الاحتجاجات الإيرانية 2025-2026

الاحتجاجات الإيرانية 2025-2026
جزء من احتجاجات ضد الحكومة الإيرانية، الأزمة الاقتصادية الإيرانية، واحتجاجات الجيل زد في آسيا
المدن الإيرانية التي وردت أنباء أنها شهدت احتجاجات، اعتباراً من 8 يناير 2026
التاريخ28 ديسمبر 2025 – الحاضر
المكان
512 موقعاً في 180 مدينة في جميع محافظات إيران البالغ عددها 31 محافظة.[1] وقعت الاحتجاجات في عدة مدن في جميع أنحاء إيران، وخاصة طهران. (بازار برزگ والأحياء التجارية)، الأحواز، آراك، درگهان، فارسان، فسا، فولادشهر، همدان، إصفهان، إيذج، كرمان‌شاه، مشهد، مارليك، نجف‌آباد، نورآباد، قشم، قم، شيراز، ساري وغيرها [أ][2][3]
السبب
القضايا السياسية
قضايا تنظيمية/أيديولوجية
قضايا اقتصادية
الأهداف
  • الإطاحة بالحكومة [4][5]
  • إعادة رضا پهلوي لقيادة الحكومة الانتقالية[6]
  • إنهاء سوء الإدارة الاقتصادية
    • استقرار أسعار الصرف
    • معالجة المصاعب التي يواجهها المدنيون والتجار
الطرق
الوضعOngoing
أطراف الصراع الأهلي

Iranian opposition

  • Anti-government demonstrators
  • Student demonstrators[7]
  • Police and military defectors
الشخصيات الرئيسية
"Broadly leaderless"[24][25][26]
Reza Pahlavi has symbolic prominence[27][28][29][27]		 * Ali Khamenei
العدد
Millions (claimed by protesters)[30]
Widespread deployment
الخسائر
القتلى>2,000
(per Iran International)[31]
217 protesters in Tehran
(per Tehran doctor)[32]
75 protesters, including 7 minors
(per HRANA)[1]
10 Nabi Akram Corps killed[33]
Details
المحتجـَزون>2,270[34]
Precise casualties uncertain due to Internet and telephone blackout imposed by the government since 8 January 2026

Beginning on 28 December 2025, mass demonstrations erupted across Iran amid a deepening economic crisis and general dissatisfaction with the Islamic Republic government. The events have been described as the largest uprising since the 2022 Mahsa Amini protests, and potentially the largest since the 1979 Islamic Revolution.[35][36][37][38][39]

Initially sparked by frustration over record-high inflation, food prices, and currency depreciation, the protests quickly evolved into a broader movement demanding an end to the current regime.[40] Beginning with shopkeepers and merchants in Tehran's Grand Bazaar and later university students, the demonstrations soon spread not only to major cities but also small settlements chanting anti-government slogans[41][42][43] and destroying symbols of the government and the IRGC. The Iranian government rejected the protests as a foreign conspiracy, accusing Israel and the United States of stoking the protests.[44][45] Although largely leaderless, the protests escalated on 8 January following a call from Reza Pahlavi, Crown Prince of Iran, while the government's cut-off of Internet and telephone services did little to stop protestors organizing. Many demonstrators have been calling for Pahlavi's return to Iran,[46] who has called for a peaceful transition and a referendum to decide Iran's future political system.[6]

As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds.[32][47] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown.[48] It has been warned that, under the Internet blackout, the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters.[49] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran.[50] On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide.[31]

Background

Economic crisis in Iran

للمزيد من المعلومات: Iranian economic crisis and 2025 Iran internal crisis

Beginning in 2024, Iran's economy saw sharp rates of inflation, devalued currency, and an energy deficit, culminating in repeated electricity and gas disruptions, and apologies from Iranian president Masoud Pezeshkian. Iran had also suffered from major declines in global influence such as with the fall of the Assad regime, a major ally.[51] In the final months of 2025, Iran's economy experienced an unprecedented surge in exchange rates, a sharp depreciation of the Iranian rial with the U.S. dollar reaching approximately 145,000 tomans.[52][53] Additionally, the country's state statistics centre reported an inflation rate of 42.2% in December 2025, an increase of 1.8% compared to November.[35] Food prices rose by 72%, while health and medical goods increased by 50% year-on-year.[35] Iran is also experiencing a mismanaged water crisis.[36] Reports in Iranian media also indicated that the government planned to raise taxes with the start of the Iranian new year on 21 March, fuelling further concern among citizens.[35] Some protest messaging linked economic hardship to criticism of the government's foreign policy priorities; during the December 2025 demonstrations, some participants chanted "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran".[54] Discontent in Iran has also been alleged to have been due to political corruption, with protesters accusing the Iranian government of authoritarianism and prioritising proxies like Hezbollah and Hamas over domestic needs.[37] Additionally, Iran faces challenges from ethnic secessionist movements from the Kurds, Azerbaijanis, Khuzestani Arabs, and Balochs and from major powers like the United States and Israel.[55]

Inflation had surged to 48.6% in October 2025 and 42.2% in December, straining household budgets.[35] On 29 December, the Iranian rial reached its lowest value (1.45 million to the US dollar), then by 3 January, the government increased the value of the rial to 1.38 million in an attempt to control the people. This had no effect, and on 6 January, the rial broke its record low again (reaching 1.5 million to the US dollar), causing a sharp increase in prices, including of food and other essential goods.[56][35] The economic crisis, which had been developing over several years, is accompanied by fears of renewed conflict following the 2025 Twelve-Day War with Israel and renewed UN nuclear-related sanctions imposed through the snapback mechanism.[35]

Economic analysts cited government monetary and fiscal policies, economic mismanagement, chronic budget deficits, and the continuation of international sanctions as key contributing factors. These conditions directly affected trade guilds, particularly businesses dependent on imports. Severe exchange-rate volatility left many merchants unable to price goods, secure supplies, or continue economic activity.[57][58][59][56]

Economic uncertainty grew in Iran throughout 2025. In June 2025, Iran was involved in an armed conflict with Israel, during which Iran's nuclear programme was targeted, and its nuclear facilities were also struck by the United States.[60][35] In September 2025, the United Nations reimposed sanctions on Iran through the "snapback" mechanism, freezing Iranian assets abroad, halting arms transactions, and imposing penalties related to the country's ballistic missile programme.[35] Many Iranians fear a broader confrontation involving the United States, which contributed to market instability.[35]

According to The Guardian, the economic crisis was the catalyst for the protests, however they had expanded as an expression of grievances with government corruption.[40] It further reported of voices calling for the overthrow of the government, and distrust in the government's calls for dialogue, seeing them as self-serving and deceptive.[40] NPR reported that months before the protests, public anger and frustration had been mounting due to severe energy shortages, civil rights abuses and widespread corruption, and that the protests sparked concerns that they could deteriorate into something much more serious.[61]

