أردلانيون
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الأردلانيون كانوا أصحاب الإمارة الكردية التي عرفت بالإمارة الأردلانية (1169 - 1867) والتي كانت تهيمن على المنطقة التي يقطنها أكراد إيران في الوقت الحاضر وكانت عاصمتهم مدينة سنندج أو مايسمى سنه عند الأكراد علما بأن شهرزور كانت العاصمة القديمة للإمارة ولايزال قبائل الأردلان يعيشون في نفس المنطقة من إيران ويزعم الأردلانيون أنهم من أحفاد صلاح الدين الأيوبي [1].
إستنادا إلى كتاب الشرفنامة للمؤرخ شرف الدين البدليسي والذي يعتبر من أهم المصادر في تأريخ الشعب الكردي وتأريخ الإمارات الكردية فإن مؤسس الإمارة كان إسمه باوه أردلان وفي القرن الرابع عشر إمتد حدود إمارته إلى مناطق تقع الآن في شمال العراق مثل خانقين وكفري وكركوك [2]. بصورة تدريجية فقدت الإمارة إستقلاليتها وكان الولاء والتحالف يتراوحان بين الصفويين والعثمانيين ولكن القاجاريون بقيادة ناصر الدين شاه (1848 - 1896) وضعوا نهاية لنفوذ الأردلانيين في عام 1867 [3] [4]
التاريخ
الأصول
The ruling family of Ardalan belonged to the Ardalan tribe, also known as Bani Ardalan tribe, whose name may has been suggested to have been acquired from a Turkic rank.[1] The ruling family considered themselves to be descended from Saladin (ح. 1174–1193), the founder of the Ayyubid dynasty (1171–1260/1341). Some Ardalan monarchs claimed descent from Ardashir I, the founder of the Sasanian Empire.[2][3] Other tribal folklore traced their foundation to the early Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258).[1] According to Sharafkhan Bidlisi, the renowned Kurdish historian, the earliest known leader of the tribe, Bani Ardalan, was a descendant of Nasr al-Dawla Ahmad ibn Marwan, who was the ruler of Marwanid Emirate in 1011–1061 centered in Diyar Bakr. He settled down among the Goran Kurds in Kurdistan and toward the end of the Mongol era took over the Sharazor, where he established himself as an absolute ruler.[1][3]
إمارة أردلان
| تاريخ الأكراد |
|---|
| مانيون |
| كاردوخيون |
| ميديون |
| هزوانيون |
| شداديون |
| حسنويون |
| عنازيون |
| مروانيون |
| أيوبيون |
| بدليسيون |
| أردلانيون |
| بهدينانيون |
| سورانيون |
| بابانيون |
The Ardalan emirate was independent from its foundation by Baba Ardalan until it became Semi-independent in 1617, when Ahmad khan took the throne. From the Beginning of Ahmad Khan's reign till Amanoallah Khan, the Ardalan emirate was mostly a Semi-independent acountry. They recognized Iranian or Ottoman hegemony according to the requirements of each period.[4][1]
During the Safavid hegemony, the Ardalans were deeply involved in the conflicts between the Iranian and Ottoman empires, they shifted their Allegiance to the Ottomans whenever it suited them.[1] By 1736, Nader Shah had overthrown the Safavid dynasty and started expanding the borders of Iran both to the east and west. He fought numerous wars against the Ottoman Empire from the start of his reign until his death in June 1747. Some of the lands controlled by the Kurdish rulers were repeatedly transferred during these battles. The Ottomans and Nader Shah occupied Ardalan more than any other of those regions. In addition to these states, Ardalan was also invaded by the principalities of Mukriyan, Baban, and Shahrizor.[5]
Soon after Nader Shah's assassination, Karim Khan Zand became the new ruler of Iran. He gained control over most of the country, and before the winter of 1749, had launched a military operation against Ardalan. Its ruler, Hasan Ali, attempted to diffuse the conflict despite his lack of preparation, but failed. The Zand army destroyed his capital, Sanandaj. Kurdish rulers were never awarded important posts in the Zand dynasty's administrative hierarchy, such as the office of beglerbegi (governor-general). Hereditary positions required royal approval, and Karim Khan did not always acknowledge the rulers those who were in line to take over their inherited domains.[6]
قائمة حكام دولة أردلان
- باوه أردلان (القرن 14)
- تيمور خان أردلان (أثناء حكم الشاه طهماسپ الأول).
- هلو (نسر) خان أردلان 1586 اشتهر بفتوحاته واستقلاله، نهب بغداد وغيرها
- خان أحمد خان (في عهد الشاه عباس الصفوي)
- سليمان خان (أثناء حكم الشاه صافي 1629-1642) (أعاد بناء سنندج: سنـّا (سِنـّه) ديج أو "قلعة سـِنـّا")[5]
- سبحانوردي خان (أثناء حكم نادر شاه)
- أحمد خان (ابن سبحانوردي خان) (وقد عـُيـِّن حاكماً على المنطقة الممتدة من همدان حتى الموصل)
- خسرو خان بزرگ (1754-1788)
- أمان الله خان بزرگ (1799-1825)، آخر ولاة أردلان المهمين.
الأدب
Under Halo Khan Ardalan and his successor Khan Ahmad Khan Ardalan, the towns of Ardalan were restored. They also supported writers and poets who wrote in Arabic, Persian, and especially Gorani, a language that was far more spoken than it is now.[7]
انظر أيضاً
الهامش
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج Oberling 1988, pp. 693–694.
- ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة:0 - ^ أ ب Frye 1960, p. 626.
- ^ Kiani, Mohammad Ghorban (2013). "The Role of Ardalan's Dynasty in Iran's Political Structure". International Letters of Social and Humanistic Sciences. 18: 76–83.
- ^ Atmaca 2021, p. 64.
- ^ Atmaca 2021, p. 65.
- ^ Blau 2010, p. 7.
مصادر ووصلات خارجية
- Ardalan, Sheerin; Les Kurdes Ardalan, entre la Perse et l'Empire ottoman; Paris, Geuthner, 2004
- شرف الدين خان بدليسي، شرف نامة، translated by F.B. Charmoy, St. Petesburg, 1868-75, vol. II, pp. 106–107. Also see [6]
- Eskandar Bek Monshi, Tarikh-e Alam ara Abbasi, translated by Savory
- Nikitine, Basil, Les Kurdes, Paris, 1956.
- Nikitin, Les valis
- W. Eagleton, The Kurdish Republic of 1946, London, 1963
- M. Mardokh Kodestani, Tarikh-e kurd wa Kurdistan (The history of Kurds and Kurdistan), Tehran, 1979
- Encyclopaedia Iranica, under "Ardalan" entry, pp. 693–694
- Nebez, Jamal, The Kurdish Language from Oral Tradition to Written Language, 2000
- A brief History of the Kurds and Kurdistan
- Kurdap, Mohammad Khan Ardalan (third from right) [7]
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