جماع الأموات

(تم التحويل من Necrophilia)
يجب ألا يـُخلـَط بينها وبين Necrophila, a genus of beetles or Negrophilia, an attraction or admiration to black people or black cultures.
انظر أيضاً: Necroviolence
The Hatred, painting by Pietro Pajetta (1896)

جماع الأموات Necrophilia أو thanatophilia أو necrolagnia، هو الانجذاب الجنسي تجاه الموتى.[1] ويصنف على أنه أحد أنواع الشذوذ الجنسي بحسب الدليل التشخيصي والإحصائي للاضطرابات النفسية. تشير بعض الدراسات أن أسباب قيام الأفراد بجماع الأموات تكون في معظمها بسبب رغبة الفرد بالقيام بعلاقة جنسية مع شريكه المتوفي، يليها سبب الانجذاب الصرف للأموات، وثم التغلب على مشاعر الوحدة والعزلة، أو التماس إرضاء النفس بإظهار القوة على ضحايا القتل.


التاريخ

In the ancient world, sailors returning corpses to their home country were often accused of necrophilia.[2] Singular accounts of necrophilia in history are sporadic, though written records suggest the practice was present within Ancient Egypt. Herodotus writes in The Histories that, to discourage intercourse with a corpse, ancient Egyptians left deceased beautiful women to decay for "three or four days" before giving them to the embalmers.[3][4][5] Herodotus also alluded to suggestions that the Greek tyrant Periander had defiled the corpse of his wife, employing a metaphor: "Periander baked his bread in a cold oven."[6] Acts of necrophilia are depicted on ceramics from the Moche culture, which reigned in northern Peru from the first to eighth-century CE.[7] A common theme in these artifacts is the masturbation of a male skeleton by a living woman.[8] Hittite law from the 16th century BC through to the 13th century BC explicitly permitted sex with the dead.[9] In what is now Northeast China, the ethnic Xianbei emperor Murong Xi (385–407) of the Later Yan state had intercourse with the corpse of his beloved empress Fu Xunying after the latter was already cold and put into the coffin.[10]

In Renaissance Italy, following the reputed moral collapse brought about by the Black Death and before the Roman Inquisition of the Counter-Reformation, literature was replete with sexual references; these include necrophilia, as in the epic poem Orlando Innamorato by Matteo Maria Boiardo, first published in 1483.[11] In a notorious modern example, American serial killer Jeffrey Dahmer was a necrophiliac. Dahmer wanted to create a sex slave who would mindlessly consent to whatever he wanted. When his attempts failed, and his male victim died, he would keep the corpse until it decomposed beyond recognition,[12] masturbating and performing sexual intercourse on the body.[13] He would perform sexual activities before and after murdering his victims. Dahmer explained that he only killed his victims because he did not want them to leave.[14][15]

Other modern necrophiliacs include Scottish serial killer Dennis Nilsen,[16] and English David Fuller, who is considered the worst offender of this kind in English legal history.[17]

Havelock Ellis, in his 1903 volume of Studies of the Psychology of Sex, believed that necrophilia was related to algolagnia, in that both involve the transformation of a supposed negative emotion, such as anger, fear, disgust, or grief, into sexual desire.[18]

التصنيف

يوجد عشر تصنيفات لحالة جماع الأموت:[19]

  1. Role players
  2. جماع الأموات الرومانسي
  3. الجماع من أجل اللهو
  4. Tactile necrophiles
  5. People having a sexual fetish for the dead – fetishistic necrophiles
  6. People having a necromutilomania – necromutilomaniacs
  7. Opportunistic necrophiles
  8. جماع الموتى التقليدي
  9. Homicidal necrophiles
  10. Exclusive necrophiles.

أبحاث

في الحيوانات

A male black and white tegu mounts a female that has been dead for two days and attempts to mate.[20]
انظر أيضاً: Non-reproductive sexual behaviour in animals

Necrophilia has been observed in mammals, birds, reptiles, and frogs.[21] In 1960, Robert Dickerman described necrophilia in ground squirrels, which he termed "Davian behavior" after a limerick about a necrophiliac miner named Dave. The label is still used for necrophilia in animals.[22] Certain species of arachnids and insects practice sexual cannibalism, where the female cannibalizes her male mate before, during, or after copulation.