According to The Atlantic, the political character of the protests was manifested by protesters chanting "Death to the Dictator" in reference to Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei,[62] and their loss of faith in Pezeshkian, who was elected in 2024 on the platform and promises of good governance, but had overseen water and electricity cuts, while failing to deliver on the promise of lifting internet censorship.[62] Pezeshkian also promised to meet with protest representatives, and recognised "the constitutional right of peaceful protest",[62] although he lacks control over Iranian security forces. By 1 January 2026, dozens of protesters had been arrested and there were several documented cases of security forces firing live ammunition at protesters, including students, pensioners, and members of Gen Z.[62] Students at Shahid Beheshti University released a statement declaring that "This criminal system has taken our future hostage for 47 years. It won't be changed with reform or with false promises".[62]

Comparison to previous protests

للمزيد من المعلومات: Human rights in the Islamic Republic of Iran, Political repression in the Islamic Republic of Iran, and Ethnic-based discrimination in Iran

قالب:Liberalism in Iran

The protests were described as Iran's largest since 2022, when nationwide demonstrations erupted following the death of 22-year-old Mahsa Amini while in police custody for allegedly wearing her hijab improperly.[35] On 30 December, Ellie Borhan, a British-Iranian activist, viewed this wave of protests as stronger than previous ones.[63] Iranian public faith in their government faded since the 2022 crackdown on the Woman, Life, Freedom movement during the Mahsa Amini protests.[51] Protests were previously held in May 2025 by truck drivers beginning in Bandar Abbas, who blocked roads and ports in Iran due to discontent over low salaries, high insurance rates, and possible hikes in fuel prices in the future.[64]

Protest slogans have shifted ideologically compared to the 2022 protests. Some new chants increasingly reflect monarchist sentiments.[65] Already in June 2025, during the Iran–Israel war, the exiled crown prince Reza Pahlavi had intensified his political efforts and appealed to the international community to help the Iranian people force out Ali Khamenei's religious dictatorship offering himself up as interim leader to take over running the country.[66] Pahlavi also presented Israeli strikes on Iran as "an opportunity", which drew significant criticism from many Iranian opposition figures.[67][68] In comparison to the Amini protests which were mainly fuelled by girls and women, young men played larger roles in later rounds of the 2025–2026 protests.[69]

Market traders were influential during the 1979 Islamic Revolution, helping to mobilise public support that ultimately led to the overthrow of the monarchy.[35] The demonstrations were notable in the context of a large-scale government crackdown on dissidents, including arrests of prominent opponents and the highest number of executions in nearly 40 years.[60] Executions in Iran have reportedly doubled in 2025 compared to 2024; the execution trends were on the rise since 2022, with activists alleging that the Islamic Republic aims to use executions to instil fear in their population and therefore suppress internal opposition.[70]

Kurdish majority regions in Iran have previously undergone severe repression from the Amini protests in 2022, leading to fears of ethnic crackdowns from the government. This was in part due to Iran accusing Kurdish opposition groups of having incited the 2022 protests. Despite this, Kurdish opposition groups have continued to call for solidarity in the nationwide protests and strikes. Iran has also repeatedly accused Kurdish militias from Iraq of attempting to incite unrest including in the protests in 2026.[71][46][22][72] Likewise, Baloch regions in Iran, long suffering from underdevelopment and political exclusion, have also previously been subject to violent crackdowns in the Amini protests.[73] On 10 December 2025, Iranian Baloch-Sunni militant groups like the Jaysh al-Adl announced a merge into a united organization called the Jebhe-ye Mobaarezin-e Mardomi (People's Fighters Front). In their coalition video, the union rejected Shia Islam clerical rule from the Islamic Republic. The same day, the group carried out an attack on an Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps regional command, killing four of its soldiers and wounding three others; it announced responsibility for the attack the next day.[74]

Protests

Animated map of the geographical scope of the protests

Initial bazaar

28 December 2025

On 28 December, groups of shopkeepers and merchants at Alaeddin Shopping Centre in Tehran and other commercial centres, including Charsou Mall, went on strike by closing their shops. Simultaneously, protest gatherings formed around these locations, and images and videos of widespread shop closures circulated on social media.[58] According to reports, protesters cited the rising dollar exchange rate and market instability, warning that continued conditions would lead to the bankruptcy of many small and medium-sized businesses. Some gatherings extended into surrounding streets, including Jomhuri Street.[57][75][76] Other people had joined in with the shopkeepers to protest against economic conditions at Jomhuri Street. Elsewhere, iron traders at Iran closed their shops in similar protests of the devalued currency.[77] Around the time that the protests began, the value of the Iranian rial sunk to a record low of 1.45 million per US dollar before slightly recovering to 1.38 million.[78] The rial had lost approximately 40 percent of its value since the Iran–Israel war, in part due to the sinking of oil revenue from US sanctions. The year on year inflation rate was up at 42.2 percent. The protests were first started by shopkeepers who sold electronic goods in central Tehran who shut down their stores.[56] State media revealed blurred footage of initially smaller-scale protests from merchants.[78]

Videos and eyewitness accounts showed groups of merchants chanting slogans against economic mismanagement and, in some cases, expressing anti-government sentiments.[75] Protesters also chanted "Law Enforcement, support, support," calling on security forces to back the protests.[79] The protesters' main demands included stabilising exchange rates, addressing merchants' economic hardships, creating a predictable business environment, and preventing losses caused by market volatility.[57][75] There were no reported clashes with security forces on this day and it remained peaceful.[80]

29 December

Shops being shut down at a bazaar in protest

The protests continued into their second day on 29 December and expanded across various parts of Tehran, including the Grand Bazaar. Merchants and shopkeepers closed their businesses and gathered in the streets to protest the unprecedented collapse of the rial and sharp increases in currency and gold prices. Protesters voiced opposition to economic conditions and government management, citing declining purchasing power and rising living costs. Videos shared online showed continued gatherings around Lalehzar, Chaharsouq, and Jomhuri Street, with participants largely non-violent while conveying critical messages toward government economic policies.[81][82][83] The merchants at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran joined the electronic goods shopkeepers who had started the protests the previous day.[56]

Footage verified by independent sources showed crowds at malls near Tehran's Grand Bazaar chanting "freedom" (فارسية: آزادی, romanised: Âzâdi).[60] Law enforcement forces used tear gas to disperse demonstrators outside the Alaeddin Shopping Centre.[84] Protests also spread to other cities in Iran.[85] On the night of 29 December 2025, protests were reported in several regions across Iran, including Qeshm in the south, and Zanjan and Hamadan in the north. Demonstrators chanted slogans critical of the supreme leader, including "Death to the Dictator" on Qeshm Island and "Seyyed Ali [Khamenei] will be toppled this year" in Zanjan.[86][60] A video and photo of an unidentified protester went viral, who defiantly sat in the middle of the Jomhuri Eslami Street at Tehran and refused to move for motorbike security forces, but later was beaten and forced to leave. The protestor became known as Tehran's Tank Man, a reference to the Tank Man during the 1989 Tiananmen Square protests and massacre.[87][88][63][89]

