شغب نيكا

(تم التحويل من Nika riots)
شغب نيكا
Turkey-03228 - Hippodrome of Constantinople (11312626353).jpg
موقع هيپودروم القسطنطينية في اسطنبول
التاريخيناير 532 م
المكان
القسطنطينية
السببSee causes
الأهدافFree demes' leaders, overthrow Justinian
الطرقWidespread rioting, property damage, murder, arson
أسفرت عنMilitary action by imperial government leading to the escalation and militarization of the riots
أطراف الصراع الأهلي
Blue and Green demes
الشخصيات الرئيسية
* Justinian I *Hypatius أُعدِم*Pompeius أُعدِم
الخسائر
القتلى30,000 rioters killed[1]

اضطرابات نيكا بالإنجليزية Nika riots ، باليونانية Στάση του Νίκα ، حدثت على مدار أسبوع سنة 532 في هيپودروم القسطنطينية، حاضرة العالم آنذاك. وكانت أعتى موجة عنف تشهده القسطنطينية حتى ذلك الوقت. واحترق أو دُمر بسببها أكثر من نصف المدينة وقـُتل فيها عشرات الآلاف. وقامت بسبب حزبي الخضر والزرق في القسطنطينية في عهد الإمبراطور جستنيان الأول ، وقد نجح بالفعل في القضاء عليها وتعتبر من أكثر الثورات إراقة للدماء وتخريبا للبلاد.

الخلفية التاريخية

وسميت ثورة نيكا بهذا الإسم في ظروف وصلت فيها الثورة إلى قمتها كانت الجماهير تهتف Nika وتعني النصر وكانت بذلك ثورة نيكا. وكانت ثورة نيكا أكبر فتنة قامت في عهد جستنيان ، وكادت أن تقضي على حياته. وكان سببها أن الخضر والزرق- وهم الحزبان اللذان انقسم إليهما أهل القسطنطينية حسب الثياب التي كان يلبسها راكبو خيول السباق المحببون- قد بلغت الخصومة بينهم حد العنف ، حتى أصبحت شوارع العاصمة غير مأمونة ، وحتى أضطر الأغنياء إلى أن يرتدوا ملابس الفقراء المساكين لينجوا بذلك من طعنات الخناجر في الليل.

الأسباب

A 6th-century head of an emperor at the Getty Villa, thought to represent Justinian[حسب من؟]
A 6th-century head of an empress at the Castello Sforzesco, thought to represent Theodora

Justinian, along with his prominent officials John the Cappadocian and Tribonian, faced significant public disapproval due to the implementation of high tax rates,[2] allegations of corruption against the latter two officials,[2] and John's reported harsh treatment of debtors.[2][3] Justinian and John also reduced expenditure on the civil service and took steps to combat corruption within the civil service.[3] John was particularly unfavourable among the senatorial elites, who were hit hard by John's new taxation policy which targeted the wealthiest in society, likely leading to senatorial influence within the riots.[4][5] Justinian also took steps to diminish the influence of both teams. This was perceived by the Greens as an oppressive action akin to the reforms implemented in the civil service, while the Blues felt a sense of betrayal.[3] The Roman legal code was widely perceived as a marker that distinguished the civilised Romans from "barbarians". (لاتينية: barbari).[6] The law code was also religiously important as the Romans were believed to be "chosen by God", it being a symbol of justice.[6] As a result, the successful implementation of significant legal reforms by an emperor was viewed as lending legitimacy to their reign, while a lack of progress in this area was interpreted as a sign of divine displeasure.[6] What had taken nine years for the Theodosian code took Justinian just thirteen months.[6]

