الحرب الأهلية الصومالية (2009-الحاضر)
المرحلة من 2009-الحاضر من الحرب الأهلية الصومالية، تركزت في جنوب الصومال. بدأت في أوائل فبراير 2009، بصراع بين، قوات الحكومة الفدرالية الانتقالية يدعمها قوات حفظ السلام التابعة للاتحاد الأفريقي من ناحية، وفصائل عسكرية إسلامية مختلفة من ناحية الأخرى. ونتج عن العنف المسلح في الصومال تشريد آلاف الأشخاص من المقيمين في مقديشيو، عاصمة البلاد.
خلفية
Established in 2004 and internationally recognized, the Transitional Federal Government's (TFG) support in Somalia was waning until the الولايات المتحدة-backed 2006 intervention by the Ethiopian military, which helped drive out the rival Islamic Courts Union (ICU) in Mogadishu and solidify the TFG's rule.[15] Following this defeat, the ICU splintered into several different factions. Some of the more radical elements, including Al-Shabaab, regrouped to continue their insurgency against the TFG and oppose the Ethiopian military's presence in Somalia. Throughout 2007 and 2008, Al-Shabaab scored military victories, seizing control of key towns and ports in both central and southern Somalia. At the end of 2008, the group had captured Baidoa but not Mogadishu. By January 2009, Al-Shabaab and other militias had managed to force the Ethiopian troops to withdraw from the country, leaving behind an underequipped African Union (AU) peacekeeping force.[16] A power sharing deal ensued between an Islamist splinter group led by Sheikh Sharif Sheikh Ahmed's Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia Djibouti faction (ARS-D) and TFG Prime Minister Nur Hassan in Djibouti. Al-Shabaab, which had separated from the moderate Islamists of the insurgency, rejected the peace deal and continued to take territories. It was joined by Hizbul Islam, which is an amalgamation of four Islamist group including the Alliance for the Re-liberation of Somalia - Asmara faction. Another Islamist group, Ahlu Sunnah Waljama'ah, which was allied with the TFG and supported by Ethiopia, continues to attack al-Shabaab and take over towns as well although they have been effective only in the central region of Galguduud, where they ousted al-Shabaab from most of the region.[17][18][19]
After the parliament took in 275 officials from the moderate Islamist opposition, ARS leader Sheikh Ahmed was elected TFG President on January 31, 2009.[20] Since then, the al-Shabaab radical Islamists have accused the new TFG President of accepting the secular transitional government and have continued the civil war since he arrived in Mogadishu at the presidential palace in early February 2009.[21]
الخط الزمني
2009–10: War begins
Al-Shabaab also vowed to fight the government. On 4 February 2009, four Islamist groups, including Hassan Dahir Aweys' Eritrean branch of the ARS merged and created the group Hisbi Islam, to oppose the new government of Sharif Sheikh Ahmed.[22][23] The new TFG President Sheik Sharif Sheik Ahmed arrived in Mogadishu as president for the first time on 7 February 2009. The al-Shabaab and other radical Islamists began firing at the new TFG president hours later. They accused the new President of accepting the secular transitional government.[24]
On 8 February, heavy fighting broke out in southern Mogadishu.[citation needed] al-Shabaab leader Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur) met with Sharif Ahmed for peace talks during his visit to Mogadishu, while Omar Iman rejected the president.[citation needed] During these negotiations, Sharif Ahmed said that he would be prepared to enforce Sharia Law in Somalia, which was the radical groups' main demand.[25] However, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow, a former al-Shabaab spokesman, denied having talked to Sharif Ahmed and vowed to continue fighting until his demands for Sharia Law were met.[26] Sheikh Mukhtar Robow warned Nigeria against sending peace keepers to Somalia, as al-Shabaab view the AU peace keepers as occupying forces.[27] An offensive was launched two days later by al-Shabaab to take the Bakool province. Government officials who had been ousted from Baidoa had been amassing troops in the city of Hudur (Xudur) and planning a major offensive to re-take Baidoa. Islamist forces attacked the province and reached the capital where they started a battle against government forces.[28][29] In Galmudug, Clan militia took the town of Masagaway from al-Shabaab, while there was also fighting in Warsheekh.[30]