Spread across Iran

30 December

By the third day of protests, strikes and security measures had expanded, with shops closing in parts of Tehran such as Shoush and Molavi, as well as in Isfahan's Naqsh-e Jahan Square. Heavy security deployments were reported in Tehran, Mashhad, and at Khajeh Nasir University. Government responses included ordering temporary closures in 11 provinces, including Tehran province, due to cold weather and energy constraints. Security forces fired on protesters in Hamadan and deployed tear gas in Tehran and Malard.[90][91]

Demonstrations spread to additional cities, including Kermanshah, Shiraz, Yazd, and parts of Tehran such as Shadabad and Shush. Students from universities including Amirkabir, Beheshti, Khajeh Nasir, Sharif, Science and Culture and Tehran Science and Technology as well as Isfahan University of Technology and Yazd University joined rallies, chanting slogans such as "Death to the dictator", "death to Khamenei", "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, My Life for Iran", "We are all together", and "Seyyed Ali (Khamenei) will be toppled this year."[91][92][93][94][95] President Masoud Pezeshkian, called on the government to listen to citizens' demands. In response, a government spokesman said a Communication Group would be implemented.[96][97] However, Pezeshkian's comments do not appear to have appeased the protesters, whose demands go beyond just economic stability.[94] Furthermore, some Iranians have expressed scepticism in the government's ability to solve the economic problems, citing previous government statements that they are unable to do much about solving the economic problems.[98] Human rights organisations and Gen Z student groups reported that 11 protesters were arrested in the Shoush Square area in Tehran and that 5 students were detained and 4 were later released.[99][100][101] Another news report published that one student was severely injured at Tehran's Amirkabir University during a crackdown on a campus gathering by members of the Basij militia of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps.[99]

Videos on social media appeared to show students chanting slogans critical of the government, removing signs associated with the office of the Supreme Leader's representatives, and confronting security forces at university entrances.[99]

31 December

The people of Isfahan, Kermanshah, and Fasa gathered on the fourth day of protests. In Fasa, people held a large rally in front of the governor's office, and in Kermanshah, the markets went on a complete strike. According to reports, police fired live ammunition and tear gas, at the protesters.[102][103] At the same time, in Shirvan, working and retired teachers gathered in front of the Education Department. In Kermanshah, repressive forces have been deployed from Ferdowsi Square to the garage (about 8 kilometres), and the heavy presence of security forces is noticeable.[104] One person named Mahdi Samavati was reported to have been killed outside the governor's office protest in Fasa. The semi-official Mehr News Agency quoted the governor of Fasa as denying this report.[105] Video recordings disseminated online and distributed by the People's Mojahedin Organisation of Iran depict severe confrontations between demonstrators and security forces in several cities, including Tehran, Isfahan, Shiraz, and Kermanshah.[citation needed]

Protester Amirhesam Khodayarifard was killed by a handgun shot to the head by an Iranian security force member in a protest in Kuhdasht, Lorestan province on 31 December.[106] The state-run IRNA news agency and Mehr confirmed the death and stated that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij.[107] Government authorities pressured Khodayarifard's family to state that he had been a Basij member and called for online social media silence on the topic.[106] The shooting occurred during clashes with protesters. According to Mehr, 13 police officers and Basij members were injured.[107][108]

The government ordered nationwide total business shutdown in most of the country due to "cold weather",[109] although some analysts say that the real intention is to stifle protests.[110] The shutdown was applied to 21 out of Iran's 31 provinces.[111]

The government began threatening to crack down on protesters,[112] and the U.S. State Department stated that they were concerned about protesters "facing intimidation, violence, and arrests."[113] Video footage records protesters like merchants, women's rights activists, and students commonly shouting the slogans "Death to the dictator" and "Neither Gaza nor Lebanon, my life for Iran".[37][114]

In response to the ongoing protests, the Iranian government appointed Abdolnasser Hemmati, a former economics minister, as the new governor of the Central Bank of Iran, following Mohammad Reza Farzin's resignation.[115]

2026

Protesters waving the Islamic Republic flag with the government emblem removed

1 January

On the fifth day of protests, workers and employees of the central fruit and vegetable market in Tehran stopped working and joined the nationwide uprising by stopping the distribution cycle. Chanting the slogan, "You know with zeal, support support", the protesters called on marketers and the general public to strengthen the national will for change by expanding the strikes. Police officers used tear gas to disperse the demonstrators.[116] According to reports, Sarira Karimi, secretary of the faculty council of the Faculty of Law and Political Science and a member of the faculty council of the University of Tehran, who had been arrested on 31 December 2025, was released on 1 January 2026.[117]

Protesters were reported to have gathered in Marvdasht and chanted slogans against the Islamic Republic government, such as "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown".[118] In Mashhad, protesters gathered at Saadi Metro Station, where riot police attempted to disperse the crowd with force.[118] In the Sistan and Baluchestan province, a group of Baluch prisoners released a statement calling on locals to join the wider protests and urged for slogans like "Death to the dictator" and "Baluchestan is awake and despises dictatorship".[119]

In Lorestan, home to the Lur minority, protesters were reported lighting fires in the streets while also chanting, "This is the year of blood, Seyyed Ali is overthrown". Additional reports claim officers used live ammunition against protesters.[120] In Lordegan County, gatherings took place in several parts of Lordegan City, including around the governor's office and the municipality square. According to these reports, as tensions escalated, some individuals attempted to damage government and bank buildings. Police used tear gas to disperse the crowds, and clashes were reported between the two sides. Several people were injured during the unrest, and unconfirmed reports suggested that multiple deaths had occurred.[121] At least three people, including a boy, were killed in Lordegan.[122][123] There was a heavy presence of government forces in Qom.