However, prior to the Nika riots of January 532, the pace of legal reforms had significantly slowed.[6] Concurrently, Justinian was engaged in an unsuccessful war against the Persian Empire. While initial Byzantine victories at Dara in the spring of 530 and Satala in the summer of 530 had temporarily enhanced his legitimacy, the defeat at Callinicum in 531 and the deteriorating strategic situation had a detrimental effect on the emperor's reputation.[6] The legal reforms were met with resistance from the aristocracy from their inception, as they eliminated the ability to utilize obscure laws and jurisprudence to evade unfavorable judgments.[6] As a result, Justinian's decision to ignore the factions' pleas to grant amnesty to the two individuals arrested in connection with the riots further exacerbated the anger and resentment towards the emperor, causing the factions to become more violent in their methods, setting fires and indiscriminately attacking imperial guards. Another cause that might have added to the intensity of the riots was the fact that the power of these factions had gone unchecked for a long time under Justin, with Justinian then strengthening their rivalries by supporting a specific faction. Furthermore, the fact that activity towards the factions had largely been unrestricted for three decades prior during Justin's reign, meant the likelihood of them working together in common cause was far greater.[5] Their almost unrestrained force, combined with any resentment they held against the Emperor, is believed to have led to the Nika riots of 532 AD [7] Similarly, it was rare for the two factions to begin working together in this manner and for them to militarise, both of which added to the severity of the uprising.[8]

الثورة ضد الحكومة

قضت الحكومة آخر الأمر على الطائفتين المتنازعتين ، وقبضت على عدد كبير من زعمائهما ، فما كان من هذين الحزبين إلا أن ضما صفوفهما وقاما بفتنة مسلحة ضد الحكومة ، وأكبر الظن أن بعض الشيوخ قد اشتركوا في هذه الفتنة أو حاول رعاع المدن أن يقلبوها ثورة عارمة ، فهجموا على السجون ، وأطلقوا سراح المسجونين ، وقتلوا عدداً من رجال الشرطة والموظفين ، وأشعلت النار في المباني ، وحرقت كنيسة أياصوفيا وأجزاء من قصر الإمبراطور ، وهتفت الجماهير قائلة "Nika" أي النصر- وبذلك أطلق هذا الاسم على تلك الفتنة. وأفقد هذا النصر العظيم وعيه، فطالب إبعاد اثنين من أعضاء مجلس جستنيان ، لم يكن يحبهما، ولعل سبب ذلك انهما كانا من ظلمة الحكام، ووافق الإمبراطور على هذا الطلب ، فازداد العصاة جرأة وأقنعوا هيباشيوس Hypatius، أحد الشيوخ ، بأن يقبل التاج، فقبله على الرغم من معارضته زوجته وتوسلها إليه ألا يقبله، وخرج بين هتاف الجماهير ليجلس على مقعد الإمبراطور في الألعاب التي كانت قائمة على قدم وساق في الميدان الكبير.

تيودورا والقضاء على الثورة

اختبأ جستنيان أثناء تلك الإضطرابات في القصر ، وأخذ يدبر أمر الهرب ، ولكن الإمبراطورة ثيودورا أقنعته بالعدول عن هذه الفكرة ، وأشارت عليه بالمقاومة. وتعهد بليساريوس قائد الجيش أن يقوم بهذا العمل ، واختار من بين جنوده عدداً من القوط ، وسار على رأسهم إلى ميدان الألعاب ، وقتل ثلاثين ألفاً من العامة ، وقبض على هيباشيوس ، وأمر بقتله في السجن. وأعاد جستنيان الموظفين المفصولين إلى عملهما ، وعفا عن المتآمرين من أعضاء مجلس الشيوخ ، ورد إلى أبناء هيباشيوس ما صودر من أملاكهم. وظل جستنيان بعد هذه الفتنة آمناً على نفسه وملكه خلال الثلاثين عاماً التالية.

الأعقاب

According to the account of Procopius, around 30,000 people were killed, although many likely died as result of trampling in the chaos of the riot rather than at the hands of the soldiers.[1][4] According to Procopius, Hypatius and Pompeius maintained their innocence and argued that their detention was an injustice.[9] Despite this Justinian had Hypatius and Pompeius executed and exiled the senators who had supported the riot.[10] He also confiscated the properties of senators that stood against him.[11] However, he later granted titles and land to Hypatius' and Pompeius' children,[12] and some of the officials Justinian dismissed in response to the demands of the rioters, like John the Cappadocian were reinstated to their prior positions.[7]

He then rebuilt Constantinople and the Hagia Sophia. However, the crushing of the Nika riots did not end the factions' violence. Indeed, in 565, in the last year of Justinian's reign, fighting became so bad again that the city prefect Julian had to purge the factions to restore peace.[13]

