پول ولفويتس

(تم التحويل من بول ولفويتس)
پول ولفويتس
Paul Wolfowitz
Paul Wolfowitz.jpg
Official portrait, 2001
رئيس البنك الدولي العاشر
في المنصب
1 يونيو 2005 – 30 يونيو 2007
سبقهجيمس ولفنسون
خلـَفهروبرت زوليك
نائب وزير الدفاع الأمريكي رقم 28
في المنصب
20 يناير 2001 – 1 يونيو 2005
سبقهرودي ده ليون
خلـَفهگوردون إنگلاند
5th Dean of the Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies
في المنصب
1994–2001
سبقهGeorge R. Packard
خلـَفهJessica Einhorn
Under Secretary of Defense for Policy
في المنصب
May 15, 1989 – January 19, 1993
الرئيسGeorge H. W. Bush
سبقهFred Iklé
خلـَفهFrank G. Wisner
سفير الولايات المتحدة إلى إندونيسيا العاشر
في المنصب
11 أبريل 1986 – 12 مايو 1989
الرئيسرونالد ريگان
سبقهجون هولدردج
خلـَفهجون مونجو
16th Assistant Secretary of State for East Asian and Pacific Affairs
في المنصب
December 22, 1982 – March 12, 1986
الرئيسRonald Reagan
سبقهJohn H. Holdridge
خلـَفهGaston J. Sigur Jr.
12th Director of Policy Planning
في المنصب
February 13, 1981 – December 22, 1982
الرئيسRonald Reagan
سبقهAnthony Lake
خلـَفهStephen W. Bosworth
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد22 ديسمبر 1943
بروكلين، نيويورك، الولايات المتحدة
القوميةأمريكي
الحزبجمهوري (1981 إلى الحاضر) ديمقراطي (قبل 1981).[1]
الزوجClare Selgin Wolfowitz (1968–2001 [منفصلان])
الأنجالسارة، داڤيد، راشيل
الإقامةتشڤي تشيس، مريلاند، الولايات المتحدة
التعليمCornell University (BA)
University of Chicago (MA, PhD)
الراتب302,470 USD
الموقع الإلكترونيAEI website
جزء من سلسلة عن
التيار المحافظ
في الولايات المتحدة
رونالد ريگانكالڤن كولدجباري گولدواتروليام ف. بكلي، الابنجاك كمپملتون فريدمانأنتونين سكالياكلارنس توماسصاموِل أليتوكولاج من تسع محافظين أمريكان: رونالد ريگان، كالڤن كولدج، باري گولدواتر، وليام ف. بكلي، الابن، جاك كمپ، ملتون فريدمان، أنتونين سكاليا، كلارنس توماس، صاموِل أليتو
عن هذه الصورة
مدارس
المبادئ
التاريخ
شخصيات
أحزاب
مراكز تفكـُّر
منظمات أخرى
الإعلام
تنويعات وحركات
انظر أيضاً

پول دندس ولفويتس Paul Dundes Wolfowitz (و.22 ديسمبر 1943) رئيس البنك الدولي، وسفير الولايات المتحدة لدى إندونيسيا، نائب وزير الدفاع الأمريكي سابقاً، والعميد السابق لـكلية پول نيتسه للعلاقات الدولية المتقدمة في جامعة جونز هوپكنز. وحالياً هو زميل في معهد إنترپرايز الأمريكي، حيث يعمل في قضايا التنمية الاقتصادية الدولية، أفريقيا، والشراكة بين القطاعين العام والخاص،[3] وهو رئيس مجلس أعمال الولايات المتحدة-تايوان.[4]

وهو أحد قادة المحافظين الجدد.[5] وكنائب لوزير الدفاع، كان "مهندساً رئيسياً لسياسة الرئيس بوش حول العراق و ... أكثر المتشددين تطرفاً في تلك الادارة."[6] وفي الواقع، "مبدأ بوش (أي سياسته الخارجية) كان إلى حد كبير من صنعه."[7] دونالد رمسفلد في لقائه مع فوكس نيوز في 8 فبراير 2011، قال أن ولفويتس كان أول من ذكر العراق بعد هجمات 11 سبتمبر أثناء لقاء في المنتجع الرئاسي في كامپ ديڤد.

وبعد العمل لعامين من 1 يونيو 2005 حتى 17 مايو 2007، استقال من رئاسة مجموعة البنك الدولي بسبب فضائح وصفها تقرير من رويترز كالتالي "معركة ممتدة حول قيادته، بسبب تورطه في اصدار ترقية براتب عالي لصديقته التي تعيش معه، شاهة رضا."[8][9]

نشأته

ولد في بروكلين، نيويورك. نشأ في مدينة إثاكا، نيويورك الجامعية حيث كان والده جيكوب ولفويتس أستاذا للإحصاء بجامعة كورنل. حصل على بكالوريوس من جامعة كورنل عام 1965 في الرياضيات، ودكتوراه في العلوم السياسية من جامعة شيكاغو عام 1972.