2 January

Crowds during protests in Qazvin on 2 January

On 2 January, according to credible media reports, protests continued in large numbers in Tehran, Qom, Isfahan, Shiraz, Ilam, Mashhad, Karaj, Zanjan, Hamadan, and Qeshm.[124] In Zahedan and Tehran, protests became active again. Funerals for protesters killed by the security forces were held in Fuladshahr, Kuhdasht, and Marvdasht, during which participants expressed opposition to the government, including chants of "Death to Khamenei". At the Kuhdasht funeral for Khodayarifard, Basij and IRGC forces were chased away from the funeral with stones and chants. Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member.[125]

In the Sadaf district of Hamadan Province, western Iran, protesters were seen setting a Quran on fire and attempted to attack a mosque before being stopped by authorities.[126]

3 January

انظر أيضاً: 2026 Malekshahi massacre

Protests on 3 January were greater in geographic spread and numbers of protesters than on previous days, and the security presence was also greater.[127] The National Council of Resistance of Iran (NCRI) and Human Rights Activists News Agency (HRANA) named some of the locations of demonstrations, including Kazerun, Malekshahi, Kermanshah, Shiraz, Mashhad, Arkavaz, Isfahan, Tehran, Hafshejan, Karaj, Shahrekord, and Fardis. HRANA reported a cumulative count of 16 fatalities since the beginning of the protests, including one member of government security forces.[128][127] The themes of the protests, as represented by slogans chanted on 3 January, ranged from economic injustice and governance problems to calls for freedom and justice. HRANA viewed the protest aims as having evolved, with "the boundary between trade-related and everyday demands and political demands ha[ving] become blurred, and [the] ongoing protests hav[ing] taken shape on the basis of accumulated, multilayered grievances."[127]

Following statements by US President Donald Trump, where he warns Iran that if they shoot protesters, the United States will come to their rescue,[129] Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei responded on 3 January by saying "We will not yield to the enemy", and stating that the "rioters must be put in their place."[130][131] On the same day, the US State Department made a statement condemning suppression on protesters' funerals.[132]

Cloudflare reported a 35% decrease in internet traffic in Iran, with Iranian internet users reporting frequent outages and slow connections.[133]

4 January

There was a heavy presence of security forces in the Grand Bazaar of Tehran.[134] Protests and strikes took place in at least 20 major cities and small towns throughout Iran.[135] Donald Trump said that Iranian authorities would be "hit very hard" should additional protesters be killed.[136]

In Shiraz, videos showed the police assaulting and beating a man on the ground. When protesters threw projectiles at the police, officers moved toward them on motorcycles. Moments later, a protester poured gasoline on one officer set him alight.[137]

5 January

On the ninth day, the protests continued throughout Iran. In Tehran's Bagh-e Sepahsalar neighbourhood, voices echoed chants of "Death to Khamenei". Near Tehran University, special forces stood on high alert, while reports of widespread strikes emerged from cities such as Marvdasht, where resistance pulsed through daily life.[138]

In Yasuj, security forces confronted the families of detainees gathered outside the governor's office. Reports say that the protests have reached the smaller towns of Saman, Sangsar, and Kushk, as part of dissatisfaction of the Iranian people.[139]

In addition to the cities previously mentioned, protests were also reported in several other locations across the country, including Saman in Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari Province, Sangsar in Semnan Province, Zahedan, Fardis in Karaj, Meshkan in Fars Province, and Noorabad in Mamasani. Demonstrations were further documented in Qazvin, Hamedan, Ilam, Mashhad, Neyshabur, Abadeh, Bushehr, Babol, Bojnourd, Kushk in Isfahan Province, Shazand in Markazi Province, as well as the northern cities of Rasht and Sari. According to reports, protesters in these areas gathered in public spaces, chanting slogans and expressing dissatisfaction with the Khamenei government, reflecting the continued spread of nationwide unrest.[140][141][138]

6 January

In a joint statement, several major Kurdish political groups, including the Kurdistan Democratic Party of Iran (KDPI), Komala, the Revolutionary Toilers Association, the Kurdistan Toilers Association, the Khabat Organisation, the Kurdistan Freedom Party (PAK), and the Kurdistan Free Life Party (PJAK), expressed support for the protests and called on Kurds in Iran to carry out strikes and demonstrations.[14][15][142] The cities of Abdanan and Malekshahi, both in the Kurdish region of Iran, were abandoned by the country's security forces, leaving control of the cities to the protesters.[143]

A sit-in was conducted by protesters at the Grand Bazaar in Tehran.[144] Merchants at the market held strikes, in particular with many shops in the corridors of the gold and currency, fabric, and footwear and home appliances markets partially or fully closed. The strikes appeared to be spontaneous, and according to some reports the Bazaar became a "war zone".[145][146] The sit-in was dispersed by security forces using tear gas.[144]

The total number of protest locations over the ten days was estimate by HRANA to be 285 locations in 88 cities[147] across 27 provinces, with protests having taken place in 22 universities. The slogans of the protests continued to cover a wide range of economic, social and political grievances.[145]

In Yazdan Shahr, locals reported that police used excessive force against protesters, initially deploying tear gas and later firing live ammunition at civilians.[146]

The security forces' raids on the Sina Hospital in Tehran and on the Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam, aiming to arrest injured protesters, gained national attention. In Ilam, families and medical staff resisted the security forces. Security forces' methods of attack at the Ilam hospital included firing tear gas inside the buildings and hospital grounds. The Minister of Interior was ordered to investigate the Ilam raid and provide a report.[145]

On 6 January, a total of 15 forced video confessions by arrested protesters had been broadcast on official media.[145]

On online social media, Reza Pahlavi called for chants to take place from homes and in streets at 20:00 (8 pm) IRST on the evenings of 8 and 9 January. He explained the aim as being to "keep [the] demonstrations disciplined, and as large as possible". He promised to "announce the next calls to action" depending on the response to his call.[148]

7 January

According to HRANA, street gatherings, protests and strikes took place in 37 cities in 24 provinces, bring the total since the beginning of the protests to 348 sites across 111 cities in 31 provinces. Ten universities joined the protest on 7 January, making a total of 45. The total number of televised forced confessions by arrestees rose to 40. Artists and teachers published statements supporting the protests and criticising the security forces' repression against protest participants.[149]

HRANA interpreted the continuation of the protests despite arrests and violence by the security forces as showing that "a significant portion of [Iranian] society [had come to view] the cost of protest as lower than the cost of silence and inaction". Key themes continued to be economic and governance grievances, seen as "two facets of a single issue". HRANA interpreted the artists' and teachers' statements as showing that "professional and cultural sectors [we]re increasingly aligning themselves with the protest narrative".[149]

Militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr.[150][17][142]

IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi.[142]

In Mashhad, protesters were seen lowering down a massive flag of the Islamic Republic from a flag pole and later ripping it in half.[151]

8 January

انظر أيضاً: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran
Protests in Tehran at 8 January

Protests escalated after 20:00, the time specified in Pahlavi's calls for demonstrations. Immediate telephone line and internet cuts occurred in several cities, following a common government practice before it commits intense crackdowns.[152] Starlink satellite internet service was unaffected, allowing some users to bypass government-controlled internet blackouts.[153] Crowds chanting in Tehran appeared to be mainly pro-Pahlavi. CBS News described the protests as reaching "a possible tipping point",[154][155][156] and according to Euronews "It represents a new escalation in the protest movement."[152] In Qaemiyeh, protesters pulled down a statue of Qasem Soleimani, a Revolutionary Guards commander who was assassinated by the United States in 2020 and declared a martyr by the Islamic Republic shortly thereafter.[157] In Mashhad, a group of protesters had taken down and tore up a large flag of the Islamic Republic.[158]

Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah.[22] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest.[159]

Human Rights groups have also verified a video showing "distressed family members" in Ghadir hospital in Tehran, looking through a body-pile of protesters killed by Islamic Republic security forces.[50]