The spokesman for al-Shabaab at the time, Sheikh Mukhtar Robow (Abu Mansur), rebuffed reports from several media outlets that a mutual agreement between him and newly elected president Sharif Ahmed was made. In his 12 February statement, he also added that he had no intention to contact the president on any matters, and that they would continue fighting against foreign troops and what he described as an "apostate" government. Al-Shabaab also vowed war against the new government.[31][32] On 22 February, a double suicide bomb attack on an AU base in Mogadishu left 11 Burundian soldiers dead and another 15 wounded. Two days later, heavy fighting erupted in the city as TFG and AU forces attempted to retake the city from radical Islamist forces. The fighting lasted for two days and killed 87 people, including: 48 civilians, 15 insurgents and 6 TFG policemen. At the same time as the fighting raged in Mogadishu, al-Shabaab forces took the town of Hudor, to the northwest, in fighting that killed another 20 people: ten TFG soldiers, six insurgents and four civilians. On 28 February, it appeared that Hisbi Islam would sign a ceasefire with the Transitional Federal Government.[33] However, by 1 March, it was clear that no ceasefire would be given, despite President Sharif Ahmed having agreed to proposals for a truce and having offered to accept the implementation of Sharia law but refused to move troops from civilian areas despite the Islamists doing so.[34][35] al-Shabaab announced on 6 May that it would continue the war even if AMISOM withdrew. The Somali government, in turn, later announced an immediate blockade on airstrips and seaports under insurgent control to stop the flow of weapons reaching them.[36]
Battle of Mogadishu and central Somalia
انفصال حركة الشباب وحزب الإسلام
اندلع قتال عنيف في 1 اكتوبر 2009 في كيسمايو، shattering the alliance between al-Shabaab and Hizbul Islam which had together run the town. Relations between the two groups controlling it have soured in late September. The two factions had agreed to share power in Kismayo, with each governing for six months alternatively. But clan politics reportedly caused the rotation to fail when al-Shabab refused to relinquish the administration.[37] By the afternoon, Al-Shabaab controlled most of the city with 12 dead and 70 wounded.[38] At least 17 people were killed in during a series of battles overnight on October 5.[39] A spokesman for Somali rebel faction Hizbul Islam has said that they captured 'foreign fighters' during battles against Al Shabaab.[40] On October 7, two separate clashes took place near Janay Abdalla village in Lower Jubba region. The first attack took place around 4am local time when Al Shabaab fighters were ambushed and forced to retreat.[41]
Insurgent attacks in Mogadishu targeting Somali government forces and African peacekeepers (AMISOM) have decreased since the eruption of fighting between Hizbul Islam and Al Shabaab.[39]
In February 2010, a year after the establishment of Hizbul Islam, notorious Hizbul Islam commander Hassan Turki joined al-Shabaab with his Ras Kamboni Brigades. They encouraged other groups in Hezbul Islam also to join al-Shabaab.[42]
تدريب الصوماليين في كينيا
According to press reports, Somali and Kenyan government officials have recruited and trained Somali refugees in Kenya and Kenyan nationals who are ethnic Somalis to fight insurgents in Somalia. However, the Somali chief of military staff and spokesmen from the Kenyan government have denied this.[43]
2024
On 10 January, al-Shabaab militants attacked a UN helicopter and forced it to make an emergency landing. They then burned the helicopter and seized most of the crew of nine people. One person was killed and two others were unaccounted for after the incident.[44]
On 6 February, four bombings inside Bakaara Market in the Somali capital killed at least ten people and injured about fifteen others.[45] On 11 February, al-Shabaab attacked the General Gordon Military Base in the Somali capital Mogadishu, resulting in deaths of four Emirati troops and one Bahraini military officer.[46]
In the last quarter of 2023, the Somali National Army captured new localities in south Mudug, but by the end of February 2024, they had been given back up for al-Shabaab to reoccupy. In north Galmudug, the SNA secured the villages to support the Ma'awisley clan militia present. But when Ma'awisley withdrew following a land dispute between their leadership and Somali president Hassan Sheikh, the SNA was too weak to remain on its own, and was forced to withdraw as well. In other localities however, the reasons for losses were different as SNA troops were in sufficient numbers to hold the town. Discipline was lacking, many soldiers lost their nerve and broke ranks during a battle with insurgents.[47]
On 14 March, militants attacked and sieged the SYL Hotel in Mogadishu.[48]
On 13 July, At least eight people are killed and twenty-one others injured in a shootout between security forces and inmates in a Mogadishu prison during an escape attempt. The prisoners who attempted to escape were members of al-Shabaab.[49] On 14 July, 10 people were injured in a cafe due to a car bombing done by al-Shabaab.