Kees Moeliker observed while he was sitting in his office at the Natural History Museum Rotterdam when he heard the distinctive thud of a bird hitting the glass facade of the building. Upon inspection, he discovered a drake (male) mallard lying dead outside the building. Next to the downed bird, a second drake mallard was standing close by. As Moeliker observed the couple, the living drake pecked at the corpse of the dead one for a few minutes then mounted the corpse and began copulating with it. The act of necrophilia lasted for about 75 minutes, at which time, according to Moeliker, the living drake took two short breaks before resuming copulating behavior. Moeliker surmised that at the time of the collision with the window, the two mallards were engaged in a common pattern in duck behavior called "attempted rape flight". "When one died the other one just went for it and didn't get any negative feedback – well, didn't get any feedback," according to Moeliker.[23][24] Necrophilia had previously only been reported in heterosexual mallard pairs.[23]

In a short paper known as "Sexual Habits of the Adélie Penguin", deemed too shocking for contemporary publication, George Murray Levick described "little hooligan bands" of penguins mating with dead females in the Cape Adare rookery, the largest group of Adélie penguins, in 1911 and 1912.[25][26] This is nowadays ascribed to lack of experience of young penguins; a dead female, with eyes half-closed, closely resembles a compliant female.[27] A gentoo penguin was observed attempting to have intercourse with a dead penguin in 1921.[28]

Necrophilia has been observed among bottlenose dolphins and manatees.[29] A male New Zealand sea lion was once observed attempting to copulate with a dead female New Zealand fur seal in the wild. The sea lion nudged the seal repeatedly, then mounted her and made several pelvic thrusts. Approximately ten minutes later, the sea lion became disturbed by the researcher's presence, dragged the corpse of the seal into the water, and swam away while holding it.[30] A male sea otter was observed holding a female sea otter underwater until she drowned before repeatedly copulating with her carcass. Several months later, the same sea otter was again observed copulating with the carcass of a different female.[31] Copulation with a dead female pilot whale by a captive male pilot whale has been observed,[32] and possible sexual behavior between two male humpback whales, one dead, has also been reported.[33]

In 1983, a male rock dove was observed to be copulating with the corpse of a dove that shortly before had its head crushed by a car.[34][35] In 2001, a researcher laid out sand martin corpses to attract flocks of other sand martins. In each of the six trials, 1–5 individuals from flocks of 50–500 were observed attempting to copulate with the dead sand martins. This occurred one to two months after the breeding season; since copulation outside the breeding season is uncommon among birds, the researcher speculated that the lack of resistance by the corpses stimulated the behavior.[36] Charles Brown observed at least ten cliff swallows attempt to copulate with a road-killed cliff swallow in the space of 15 minutes. He commented, "This isn't the first time I've seen cliff swallows do this; the bright orange rump sticking up seems to be all the stimulus these birds need."[37] Necrophilia has also been reported in the European swallow, grey-backed sparrow-lark, Stark's lark,[26] and the snow goose.[38] A Norwegian television report showed a male hybrid between a black grouse and western capercaillie kill a male black grouse before attempting to copulate with it.[36] In 2015, due to work done by the University of Washington, it was found that crows would commit necrophilia on dead crow corpses in about 4% of encounters with corpses.[39]

A male Ameiva ameiva mounts a dead female and attempts to pair cloacae.[22]

Necrophilia has been documented in various lizard species, including Ameiva ameiva,[22][40] the leopard lizard,[41] and Holbrookia maculata.[42] There are two reports of necrophilic behavior in the sleepy lizard (Tiliqua rugosa). In one, the partner of a male lizard got caught in a fencing wire and died. The male continued to display courtship behavior towards his partner two days after her death. This lizard's necrophilia was believed to stem from its strong monogamous bond.[43] In one study of black and white tegu lizards, two different males were observed attempting to court and copulate with a single female corpse on two consecutive days. On the first day, the corpse was freshly dead, but by the second day, it was bloating and emitting a strong putrid odor. The researcher attributed the behavior to sex pheromones still acting on the carcass.[20]

Male garter snakes often copulate with dead females.[44][45] One case has been reported in the Bothrops jararaca snake with a dead South American rattlesnake.[46][47] The prairie rattlesnake (Crotalus viridis) and Helicops carinicauda snake have both been seen attempting to mate with decapitated females, presumably attracted by still-active sex pheromones.[47][48] Male crayfish sometimes copulate with dead crayfish of either sex, and in one observation with a dead crayfish of a different species.[49][50]