9 January

Protesters took to the streets of Iran on Friday night, heeding a call by exiled prince Reza Pahlavi for the second consecutive night, videos and eyewitness reports show.[160] Pahlavi also requested U.S. president Donald Trump to support the Iranian protestors.[161] The Economist reported that the protests had grown to be the biggest since 2009, while "some veteran Iran-watchers reckon the protests are the biggest since the overthrow of the shah in 1979."[162] NDTV 24x7 reported a viral protest trend of Iranian women lighting cigarettes to burn pictures of Khamenei in videos, gaining popularity on social media platforms like X, Reddit, Instagram, and Telegram. Because such acts of burning Khamenei images are illegal in Iran, observers have interpreted the videos are deliberate acts of defiance, with the women rejecting state authority over their personal freedoms.[163] The trend has been recorded from multiple other news outlets, which similarly note rejection of strict religious and governmental standards over women.[164][165][166]

Khamenei addressed the protests in a brief televised appearance.[167][168] In his address, Khamenei called president Trump "arrogant", saying that his hands were stained with the blood of Iranians, and further stated that Trump would be overthrown like other arrogant leaders.[167][168] He described the protesters as harmful individuals and rioters.[169]

A fire broke out at an office for the Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting in Isfahan.[170] Protesters also set fire to buildings in Tehran, including mosques in the Gholhak and Sa'adat Abad neighbourhoods.[171]

Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members.[23]

Gholam-Hossein Mohseni-Eje'i, Iran's judiciary chief, stated that protesters would face decisive and severe punishment, applied to the fullest extent of the law without any legal leniency.[172] Senior officers of American intelligence told Axios that their stance in which these protests weren't capable of destabilising the regime was "being reassessed".[173]

US President Donald Trump warned Iran’s authorities against killing demonstrators while praising Iranians as "brave people" amid nationwide protests on Thursday.[160]

The Twemoji emoji library changed the Iran flag emoji from the flag of the Islamic Republic to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag.[174]

Airline flights from the likes of the United Arab Emirates, Qatar, Oman, and Turkey to Iranian cities had been canceled amid the mass protests.[175]

As of 9 January, protests across all 31 provinces left millions in the streets, with at least 217 killed in Tehran alone, while hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz were overwhelmed by injured protesters, many with gunshot wounds.[32][47] In addition, thousands were arrested by the violent crackdown.[48] It has been warned that, under the Internet blackout, the Islamic Republic may massacre the protesters.[49] Despite the internet outage, on 10 January 2026, The Guardian documented multiple reports of Islamic Republic security forces opening fire on demonstrations, causing many casualties among the protesters, with one eyewitness stating they saw "hundreds of bodies" throughout Tehran.[50]

Doctors at hospitals in Tehran and Shiraz reported being overwhelmed by large numbers of injured protesters, with some facilities suspending non-urgent admissions and surgeries due to the influx of patients, many of whom suffered gunshot wounds to the head and eyes.[47]

In an audio message sent to CNN, an Iranian doctor in the city of Neyshabur stated that Iranian security forces killed "at least 30 people" and "among them were children", they further stated that "a 5-year-old child was shot while in their mother’s arms."[176] According to the doctor's description, security forces had shot pedestrians and bystanders as well.[176] They added that “Hospitals are extremely chaotic and patients terrified to admit and be identified, for this reason, we are trying to inform people and treat them privately in clinics."[176]

10 January

During the midnight until dawn, Tehran municipality workers were reportedly tasked to clear and collect the cartridge cases off the streets and to deliver them to security forces.[177]

Despite the continued internet shutdown imposed by Islamic Republic authorities, thousands of protesters gathered in Tehran and throughout Iran overnight on 9–10 January, chanting "Death to Khamenei," and "Long live the shah."[50] This followed a call by Reza Pahlavi for protesters to seize control over the city centers and hoist the pre-regime "lion and sun" flag, with a promise he would return to Iran soon.[50]

The Internet blockade disrupted everyday life, including digital transactions, as well as the functioning of hospitals, pharmacies, banks, and buros. Many businesses did not open.[177]

The Internet outage has also prevented proper documentation of the size of the demonstrations, as well as the extent of police brutality against the protesters;[50] Iranian Nobel peace prize winner Shirin Ebadi had issued a warning on 9 January 2026, about the possibllity of a planned "massacre under the cover of a sweeping communications blackout", stating that she had already heard testimonies reporting hundreds of wounded protesters at a single Tehran hospital.[50] On 10 January 2026, The Guardian received additional reports via Starlink, stating: "We’re standing up for a revolution, but we need help. Snipers have been stationed behind the Tajrish Arg area [one of the affluent areas of Tehran]."[50] Another protester testified that throughout the city, many protesters had been shot, stating "We saw hundreds of bodies," while a third testimony from a protester confirmed this by saying that they had witnessed a "very high" number of protesters being killed as security forces opened fire on them.[50] Human Rights activists stated that the testimonies were consistent with the reports they had received.[50] The Guardian stated that despite the Internet blackout, protesters had requested that international media cover the reports of increasing police brutality, with one activist saying "please make sure to state clearly that they are killing people with live ammunition."[50]

According to The Guardian, much of the international community, including the EU and the U.S., showed clear support for the protesters.[50] U.S. secretary of state Marco Rubio posted "The United States supports the brave people of Iran," on X,[50] and U.S. president, Donald Trump "Iran is looking at FREEDOM, perhaps like never before. The USA stands ready to help!!!"[178]

Mohammad Movahedi-Azad, attorney general of Iran, stated that protestors may be charged as the "enemy of god", or moharebeh, a crime prosecutable by death, according to CBS News, which also reported that state media's reports of order and "no news of any gathering or chaos in Tehran and most provinces" were contradicted by a photo of ongoing demonstrations in Sa'adat Abad, Tehran, obtained by the Associated Press, and a surveillance video from Fars News Agency in which protestors in Isfahan threw petrol bombs and at least one appeared to be firing a long gun. The Young Journalists' Club, associated with state media, reported that protestors killed three members of the volunteer Basij militia of the IRGC in Gachsaran. Reza Pahlavi called for protests to continue through Sunday, while also stating in a social media post that he was "preparing to return to my homeland" and that the goal of the protests should be to seize city centers.[179]

According to an analysis of photos by BBC Persian, the protestors in different cities were engaged in violent conflict with government forces until dawn.[180] A video from Punak neighborhood of Tehran shows that as the government turned off the street lights, the protestors set off fireworks and created a sea of light using their smartphones in defiance.[180][181] Videos published by BBC Persian shows explosions amid protests in Kerman and gunshots in Mashhad.[180]

On 10 January, Iran International reported that at least 2,000 protesters had been killed over the previous 48 hours alone amidst the internet blackout, as Iranian security forces escalated their use of lethal force against demonstrators nationwide.[31]