تفسيرات

The causes and the accounts of the riots are debated. Geoffrey Greatrex offers the most common view that Justinian's miscommunication, indecisiveness and inconsistency with the circus factions caused and escalated the riots.[14][15] But it has been posited that had his predecessors shown the same lack of consistency, they too could have been subjected to a "Nika" riot.[14] It is the view of Mischa Meier that Justinian might have intentionally provoked the riots so that his political rivals within the senate, like Hypatius might reveal themselves to him.[16] However, Rene Pfeilschifter rejects this argument, considering it radical.[16] Clemens Koehn argues that Justinian might have actually left Constantinople for a period of time.[أ][16] The motive for departure, whether it happened or not, is contested; Theophanes believes it was due to panic, whereas Westbrook suggests Justinian hoped to get fresh troops garrisoned in Thrace.[16]

Most scholars believe that the timeline provided is derived from two diverging traditions, including one by John Malalas and one by Procopius.[17] Procopius provides an insider perspective from the palace while Malalas recounts the Nika riots as an outsider of the events in the city.[18] Procopius, as a legal advisor to Belisarius, might have enhanced Belisarius' role.[19]

Some believe that a number of the senators saw this as an opportunity to overthrow Justinian, as they were opposed to his new taxes and his lack of support for the nobility.[بحاجة لمصدر]

انظر أيضا

ملاحظات

  1. ^ This is because some sources, such as the Chronicon Paschale, state Hypatius was told by a doctor within the palace that Justinian had left.

الهامش

  1. ^ أ ب This is the number given by Procopius, Wars (Internet Medieval Sourcebook Archived 2006-02-12 at the Wayback Machine.)
  2. ^ أ ب ت Charles River Editors (2014). The Dark Ages 476–918 these taxes were levied against the rich. Justinian the Great: The Life and Legacy of the Byzantine Emperor. CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform. ISBN 9781503190375.
  3. ^ أ ب ت Hughes, Ian (Historian) (2009). Belisarius : the last Roman general. Yardley, Pa.: Westholme. ISBN 978-1-59416-085-1. OCLC 294885267.
  4. ^ أ ب Cameron, Alan (1976). Circus factions: Blues and Greens at Rome and Byzantium. Clarendon Press. pp. 192–279. ISBN 0198148046.
  5. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة :0
  6. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ Heather, P. J. (Peter J.) (2018). Rome resurgent : war and empire in the age of Justinian. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-936274-5. OCLC 1007044617.
  7. ^ أ ب Greatrex, ‘The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal’, Journal of Hellenic Studies 117 (1997), pp. 60–86.
  8. ^ Koehn, 'Stasiôtai into stratiôtai: The Nika Riot Revisited', Byzantine Zeitschrift 116 (2023), pp. 77–104.
  9. ^ Prokopios. The Wars of Justinian, Hackett Publishing Company, Incorporated, 2014. ProQuest Ebook Central. Book 1 chapter 24 pp 55–57
  10. ^ Prokopios (2014). The Wars of Justinian. Translated by Dewing, H. B. Kaldellis, Anthony (contributor) (1st ed.). Indianapolis, Indiana: Hackett Publishing Company. p. 109. ISBN 9781624661723.
  11. ^ Procopius, Wars, 1.24.57–58
  12. ^ J. A. S. Evans, ‘The ‘Nika’ Rebellion and the Empress Theodora’, Byzantion 54 (1984), pp. 380–382, قالب:Jstor
  13. ^ John Malalas, Chronicle, 18.151
  14. ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة The Nika Riot: A Reappraisal
  15. ^ Stewart, Michael (2023). "Protectors and Assassins: Armed Eunuch-cubicularii and -spatharii, 400–532 CE". Brill's Companion to Bodyguards in the Ancient Mediterranean. Brill. pp. 283–284.
  16. ^ أ ب ت ث Koehn (2023). "Stasiôtai into stratiôtai: The Nika Riot Revisited'". Byzantinische Zeitschrift. 116 (1): 77–103. doi:10.1515/bz-2023-0004.
  17. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة B. Bury 1897 pp. 92
  18. ^ J. B. Bury, The Nika Riot. JHS 17 (1897), 92–119.
  19. ^ Brodka, D. (2018). Narses. Politik, Krieg und Historiographie. pp. 46–56.

المصادر

ديورانت, ول; ديورانت, أرييل. قصة الحضارة. ترجمة بقيادة زكي نجيب محمود.

وصلات خارجية

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