فوسفات أحادي البوتاسيوم

Monopotassium phosphate
	; Two unit cells of MKP viewed close to the b axis
الأسماء
	اسم أيوپاكs Potassium dihydrogen phosphate
	أسماء أخرى Potassium phosphate monobasic;; Phosphoric acid, monopotassium salt; ; Potassium biphosphate
المُعرِّفات
رقم CAS
3D model (JSmol)	Interactive image;
ChEMBL	ChEMBL1200925 ;
ChemSpider	22914 ;
ECHA InfoCard	100.029.012
رقم EC	231-913-4;
E number	E340(i) (antioxidants, ...)
PubChem CID	516951;
رقم RTECS	TC6615500;
UNII	4J9FJ0HL51 ;
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)	DTXSID0035667 ;
	InChI InChI=1S/3K.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3+1;/p-3 Key: LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-UHFFFAOYSA-K ; InChI=1/3K.H3O4P/c;;;1-5(2,3)4/h;;;(H3,1,2,3,4)/q3+1;/p-3 Key: LWIHDJKSTIGBAC-DFZHHIFOAX;
	SMILES [K+].OP(O)([O-])=O;
الخصائص
الصيغة الجزيئية	KH 2PO 4
كتلة مولية	136.086 g/mol
المظهر	Colourless crystals or white granular or crystalline powder
الرائحة	Odorless
الكثافة	2.338 g/cm3
نقطة الانصهار
نقطة الغليان
قابلية الذوبان في الماء	22.6 g/100 mL (20 °C); 83.5 g/100 mL (90 °C)
قابلية الذوبان	Slightly soluble in ethanol
الحموضة (pKa)	6.86
القاعدية (pKb)	11.9
معامل الانكسار (nD)	1.4864
البنية
البنية البلورية	Tetragonal
الزمرة الفراغية	I42d
ثابت العقد	a = 0.744 nm, b = 0.744 nm, c = 0.697 nm
المخاطر
صفحة بيانات السلامة	External MSDS
ن.م.ع. مخطط تصويري
ن.م.ع. كلمة الاشارة	Warning
ن.م.ع. عبارات المخاطر	H315, H319
ن.م.ع. العبارات الاحتياطية	P264, P280, P305+P351+P338, P321, P332+P313, P337+P313
NFPA 704 (معيـَّن النار)	0 1 0
نقطة الوميض	Non-flammable
	الجرعة أو التركيز القاتل (LD, LC):
LD50 (الجرعة الوسطى)	3200 mg/kg (rat, oral)
مركبات ذا علاقة
كاتيونات أخرى	Monosodium phosphate; Monoammonium phosphate
مركـّبات ذات علاقة	Dipotassium phosphate; Tripotassium phosphate
	ما لم يُذكر غير ذلك، البيانات المعطاة للمواد في حالاتهم العيارية (عند 25 °س [77 °ف]، 100 kPa).
	verify (what is ?)
	مراجع الجدول

Monopotassium phosphate (MKP) (also, potassium dihydrogen phosphate, KDP, or monobasic potassium phosphate) is the inorganic compound with the formula KH₂PO₄. Together with dipotassium phosphate (K₂HPO₄^.(H₂O)_x) it is often used as a fertilizer, food additive, and buffering agent. The salt often cocrystallizes with the dipotassium salt as well as with phosphoric acid.^[6]

Single crystals are paraelectric at room temperature. At temperatures below −150 °C (−238 °F), they become ferroelectric.

Structure

Monopotassium phosphate can exist in several polymorphs. At room temperature it forms paraelectric crystals with tetragonal symmetry. Upon cooling to −150 °C (−238 °F) it transforms to a ferroelectric phase of orthorhombic symmetry, and the transition temperature shifts up to −50 °C (−58 °F) when hydrogen is replaced by deuterium.^[7] Heating to 190 °C (374 °F) changes its structure to monoclinic.^[8] When heated further, MKP decomposes, by loss of water, to potassium metaphosphate, KPO 3, at 400 °C (752 °F).

