 13 of Trends in Linguistics, Documentation Series). Walter de Gruyter. pp. 911–912. ISBN 3-11-013417-9.
  20. ^ "Погода и Климат - Климат КЯХТЫ". Pogodaiklimat.ru. Retrieved 2017-02-16.
  21. ^ "Kyakhta climate 1895–2012". climatebase.ru. Retrieved February 17, 2015.

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