On 2 August, 37 people were killed by an al-Shabaab suicide bomber at Lido Beach.[50]
On 18 October, seven were killed in another café bombing in Mogadishu.[51]
Throughout late October, Somalia's spy agency killed 40 al-Shabaab militants and injured many others.[52]
2025
On 8 January 2025, the Puntland armed forces greatly increased their fight against Islamic State militants in the Al Miskat mountain range, located in the Bari region. These forces said they are working to block all escape routes and are closing in on areas where the militants are hiding. Puntland's Counter-Terrorism Operation said their troops are surrounding the Al Miskat mountains and moving into the suspected hideouts. Security operations are also happening in nearby areas like Hamure. The security force is also talked to local people and asked them to not collaborate with the militants. They warned residents to stay away from the group before it was too late.[53]
On 9 January 2025, Puntland forces carry out drone strikes on Islamic State targets in the Cal Miskaad mountains near Balidhidhin District of Bari, The counterterrorism claimed that they killed several militants.[54][55]
On 20 February 2025, al-Shabaab launched attacks on several villages and military bases in the Middle Shabelle and Hiran region causing the deaths of 130 al-Shabaab militants and dozens of Somali soldiers.[56]
On 4 March 2025, the U.S. Embassy in Mogadishu has warned of imminent attack threats from al-Shabaab in Mogadishu including at Aden Adde International Airport.[57] Embassy personnel movements are suspended. The embassy also warned that militant groups continue to plan kidnappings, bombings, and other attacks across the country.[58] Turkish Airlines and Qatar Airways halted all flights to Mogadishu following security warnings from the U.S. Embassy about potential terrorist attacks targeting Mogadishu Airport.[59]
On 18 March 2025, Hassan Sheikh Mohamud, president of Somalia, was targeted by al-Shabaab in a roadside bombing assassination attempt using improvised explosive devices near Villa Somalia while his entourage headed to Aden Adde International Airport in Mogadishu. Hassan survived the attack.[60]
On 16 April 2025, al-Shabaab captured the town of Adan Yabaal from government forces. The town has strategic military significance and serves as a critical logistical hub connecting Hirshabelle state to the neighboring central state of Galmudug.[61]
An American airstrike carried out on September 12, 2025, in Badhan, in the region of Sanaag in Puntland, which targeted a traditional leader accused of being a member of Al-Shabaab, was executed, in coordination with the Somali federal government.[62]
2026
في شهر يناير 2026، قامت قوات أفريكوم الأمريكية بشن 26 غارة جوية داخل الصومال.