Symmetry	Space group	№	Pearson symbol	a (nm)	b (nm)	c (nm)	Z	Density (g/cm³⁾	T (°C, °F, K)
Orthorhombic^[7]	Fdd2	43	oF48	1.0467	1.0533	0.6926	8	2.37	< −150 °C، −238 °F، 123 K
Tetragonal^[4]	I42d	122	tI24	0.744	0.744	0.697	4	2.34	−150 إلى 190 °C، −238 إلى 374 °F، 123 إلى 463 K
Monoclinic^[8]	P2₁/c	14	mP48	0.733	1.449	0.747	8		190 إلى 400 °C، 374 إلى 752 °F، 463 إلى 673 K

Manufacturing

Monopotassium phosphate is produced by the action of phosphoric acid on potassium carbonate. It can then be crystallized into boules, large crystals by dissolving the KDP in hot water and salt, creating a growth solution, placing a seed crystal in the solution and then cooling the solution, done in a holden-type crystallizer, in what is known as solution growth.^[9]^[10]^[11]

Applications

Fertilizer-grade MKP powder contains the equivalent of 52% P 2O 5 and 34% K 2O, and is labeled NPK 0-52-34. MKP powder is often used as a nutrient source in the greenhouse trade and in hydroponics.

Crystals of MKP are used in optical modulators and for non-linear optics such as second-harmonic generation (SHG). Potassium dideuterium phosphate (KDP), with slightly different properties, is also used in nonlinear frequency conversion of laser light. The replacement of protons with deuterons in the crystal shifts the third overtone of the strong OH molecular stretch to longer wavelengths, moving it mostly out of the range of the fundamental line at approximately 1064 nm of neodymium-based lasers. Regular KDP has absorbances at this wavelength of approximately 4.7–6.3% per cm of thickness while highly deuterated KDP has absorbances of typically less than 0.8% per cm.

Monopotassium phosphate is also used as an ingredient in sports drinks such as Gatorade and Powerade.

In medicine, monopotassium phosphate is used for phosphate substitution in hypophosphatemia.^[12]

Gallery

A large KDP crystal, used in the form of slices at the National Ignition Facility
Alternate angle, covered

References

^ "Potassium dihydrogen phosphate".
^ ^أ ^ب "Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance". EUR-Lex. E 340 (i) MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE. Retrieved 19 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)
^ Mathews, Christopher K., K. E. Van Holde, Ean R. Appling, and Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill. Biochemistry. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub., 1990. Print.
^ ^أ ^ب Ono, Yasuhiro; Hikita, Tomoyuki; Ikeda, Takuro (1987). "Phase Transitions in Mixed Crystal System K_1−x(NH₄)_xH₂PO₄". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 56 (2): 577. Bibcode:1987JPSJ...56..577O. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.56.577.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث "Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate". American Elements. Retrieved October 30, 2018.
^ Klaus Schrödter; Gerhard Bettermann; Thomas Staffel; Friedrich Wahl; Thomas Klein; Thomas Hofmann (2012). "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)
^ ^أ ^ب Fukami, T. (1990). "Refinement of the Crystal Structure of KH₂PO₄ in the Ferroelectric Phase". Physica Status Solidi A. 117 (2): K93–K96. Bibcode:1990PSSAR.117...93F. doi:10.1002/pssa.2211170234.
^ ^أ ^ب Itoh, Kazuyuki; Matsubayashi, Tetsuo; Nakamura, Eiji; Motegi, Hiroshi (1975). "X-Ray Study of High-Temperature Phase Transitions in KH₂PO₄". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 39 (3): 843. Bibcode:1975JPSJ...39..843I. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.843.
^ Atherton, L.; Burnham, A.; Combs, R.; Couture, S.; De Yoreo, J.; Hawley-Fedder, R.; Montesant, R.; Robey, H.; et al. (1999). Producing KDP and DKDP crystals for the NIF laser. doi:10.2172/14145. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626634/.
^ Zaitseva, N.; Carman, L. (January 2001). "Rapid growth of KDP-type crystals". Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 43 (1): 1–118. Bibcode:2001PCGCM..43....1Z. doi:10.1016/S0960-8974(01)00004-3.
^ Zaitseva, N.P.; Dehaven, M.R.; Vital, R.L.; Carman, M.L.; Spears, R.; Montgomery, K.; Atherton, L.J.; De Yoreo, J.J. (1996). "Rapid Growth of Large-Scale (20-50cm) KDP Crystals". Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications. pp. NPD.5. doi:10.1364/NLO.1996.NPD.5. OSTI 492018.
^ Gaasbeek, André; Meinders, A. Edo (October 2005). "Hypophosphatemia: An update on its etiology and treatment". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 (10): 1094–1101. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014. PMID 16194637.