In anurans, it has been observed in the foothill yellow-legged frog,[51] the yellow fire-bellied toad,[52] the common frog,[53] the Oregon spotted frog,[54] the common Asian Toad,[55] Dendropsophus columbianus,[56] and Rhinella jimi.[57] The film Cane Toads: An Unnatural History shows a male toad copulating for eight hours with a female toad that had been run over by a car.[58] Necrophilic amplexus in frogs may occur because males will mount any pliable object the size of an adult female. If the mounted object is a live frog not appropriate for mating, it will vibrate its body or vocalize a call to be released. Dead frogs cannot do this, so they may be held for hours.[53] The Amazonian frog Rhinella proboscidea sometimes practices what has been termed "functional necrophilia": a male grasps the corpse of a dead female and squeezes it until its oocytes are ejected before fertilizing them.[59]

القانون

نيوزيلندة

حسب المادة 150 من القانون الجنائي النيوزيلندي لعام 1961، يدخل في نطاق الجريمة فعل "عدم احترام الرفات البشرية". وفي هذه الحالة، يعتبر مضاجعة الموتى يدخل تحت طائلة القانون حسب تلك المادة، بالرغم من عدم ذكره مباشرة. [60]

الهند

Section 297 of Indian Penal Code (IPC) entitled "Trespassing on burial places, etc", states as follows:[61]

Whoever, with the intention of wounding the feelings of any person, or of insulting the religion of any person, or with the knowledge that the feelings of any person are likely to be wounded, or that the religion of any person is likely to be insulted thereby,

commits any trespass in any place of worship or on any place of sculpture, or any place set apart from the performance of funeral rites or as a depository for the remains of the dead, or offers any indignity to any human corpse, or causes disturbance to any persons assembled for the performance of funeral ceremonies,

shall be punished with imprisonment of either description for a term which may extend to one year, or with fine, or with both.

Although sex with corpses is not explicitly stated in IPC, a person who has sex with a corpse may be convicted under the above section in the Indian Penal Code.

المملكة المتحدة

Sexual penetration with a corpse was made illegal under the Sexual Offences Act 2003. This is defined as depictions of "sexual interference with a human corpse" as well as actual scenes (see also extreme pornography). As of the Criminal Justice and Immigration Act 2008, it is also illegal to possess explicit and realistic depictions of sexual interference with a human corpse, electronic or otherwise.

الولايات المتحدة

حتى مايو 2006، لم يتواجد أي قانون فدرالي يجرم مضاجعة الموتى.[بحاجة لمصدر] يوجد قوانين خاصة في عدة ولايات:

مصر

في أبريل 2012، أثير مشروع قانون في مجلس الشعب المصري عن مشروعية وحق الزوج في مضاجعة الزوج لزوجته المتوفاه خلال أول 6 ساعات من وفاتها[63]، تحت اسم قانون "مضاجعة الوداع". [64]


انظر أيضاً

شعار قاموس المعرفة.png

هوامش

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  58. ^ Lewis, Stephanie (1989). Cane Toads: an Unnatural History. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385265027.
  59. ^ Izzo, T. J., Rodrigues, D. J., Menin, M., Lima, A. P., & Magnusson, W. E. (2012). "Functional necrophilia: a profitable anuran reproductive strategy?". Journal of Natural History. 46 (47–48): 2961–2967. Bibcode:2012JNatH..46.2961I. doi:10.1080/00222933.2012.724720. S2CID 84723383.{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  60. ^ Butterworths Crimes Act 1961: Wellington: Butterworths: 2003
  61. ^ THE INDIAN PENAL CODE (IPC)- Dowry Law Misuse(IPC 498A) By Indian Women
  62. ^ as described in the footnote on page 43 of Mary Roach's bestselling book Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers
  63. ^ [http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2135434/Outrage-Egypt-plans-farewell-intercourse-law-husbands-sex-dead-wives-hours-AFTER-death.html Outrage as Egypt plans 'farewell intercourse law' so husbands can have sex with DEAD wives up to six hours after their death Read more: http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2135434/Outrage-Egypt-plans-farewell-intercourse-law-husbands-sex-dead-wives-hours-AFTER-death.html#ixzz1tBp6zpUQ ,dailymail]
  64. ^ مجلس الشعب المصري يناقش قانون مضاجعة الوداع، موقع الحق والضلال

المصادر

قراءات إضافية

  • Lisa Downing, Desiring the Dead: Necrophilia and Nineteenth-Century French Literature. Oxford: Legenda, 2003
  • Richard von Krafft-Ebing, Psychopathia Sexualis. New York: Stein & Day, 1965. Originally published in 1886.
  • Mary Roach, Stiff: The Curious Lives of Human Cadavers. New York: W.W. Norton and Company, 2003.
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