النزاع الحدودي التايلندي الكمبودي

النزاع الحدودي التايلندي الكمبودي
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النزاع الحدودي التايلندي الكمبودي بدأ في يونيو 2008 كآخر جولات صراع عمره قرن من الزمان بين كمبوديا وتايلند حول المنطقة المحيطة بمعبد پرياه ڤيهيار من القرن 11، الواقع بين مقاطعة چوام خسانت في محافظة پرياه ڤيهيار في شمال كمبوديا ومقاطعة (أمفوئ) كانثارالاك في محافظة سيساكت في شمال شرق تايلند. وحسب السفير الكمبودي إلى الأمم المتحدة، فإن النزاع بدأ حين تحرك نحو 50 جندياً تايلندياً إلى جوار پاگودا كيو سيخا كيري سڤارا الواقعة في الأراضي الكمبودية على بعد نحو 300 متر من معبد پرياه ڤيهيار.[1] وتدعي تايلند أن ترسيم الحدود لم ينتهي للأجزاء الخارجية من المنطقة المجاورة للمعبد نفسه الذي حكمت محكمة العدل الدولية عام 1962 بأنه كمبودي.[2] وبحلول أغسطس 2008، امتد النزاع إلى مجمع معبد تا موان من القرن 13 14°20′57″N 103°15′59″E / 14.34917°N 103.26639°E / 14.34917; 103.26639 على بعد 153 كم غرب پرياه ڤيهيار، حيث اتهمت كمبوديا القوات التايلندية باحتلال مجمع معابد على الأراضي الكمبودية. وقد نفت وزارة الخارجية التايلندية أن تكون أيه قوات تايلندية قد انتقت إلى المنطقة حتى قـُتـِل عدد منهم في أبريل 2011.[3][4]

خلفية

At its greatest extent around the 11th–13th centuries, the influence of the Khmer Empire extended across a large area of Mainland Southeast Asia, and many Angkor-era monuments are found throughout the present-day areas of not only Cambodia, but also Thailand and Laos. By the late 19th century, when the French established a protectorate over Cambodia, most of the present Cambodian–Thai border areas were under the control of Siam. As a result of the Franco-Siamese crisis of 1893, Siam was forced to cede extensive territorial claims over its Lao and Cambodian tributaries to French Indochina. Further subsequent negotiations led to the Franco-Siamese treaty of 1904, in which Siam ceded further areas on the right bank of the Mekong River, and the treaty of 1907, which ceded the areas of Inner Cambodia, including the ancient Khmer capital of Angkor. These treaties established the boundary between Siam and French Indochina, the latter of whose borders with Thailand were inherited by Cambodia and Laos when they gained independence in 1954.

Among the boundaries established by the treaties, the border between what is now northern Cambodia (including Oddar Meanchey and Preah Vihear provinces) and Thailand's Isan region (Buri Ram, Surin, Sisaket, and Ubon Ratchathani provinces) was defined along the watershed line of the Dangrek Mountains. The treaties also stipulated that the boundary be demarcated by a mixed commission composed of Thai and French officials. Two commissions were accordingly set up in accordance with each of the treaties, overseeing work performed by French surveyors. The maps resulting from the surveys were printed and published in Paris, and submitted to the two governments. It was later found that the maps contained significant deviations from the watershed line in several areas, including those of the now-disputed temples, especially Preah Vihear.[5] However, the Thai government did not dispute the maps at the time, and there are no records over whether its officials were aware of the issue.

حالة معبد پريا ڤيهيار

Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand)
International Court of Justice Seal.svg
المحكمةInternational Court of Justice
تاريخ الحكم15 June 1962
Case history
Subsequent action(s)Request for Interpretation of the Judgment of 15 June 1962 in the Case concerning the Temple of Preah Vihear (Cambodia v. Thailand) (Cambodia v. Thailand)
Case opinions
The Temple is situated on Cambodian territory; Thailand is under an obligation to withdraw any military or police force stationed there and to restore to Cambodia any objects removed from the ruins since 1954.

The dispute arose following Thai authorities' stationing of troops since 1954 at the Preah Vihear Temple (known in Thai as Phra Wihan), in a disputed area between Preah Vihear Province of Cambodia and Sisaket Province of Thailand. Cambodia complained to the International Court of Justice (ICJ) in 1959, and it judged in 1962 that the temple is situated in Cambodian territory.

The dispute stemmed from the different maps each party used in national delimitation. France, who was the protector of Cambodia at the time, agreed with Siam in Franco-Siamese boundary treaty of 1904. The Mixed Commission was set up in 1905, and it was to carry out delimitation between Siam and Cambodia. Cambodia used the map published by French geographers in 1907 (called "Annex I map") which showed the Temple in Cambodian territory. While Thailand used the provisions of the treaty of 1904 which reads:

"The frontier between Siam and Cambodia starts, on the left shore of the Great Lake, from the mouth of the river Stung Roluos, it follows the parallel from that point easterly direction until it meets the river Prek Kompong Tiam, then, turning northwards, it merges with the meridian from that meeting-point as far as the Pnom Dang Rek mountain chain. From there it follows the watershed between the basins of Nam Sen and the Mekong, on the one hand, and the Nam Moun, on the other hand, and joins the Pnom Padang chain the crest of which it follows eastwards as far as the Mekong. Upstream from that point, the Mekong remains the frontier of the Kingdom of Siam, in accordance with Article 1 of the Treaty of 3 October 1893."

This would deem the temple as being located within Thai territory.

The ICJ judged on 15 June 1962 that Annex I map did not bind both parties because it was not the work of the Mixed Commission per the treaty. However, both parties adopted the map and the demarcation line in it, therefore had a binding character. The Siamese government did not disagree or object to the map, hence Thailand was bound by it, according to the legal principle "Qui tacet consentire videtur si loqui debuisset ac potuisset." ICJ ruled by nine to three that the Temple was located in Cambodian territory and Thailand was obliged to withdraw all stationed troops there, and by seven to five, that Thailand restore to Cambodia any objects removed from the ruins since 1954.[6]


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الهامش

  1. ^ http://www.un.int/cambodia/Bulletin_Files/July08/Letter_18_Jul.pdf
  2. ^ The Nation Newspaper. Tuesday, August 5, 2008. VOLUME 33 NO 51950
  3. ^ "Thom - Prasat Ta Moan - Ta Muen Temple - Ta Moan Temple - Prasat Ta Muen - Prasat Ta Moan - Khmer Temple Cambodia - TaMuen.com". Ta Moan. August 3, 2008. Retrieved February 16, 2011.
  4. ^ http://www.phnompenhpost.com/index.php/2011042248663/Online-Edition/new-fighting-at-border.html
  5. ^ Geographer, the, Office of the Geographer, Bureau of Intelligence and Research (1966). International Boundary Study No. 40 Cambodia – Thailand Boundary (PDF). US Department of State.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  6. ^ Missling, Sven. A Legal View of the Case of the Temple Preah Vihear In: World Heritage Angkor and Beyond: Circumstances and Implications of UNESCO Listings in Cambodia [online]. Göttingen: Göttingen University Press, 2011 (generated 23 May 2020). Available on the Internet: <http://books.openedition.org/gup/307>. ISBN 9782821875432.

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