External links

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[1] "Potassium dihydrogen phosphate".

[EUR-Lex-2] أ ^ب "Commission Regulation (EU) No 231/2012 of 9 March 2012 laying down specifications for food additives listed in Annexes II and III to Regulation (EC) No 1333/2008 of the European Parliament and of the Council Text with EEA relevance". EUR-Lex. E 340 (i) MONOPOTASSIUM PHOSPHATE. Retrieved 19 January 2023.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: location (link)

[3] Mathews, Christopher K., K. E. Van Holde, Ean R. Appling, and Spencer J. Anthony-Cahill. Biochemistry. Redwood City, CA: Benjamin/Cummings Pub., 1990. Print.

[s2-4] أ ^ب Ono, Yasuhiro; Hikita, Tomoyuki; Ikeda, Takuro (1987). "Phase Transitions in Mixed Crystal System K_1−x(NH₄)_xH₂PO₄". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 56 (2): 577. Bibcode:1987JPSJ...56..577O. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.56.577.

[sds-5] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث "Potassium Dihydrogen Phosphate". American Elements. Retrieved October 30, 2018.

[Ullmann-6] Klaus Schrödter; Gerhard Bettermann; Thomas Staffel; Friedrich Wahl; Thomas Klein; Thomas Hofmann (2012). "Phosphoric Acid and Phosphates". Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. doi:10.1002/14356007.a19_465.pub3. {{cite encyclopedia}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |authors= (help)

[s1-7] أ ^ب Fukami, T. (1990). "Refinement of the Crystal Structure of KH₂PO₄ in the Ferroelectric Phase". Physica Status Solidi A. 117 (2): K93–K96. Bibcode:1990PSSAR.117...93F. doi:10.1002/pssa.2211170234.

[s3-8] أ ^ب Itoh, Kazuyuki; Matsubayashi, Tetsuo; Nakamura, Eiji; Motegi, Hiroshi (1975). "X-Ray Study of High-Temperature Phase Transitions in KH₂PO₄". Journal of the Physical Society of Japan. 39 (3): 843. Bibcode:1975JPSJ...39..843I. doi:10.1143/JPSJ.39.843.

[9] Atherton, L.; Burnham, A.; Combs, R.; Couture, S.; De Yoreo, J.; Hawley-Fedder, R.; Montesant, R.; Robey, H.; et al. (1999). Producing KDP and DKDP crystals for the NIF laser. doi:10.2172/14145. Archived from the original. You must specify the date the archive was made using the |archivedate= parameter. https://digital.library.unt.edu/ark:/67531/metadc626634/.

[10] Zaitseva, N.; Carman, L. (January 2001). "Rapid growth of KDP-type crystals". Progress in Crystal Growth and Characterization of Materials. 43 (1): 1–118. Bibcode:2001PCGCM..43....1Z. doi:10.1016/S0960-8974(01)00004-3.

[11] Zaitseva, N.P.; Dehaven, M.R.; Vital, R.L.; Carman, M.L.; Spears, R.; Montgomery, K.; Atherton, L.J.; De Yoreo, J.J. (1996). "Rapid Growth of Large-Scale (20-50cm) KDP Crystals". Nonlinear Optics: Materials, Fundamentals and Applications. pp. NPD.5. doi:10.1364/NLO.1996.NPD.5. OSTI 492018.

[12] Gaasbeek, André; Meinders, A. Edo (October 2005). "Hypophosphatemia: An update on its etiology and treatment". The American Journal of Medicine. 118 (10): 1094–1101. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.02.014. PMID 16194637.

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