قبل ذلك كان مدير مكتب تخطيط السياسات ومساعد وزير الدفاع الأمريكي لشئون شرق آسيا والمحيط الهادي.

عمله الأكاديمي

عمل ولفويتس في مجال التدريس، حيث قضى ثلاث سنوات محاضراً بجامعة يل في الفترة من 70-1973، وبعد ذلك أستاذاً للعلاقات الدولية في كلية بول إتش نيتسه للدراسات الدولية المتقدمة بجامعة جونز هوپكنز عام 1981. وفي عام 1993 كان أستاذا لإستراتيجية الأمن القومي بكلية الحرب الأهلية، وله مؤلفات عديدة في الإستراتيجية القومية والسياسة الخارجية. وكان عضواً في المجالس الاستشارية لمجلتي الشؤون الخارجية والمصالح القومية. [10]

وزارة الخارجية

في الفترة من 86-1989 عمل ولفويتس خلال حكم الرئيس رونالد ريگان، سفيرا للولايات المتحدة في إندونيسيا، حيث اكتسب هناك شهرة كسفير نشط ومفاوض صارم نيابة عن أصحاب الملكية الفكرية الأميركيين، وكان مؤيدا عاما للانفتاح السياسي والقيم الديمقراطية. وخلال فترة عمله كانت السفارة الأميركية في جاكرتا واحدة من أفضل أربع سفارات إداريا، خلال تفتيش أجري على السفارات هناك عام 1988.

وفي الفترة من 83- 1986 كان وولفويتز مساعداً لوزير الخارجية لشؤون شرقي آسيا والهادي لمدة ثلاث سنوات ونصف السنة، حيث كان مسؤولا عن العلاقات الأميركية مع أكثر من عشرين دولة. وبالإضافة إلى مشاركته في إجراء تحسينات هامة في علاقات بلاده مع اليابان والصين، قام وولفويتز بدور هام في تنسيق السياسة الأميركية تجاه الفلبين، والتي دعمت عملية تحول سلمية من ديكتاتورية فرديناند ماركوس إلى الديمقراطية.

وفي الفترة من 81- 1982 كان مسؤولا عن فريق تخطيط سياسة وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية. وفي الفترة من 77- 1980 كان نائبا لمساعد وزير الدفاع للبرامج الإقليمية، حيث ساعد في إنشاء ما أصبح بعد ذلك القيادة المركزية للقوات الأمريكية.

وفي بداية السبعينيات عمل وولفويتز لدى وكالة نزع ومراقبة الأسلحة، وركز على محادثات الحد من الأسلحة الإستراتيجية "سولت" وقضايا منع انتشار الأسلحة النووية الأخرى.

وزارة الدفاع

ولفويتس

يعتبر ولفويتس واحداً من أبرز الصقور في إدارة الرئيس بوش. وبما له من خبرة في العلاقات الدولية، فهو من كبار مؤيدي العمل العسكري ليس فقط ضد أسامة بن لادن ونظام طالبان في أفغانستان، وإنما أيضا ضد العراق.

ففي أعقاب الهجوم على مركز التجارة العالمي ومبنى وزارة الدفاع الأمريكي، تعهد ولفويتس بأن الولايات المتحدة لن تتعقب الإرهابيين فقط، بل ستعمل على القضاء على الدول التي ترعاهم أو تؤويهم.

عينه الرئيس بوش في منصب نائب وزير الدفاع في فبراير 2001، وتسلم منصبه رسمياً في 2 مارس، وبذلك أصبح نائب وزير الدفاع الثامن والعشرين في تاريخ الولايات المتحدة. وتعتبر هذه هي الجولة الثالثة له في الخدمة في الپنتاگون. وفي الفترة من 1989- 1993، عمل ولفويتس مساعداً لوزير الدفاع ديك تشيني لسياسة الدفاع في إدارة الرئيس بوش الأب. وخلال تلك السنوات كان ولفويتس في بؤرة إدارة تواجه تحدياً، يتمثل في إعادة صياغة إستراتيجيتها العسكرية ووضعية قوتها في نهاية الحرب الباردة.