11 January

Methods

The Lion and Sun flag has become a widely used symbol of opposition to the Islamic Republic. Although its display inside Iran is strictly banned, protesters have increasingly begun waving it despite the serious risks involved.[182][183][184]
Anti-government graffiti created during the protests at Khorramabad, Iran that reads "مرگ بر دیکتاتور", translating in Persian to "Death to the Dictator"

Protesters

National strikes

Nationwide strikes were conducted by businesses, stores, cafes, and workers as well as by online shops and social media influencers.[185][186][187][188][189]

Demonstrations

Protests are in the form of street demonstrations chanting slogans, car honking,[190][191] lighting fires,[190] and removing surveillance cameras.[192][193]

As the street lights are turned off by the government, the protestors defiantly set off fireworks and create a sea of light using their smartphones in the darkness of the city.[190][180][181]

Slogans and symbols
المقالة الرئيسية: Political slogans against the Islamic Republic of Iran

During the protests, several notable slogans were chanted by demonstrators, reflecting anti-government sentiments, calls for the restoration of the monarchy, and unity among protesters. These slogans were frequently documented in videos and reports by Persian-language media outlets such as Manoto and Iran International. Many drew on historical references to the Pahlavi dynasty, while others directly targeted Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei or the Islamic Republic's leadership. Symbols associated with the protests included the Lion and Sun flag, which was waved in several demonstrations as a sign of monarchist aspirations and opposition to the government.[183][43][194] On 9 January 2026, X changed the Iran flag emoji from the Islamic Republic flag to the modern design of the Lion and Sun flag.[195]

Organisation

As of 7 January, HRANA viewed the protests as being networked.[149] The Associated Press viewed the first steps of protests as "broadly leaderless" before 8 January, and described Reza Pahlavi's influence after the call for demonstration on 8 January as unclear; however, when the time clocked at 8 p.m., chanting broke out across Tehran, with crowds shouting anti-regime slogans and expressing support for the shah’s return.[227] IranWire viewed Generation Z Iranians as "one of the most visible and active groups" in the 2025–2026 protests, whose political views were strongly impacted by the Mahsa Amini protests of 2022–2023.[228]

Government

Internet blackouts

المقالة الرئيسية: 2026 Internet blackout in Iran

On 8 January 2026, the government imposed significant restrictions on internet access to limit communication and the dissemination of information. Unlike the twelve-day war, there has not been an official internet shut down nationwide. However, connectivity was heavily disrupted in cities experiencing active demonstrations, making it difficult for citizens to send messages, share media, or organise further protests. These measures were widely seen as part of the authorities' efforts to suppress dissent and control the narrative around the unrest.[229]

Recruitment of foreign militias

المقالة الرئيسية: Involvement of foreign militias in the suppression of protests in Iran

The presence of Iraqi Popular Mobilisation Forces, Arabic-speaking mercenaries, Lebanese Hezbollah, and Afghan Liwa Fatemiyoun in suppressing protests was reported.[230][231][232][233] Iran International reported that on 2 January 2026, Iraqi militias affiliated with the Iranian government recruited forces to assist Iranian security forces in suppressing protests in Iran.[232] On 6 January 2026, it was reported that approximately 800 members of Iraqi Shia militia groups, including Kata'ib Hezbollah, Harakat al-Nujaba, Sayyid al-Shuhada, and Badrhad had been sent to Iran.[232] The troops were reportedly transported through the border crossings of Shalamcheh, Chazhabeh, and Khosravi, officially under the cover of a "pilgrimage to the holy sites of Imam Reza in Mashhad," while in practice they were gathered at a base in Ahvaz before being dispatched to various regions to assist in suppressing protests.[232] According to Iran International, "The reason behind this move by the Islamic Republic could be its concern that the Iranian police might not follow orders to attack unarmed, ordinary people, or simply because its forces are insufficient to stop protests in more than 100 cities".[234] On 9 January 2026 the United States warned Iran against using foreign militias to crush protests.[235]

Casualties

المقالة الرئيسية: Deaths during the 2025–2026 Iranian protests

Casualties, arrests, executions, and injured protesters

31 December

انظر أيضاً: Killing of Amirhesam Khodayarifard and Killing of Shayan Asadollahi
Security forces coordinating for countering anti-government protests, 29 December 2025

On 31 December 2025, during a protest in Fuladshahr, Dariush Ansari Bakhtiariwand was shot with a Kalashnikov rifle by security forces. He died before reaching medical care.[236]

While participating in a protest in Kuhdasht on 31 December, Amirhesam Khodayarifard (either 21[107] or 22[106] years old) was shot dead with a bullet to the head by a plainclothes retired IRGC agent.[237] Eyewitness testimony and video evidence showed that Khodayarifard was among the protesters.[106] Government media stated that protesters had been throwing rocks at security forces, and that Khodayarafid was killed after the rocks had been thrown.[238]

Governmental media, including Mehr News Agency,[107] claimed that Khodayarifard was a member of the Basij. The governor of Kuhdasht, an Imam of Friday Prayer, and Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) members visited Khodayarifard's family. Permission for the family to access Khodayarifard's body and carry out a burial was conditioned on the family making a televised statement stating that Khodayarifard had been a member of the Basij.[106] Governmental authorities gave warnings on Telegram and Instagram forbidding the publication of information about Khodayarifard's killing.[106] اعتبارا من 5 يناير 2026 (2026-01-05), the authorities, who were pressuring Khodayarifard's family to state that he was a Basij member, had not given the body to Khodayarifard's family, according to IranWire.[237]

1 January

انظر أيضاً: Killing of Reza Moradi Abdolvand

Two protesters, Ahmad Jalil, 21, and Sajjad Valamanesh, 28, were killed in Lordegan on 1 January 2026. Both were shot by security forces with live ammunition and died later from their injuries.[239][240]

On the evening of 1 January, two men and a teenage boy, Shayan Asadollahi, 30, Vahab Musavi, and Mostafa, 15, residents of Azna (in Lorestan province) were killed by gunfire from security forces.[123] The IRGC-aligned Fars News Agency stated that the protesters had either tried to attack a police station[241] or had tried to disarm the security forces.[123] Ahmadreza Amani, 28, was shot in the chest by security forces at around 18:00 IRST in Azna and died in hospital.[242]

Khodadad Shirvani, 33, a Marvdasht resident, was shot with shotgun pellets by security forces on the same evening in Marvdasht. He died after being transferred to a hospital.[243] In Nurabad (Lorestan province), Ahad Ebrahimpour Abdoli, 35, was lethally shot the same evening with three bullets (one to his heart) by security forces during a protest in Ba'ath Square in Nurabad. Security forces and the Imam of Friday Prayer pressured Abdoli's family to say that he was a Basij member and that he was shot by "enemy forces".[244]

2 January

انظر أيضاً: Killing of Mohammad Nouri

On 2 January, a 42-year-old protester, Ali Azizi Jafarabadi, a Kurdish man from Harsin County was shot dead by security forces in Harsin.[245]