التدخل الإثيوپي
On May 28, 2 Ethiopian soldiers, 1 Ethiopian civilian, 2 Somali soldiers killed, 4 Somali civilians (working for the government) and 4 Somali insurgents, were killed when insurgents attacked a convoy in carrying Omar Hashi Aden who was returning back from his visit to Ethiopia.[64]
On May 31, Ethiopian forces launched search and seizure operations in Hiraan, in Kalaberyr village, near Beledweyn.[65]
On June 12, Ethiopian forces with several battle wagons entered in Balanbal town in Galgudud and set up military bases.[66]
On June 14, the Ethiopian military said it had come to fight foreign mujahedin which the military described as "foreign enemies of Ethiopia and Somalia" and launched operations to search for them in Balanbal town which they control.[67] Sheik Hassan Ya'qub Ali, head of the information affairs for Islamic administration in Kisimayo warned the Ethiopians that "there is no candy and dates to eat from here in Somalia. But the men who chased you forcibly from the country are here in Somalia."[68]
The suicide bombing on June 18 targeted a meeting between TFG and Ethiopian commanders.[69]
On June 19, Ethiopian forces entered Bakool and reached Elberde town. They withdrew after holding talks with local clan elders.[70]
June 22, Ethiopian forces started launching search and seizure operations in Kala-beyrka intersection in Hiran region.[71] . The Ethiopian government then announced it would not intervene without an international mandate.[72]
June 30, Ethiopian forces entered El-gal and Ilka'adde villages which are less than 20 km north of regional capital Beledweyn. Reports from Kala-beyrka intersection say that more extra troops from Ethiopia crossed from the border.[73]
July 4, Ethiopians withdrew from their bases in Banabal town in Galgudug.[74]
July 18, Ethiopian forces vacated their bases in Yed Village in insurgent-controlled Bakool region.[75]
التفجيرات الانتحارية
- On February 22, 2009, a double suicide bomb attack on an AU base in Mogadishu left 11 Burundian soldiers dead and another 15 wounded.
- On May 24, 2009, a suicide car bomber killed 10 people, including 6 government soldiers, wounding 9, including 4 government soldiers.[76]
- On June 18, 2009 a suicide bomber detonated an explosives-laden vehicle at the Medina Hotel in Beledweyne, killing 35 people. Among the dead was Omar Hashi Aden, Somalia's Security Minister.[77][78]
- On September 17, 2009, 17 soldiers were killed and 29 wounded in a suicide attack by Islamist rebels on the headquarters of the African Union force in Mogadishu. At least four civilians were also killed and more than 10 wounded. 12 of those killed were Burundian soldiers and five were Ugandan. Among the dead was the AMISOM deputy commander Maj. Gen. Juvenal Niyonguruza, from Burundi. Also, one of the wounded was AMISOM commander Gen. Nathan Mugisha, from Uganda.[79]
- December 3, 2009, A male dressed as a female suicide bomber killed 25 people, including 4 Somali ministers (Health Minister Qamar Aden Ali, High and lower Education Ministers Pro. Ibrahim Hassan Adoow, Abdullahi Wayel, Sports and youth Minister Saleman Olad Robleh) and 2 journalists, over 60 people were injured. Al-Shabaab was suspected to be behind the attack.[1]
- February 15, 2010, An al-Shabab suicide car bomber attempted to assassinate Somalia's state minister for defence, Yusuf Mohamed Siyad when he drove his explosive-laden vehicle towards Mr Siyad's car and detonated, injuring two of his security guards.[80]
انظر أيضا
المصادر
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<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةBBC-20090621 - ^ allafrica Ethiopian Troops Reach Near Beledweyn Town, 2 July 2009
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- الحرب في الصومال (2009–الحاضر)
- 2009 في الصومال
- 2010 في الصومال
- صراعات في 2009
- حروب خاضتها الصومال
- القرن 21 في الصومال
- حروب خاضتها الولايات المتحدة
- حروب خاضتها فرنسا
- حروب خاضتها إثيوبيا
- حروب خاضتها بوروندي
- حروب خاضتها اوغندا