3 January

انظر أيضاً: 2026 Malekshahi massacre, Killing of Saghar Etemadi, Killing of the Kadyvrian brothers, Killing of Latif Karimi, and Killing of Reza Ghanbari

On 3 January, the total number of arrested protesters had increased to 132 according to Hengaw[246] or 582 according to HRANA.[127]

Iran International estimated the death count of protesters to be at least eight, the number of locations to be 113 locations in 46 cities across 22 provinces, with at least 44 people shot and wounded by live ammunition or pellet guns fired by Iranian security forces.[247][248] Four protesters were shot dead with "military-grade" weapons by IRGC members at protests in Malekshahi County in Ilam province; forty were injured and many taken to hospital.[249]

4 January

By the early morning of 4 January, Iran International reported the death toll from the protests to have risen to at least 16.[250] HRANA estimated that since the beginning of the protests there had been 990 arrests and 51 cases of injuries to protesters, mostly from pellet and plastic bullets.[135]

5 January

The total number of arrested protesters rose to 1,200 on 5 January.[251]

Iranian authorities claimed to have arrested a Mossad agent partaking in the protests, with the agent allegedly confessed to being recruited, trained by, and continuing communication with Mossad, and said that Mossad handlers told him to go to people's residences, but was later instructed to move his "operations" to local marketplaces.[252]

6 January

On 6 January, a total of 2,076 protesters had been arrested, and at least 34 protesters and 2 police officers had been killed, according to HRANA.[145]

7 January

HRANA estimated 140 new arrests of protesters or identifications of previously arrested protesters, making a total of 2217, including 165 minors and 46 university students. HRANA counted at total since the beginning of the protests as 38 deaths, including 29 adult protesters, 5 minor protestors, and 4 security officers.[149]

9 January

On 9 January, HRANA estimated that a total of 2,311 protesters had been arrested and at least 65 were dead.[253] Time reported that they were in contact with a Tehran-based doctor who informed them that over 217 protester deaths had been recorded across six hospitals in the city, while Iranian Nobel Peace Prize laureate Shirin Ebadi warned that authorities might carry out a massacre under the cover of the widespread internet blackout.[32][49]

Reports from two hospitals in Rasht and Tehran indicate overall 110 dead bodies being transferred to these two hospitals during 8 and 9 January. Some wounded people had military-grade bullets in head and neck, indicating that the shootings were intended to kill.[254]

10 January

Amidst the internet blackout during the protests, Iran International stated their most conservative estimates indicated that at least 2,000 people had been killed by government forces over the past 48 hours alone.[31]

On 10 January, HRANA estimated that 2,638 protesters had been arrested and confirmed that 116 fatalities had occured.[255]

The Center for Human Rights in Iran warned that a "massacre is unfolding". It said hundreds of protesters had been killed since the government cut off internet access, and security forces, as in the past, shot people in the eyes with metal pellets and rubber bullets. It reported that hospitals were overwhelmed, and that casualties continue to rise.[256]

Government forces

Government authorities repeatedly presented fatalities during the protests as members of the security forces killed by protesters, after which evidence from witnesses and family statements showed that the victim had been shot by the security forces.[257]

Government media claimed that Amirhesam Khodayarifard, killed on 31 December, was a member of the Basij.[108] Eyewitness reports and video evidence, collected by Hengaw, contradicted this claim, in particular showing that he was standing among the protesters and was killed by a shot to the head by a security forces member.[106] Initially, authorities conditioned family access to Khodayarifard's body on the family making a televised statement that he was a Basij member.[106] During the funeral, which took place on 2 January, Khodayarifard's father confirmed that his son was not a Basij member.[125]

On 3 January, Agence France-Presse referred to a statement by Mehr that IRGC member Latif Karimi was killed during clashes in Malekshahi County,[258] during which four protesters were killed by the IRGC.[259] On 4 January, eyewitnesses and other sources clarified that Karimi was present among the protesters when he was shot by IRGC members, and died in Imam Khomeini Hospital in Ilam. Karimi was a retired brigadier-general by profession. Karimi's son stated on Telegram, "My father's only 'crime' was telling [the government security forces] not to shoot at the people."[257]

On 7 January, militants of the Baloch nationalist militant organisation People's Fighters Front (PFF) assassinated Mahmoud Haqiqat, the police chief of Iranshahr.[150][17][142] IRGC-affiliated media reported that protesters killed two Law Enforcement Command officers during protests in Lordegan as well as an unspecified security force member in Malekshahi.[142]

On 8 January, Norway-based human rights organisation Hengaw claimed that two IRGC Ground Forces members were killed during the protests in Kermanshah.[22] A police officer in Malard County at the Tehran province was killed from a stabbing after attempts to control local unrest.[159]

On 9 January, Opposition media reported that clashes between protesters and security forces in Kermanshah Province killed at least 10 IRGC Ground Forces Nabi Akram Unit members.[23]

Reactions

المقالة الرئيسية: Reactions to the 2025–2026 Iranian protests
Iranian diaspora holding a solidarity rally in Perth, Australia on 10 January 2026 against the Islamic Republic.

Reactions to the protests ranged from calls for dialogue and economic relief to warnings of force.

Domestic

  • Supreme Leader Ali Khamenei said officials should talk to protesters, but added that "rioters must be put in their place".[260]
  • As the unrest continued, President Masoud Pezeshkian announced economic measures including changes to foreign-exchange subsidies intended to shift support directly to consumers.[261]
  • Vice President Mohammad Reza Aref attempted to resign during the first days of the protests, but it was not accepted by President Pezeshkian.[262]
  • Mohammad Baqer Qalibaf, Speaker of the Islamic Consultative Assembly (Iran): Malicious individuals and organized movements want to turn any kind of public demand and protest into chaos and chaos using their trained agents in the square, but the Iranian nation has repeatedly demonstrated its vigilance, awareness, and compassion for the country’s security.[263]
  • On 10 January 2026, Iran's Revolutionary Guards warned that safeguarding security is a "red line".[264]
  • Chief Justice Gholamhossein Mohseni Ejei, the head of Iran’s judiciary, said that the punishment for rioters would "be decisive, maximum and without any legal leniency."[265]
  • Iran's attorney general warned that anyone taking part in demonstrations is an "enemy of God", a crime that carries the death penalty under Iranian law.[266]

International

  • US President Donald Trump warned that the United States would intervene if Iranian authorities violently suppressed "peaceful protests".[267]
  • The European External Action Service urged Iran's security forces to exercise restraint and called on authorities to uphold rights including freedom of expression and peaceful assembly.[268]
  • Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu said Israel "identify with the struggle of the Iranian people for freedom, liberty and justice". He also mentioned the possibility that the people would take their fate to their hands.[269]
  • Several actors have not only endorsed the Iranian protesters but claimed interest in involvement against the Iranian government, namely the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad and the recently formed Baloch nationalist organisation called the People's Fighters Front.[270][18]
  • In early January, the Army of the Men of the Naqshbandi Order expressed support for the Iranian opposition against the Iranian government, calling the Iranian regime a "fraudulent mullah regime" although it is a statement due to the weakening of JRTN since 2016 militarily.[271]
  • France, Germany and the UK's leaders released a joint statement on 9 January urging Iran to exercise restraint.[48]
  • Australia, Canada and the EU condemned Iran's use of force against protesters.[272]
  • The UN criticized Iran's internet shutdown and violation of civil liberties.[273]
  • Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch condemned the violent repression and documented indiscriminate killings and arrests.[274][275]
  • On 9 January 2026, Trump stated on Truth Social that the US was "locked and loaded and ready to go" if the Iranian security forces killed protesters. Retired US General and Fox News analyst Jack Keane said that "If I was in the Iranian regime, I would take President Trump dead serious here."[276]
  • Kemi Badenoch, the UK Conservative party leader, told the BBC that she would "not have an issue" with Iranian regime change and said she supported the involvement of the US and its allies. She claimed that Iran posed a direct threat to the UK, saying it would "very happily wipe out the UK if it felt it could get away with it".[277]
  • UK's transport secretary Heidi Alexander told sky news that the current priority is to "stem the violence" in Iran. She said Iran is a threat to the Middle East and represses its own people.[277]
  • Pope Leo XIV expressed concern.[278]

Airline suspensions to Iran

From 9 January 2026, multiple international airlines suspended or cancelled flights to and from Iran due to the protests, the internet blackout, and security concerns. Turkish Airlines cancelled flights between Istanbul and Iranian cities including Tehran, Tabriz and Mashhad, while AJet and Pegasus Airlines suspended all services to Iran. UAE carriers flydubai and Emirates halted flights to Iranian destinations, and Qatar Airways canceled several flights from Doha to Iran. In Europe, Austrian Airlines cancelled its Vienna-Tehran flight on 9 January, while Lufthansa, which had planned to resume flights on 16 January after it suspended them because of regional security concerns, has delayed it plans to resume services due to the protests.[279][280][281][282][283]

Analysis

On 30 December, Iran International suggested that the protests were a "historic break" of Iranian bazaar merchants, historically a critical and old ally of the Islamic Republic, from the Iranian government. Such breaks, the news agency suggested, were fuelled by the Islamic Republic's blame towards the merchants as "price gougers" for rejecting state-standardised pricings and being unable to restock market inventories if they complied to their demands. Anger towards the government by merchants were also caused by the proposed 2025–26 Iranian budget, which would prioritise deficit spending and large tax increases to make up for a decline in oil revenues for government funding.[284]

On 2 January, Iran International cited the opinion of analysts, including intelligence analysts and journalists, who suggested that Iran might have entered the early stages of regime collapse.[285]

On 4 January, according to the New York Times, Iranian officials, including foreign minister Abbas Araghchi, described the government as being in a "survival mode", with difficulties in either reversing economic problems or handling the military threat of attack by the United States or Israel. Pezeshkian held two emergency meetings following the start of the protests. Some of his advisers recommended that he publicly criticise the role of Khamenei as supreme leader.[207]

A 5 January analysis in Foreign Policy argues that the 2025–2026 protests differ from the Mahsa Amini protests in that the 2025–2026 protests are more geographically widespread, including small towns rather than just major cities, and involve a broader range of groups, including students, workers, women, and ethnic minorities. The analysis also saw differences in the international context as significant, with Trump's unpredictability and overt willingness to violate international law as a factor differing from Biden's approach, and the fall of the Assad regime as a weakening of Iran's regional support. The authors also saw the focus of the 2025–2026 protests as shifting from social reform to regime change.[7]

In early January 2026, The Times referred to intelligence reports stating that Khamenei had an escape plan, for him and about twenty close associates and family members, including Khamenei's son Mojtaba Khamenei, ready to flee to Moscow in case security forces defected to the side of the protesters. Beni Sabti, a former Israeli intelligence officer, stated that he expected Moscow to be Khamenei's preferred location of exile if he fled.[210]

See also

Notes

  1. ^ Protests reported in over 145 locations, including Abadan, Abdanan, Ahvaz, Aligudarz, Alvand, Amlash, Amol, Arak, Arakvaz, Arsanjan, Asadabad, Asaluyeh, Ashkhaneh, Astara, Lorestan, Babaheydar, Babol, Bagh-e Malek, Bandar Abbas, Bandar Ganaveh, Bandar-e Anzali, Bandar Kangan, Baneh, Borazjan, Borujerd, Chaboksar, Chaharbagh, Chenar Shahijan, Dargahan, Dehloran, Delijan, Dezful, Dogonbadan, Dorud, Eqlid, Esfarayen, Eslamabad-e Gharb, Eslamshahr, Falavarjan, Fariman, Farsan, Fasa, Firuzabad, Firuzkuh, Fuladshahr, Garmdarreh, Garmsar, Gilan-e Gharb, Gonabad, Gorgan, Hafshejan, Hamadan, Harsin, Holeylan County, Ilam, Isfahan, Izeh, Jahrom, Junaghan, Junqan, Junaqan, Juyabad, Karaj, Kashan, Kavar, Kazerun, Kerend-e Gharb, Kerman, Kermanshah, Khash, Khomeyni Shahr, Khorramabad, Kish Island, Kuhchenar County, Kuhdasht, Lahijan, Lali, Lordegan, Lumar, Mahabad, Mahallat, Malard, Malayer, Maragheh, Marivan, Marvdasht, Mashhad, Meshkan, Murmuri, Nahavand, Najafabad, Neqab, Neyriz, Nishapur, Nurabad, Pardis, Paveh, Qaen, Qasr-e Shirin, Qazvin, Qeydar, Qom, Qorveh, Ramhormoz, Rasht, Robat Karim, Rudsar, Sabzevar, Safashahr, Sahneh, Salehabad, Ilam, Saman, Chaharmahal and Bakhtiari, Saqqez, Sarpol-e Zahab, Sarvestan, Sari, Saveh, Semnan, Shahin Shahr, Shahrekord, Shahrud, Shalamzar, Shazand, Shiraz, Shirvan, Shush, Sonqor, Tabriz, Tehran, Tonekabon, Torbat-e Heydarieh, Tuyserkan, Urmia, Vahdatiyeh, Varamin, Varzaneh, Yasuj, Yazd, Yazdan Shahr, Zabol, Zahedan, Zanjan, Zarqan, Zarrinshahr and Zibashahr.

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  240. ^ No label or title -- debug: Q137656135, Wikidata Q137656135 
  241. ^ No label or title -- debug: Q137659396, Wikidata Q137659396 
  242. ^ No label or title -- debug: Q137667784, Wikidata Q137667784 
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  244. ^ No label or title -- debug: Q137666815, Wikidata Q137666815 
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