وخلال فترة عمله كمساعد لوزير الدفاع كان له دور كبير في مراجعة خطط حرب الخليج، وتطوير وتنفيذ خطط ساهمت بنجاح في توفير أكثر من 50 مليار دولار من الدعم المالي للحلفاء في الحرب، ومنع العراق من فتح جبهة ثانية مع إسرائيل. ومن المبادرات الهامة الأخرى التي قام بها تطوير إستراتيجية الدفاع الإقليمي والقوة الأساسية "Base Force" ومبادرتان نوويتان رئاسيتان قادتا إلى تدمير عشرات الآلاف من الأسلحة النووية الأمريكية والسوڤتية.

President of the World Bank

Press conference at G8 Summit (Paul Wolfowitz standing at rear on right)

In March 2005, Wolfowitz was nominated to be president of the World Bank by US President George W. Bush.[11] Criticism of his nomination appeared in the media.[12] Nobel Laureate in Economics and former chief economist for the World Bank Joseph Stiglitz said: "'The World Bank will once again become a hate figure. This could bring street protests and violence across the developing world.'"[13] In a speech at the U.N. Economic and Social Council, economist Jeffrey Sachs also opposed Wolfowitz: "It's time for other candidates to come forward that have experience in development. This is a position on which hundreds of millions of people depend for their lives ... Let's have a proper leadership of professionalism."[14]

In the US, there was some praise for the nomination. An editorial in The Wall Street Journal stated:

Mr. Wolfowitz is willing to speak the truth to power ... he saw earlier than most, and spoke publicly about, the need for dictators to plan democratic transitions. It is the world's dictators who are the chief causes of world poverty. If anyone can stand up to the Robert Mugabes of the world, it must be the man who stood up to Saddam Hussein.[15]

He was confirmed and became president on June 1, 2005. He soon attended the 31st G8 summit to discuss issues of global climate change and the economic development in Africa. When this meeting was interrupted by the July 7, 2005 London bombings, Wolfowitz was present with other world leaders at the press conference given by British Prime Minister Tony Blair.

Several of Wolfowitz's initial appointments at the bank proved controversial, including two US nationals (Robin Cleveland and Kevin Kellems) formerly with the Bush administration, whom he appointed as close advisors with $250,000 tax-free contracts.[16] Another appointee, Juan José Daboub, faced criticism, including from his colleagues, for attempting to bring policies on climate change and family planning towards a more conservative position.[17][18]

Wolfowitz gave special emphasis to two particular issues. Identifying Sub-Saharan Africa as the region most challenged to improve living standards, he traveled widely in the region. He also made clear his focus on fighting corruption. Several aspects of the latter program raised controversy. Overturning the names produced by a formal search process, he appointed a figure linked to the US Republican party to head the bank's internal watchdog. Member countries worried that Wolfowitz's willingness to suspend lending to countries on grounds of corruption was vulnerable to selective application in line with US foreign policy interests. In a debate on the proposed Governance and Anti-Corruption Strategy at the bank's 2006 Annual Meetings, shareholders directed Wolfowitz to undertake extensive consultations and revise the strategy to show how objective measures of corruption would be incorporated into decisions and how the shareholders' representatives on the bank's Board would play a key role. Following the consultations and revisions, the Board approved a revised strategy in spring 2007.[19]

Controversies

Wolfowitz's relationship with Shaha Riza

المقالة الرئيسية: Shaha Riza

After President George W. Bush nominated Wolfowitz as president of the World Bank, journalists reported that Wolfowitz was involved in a relationship with World Bank Senior Communications Officer (and Acting Manager of External Affairs) for the Middle East and North Africa Regional Office Shaha Ali Riza.[20] According to Richard Leiby, of The Washington Post, Riza is "an Oxford-educated British citizen, was born in Tunisia and grew up in Saudi Arabia. She is known for her expertise on women's rights and has been listed on the bank's Web site as a media contact for Iraq reconstruction issues."[21] According to Leiby and Linton Weeks, in their essay "In the Shadow of a Scandal", Riza's employment at the World Bank predated Wolfowitz's nomination as Bank president: "Riza started at the World Bank as a consultant in July 1997 and became a full-time employee in 1999"; and the relationship between Riza and Wolfowitz pre-dated it as well:

In the early 1990s, Riza joined the National Endowment for Democracy and is credited there with development of the organization's Middle East program. Wolfowitz was on the endowment's board—which is how Riza first met him, according to Turkish journalist Cengiz Candar, a friend of the couple. "Shaha was married at the time and Paul was married," Candar recalled, and it wasn't until late 1999—after Riza divorced and Wolfowitz had separated from his wife of 30 years, Clare Selgin Wolfowitz—that the couple began dating."[22][21]

When Wolfowitz was considered for head of the CIA after the 2000 election, Clare Wolfowitz wrote President-elect George Bush a letter telling him that her husband's relationship with a foreign national—Riza—posed a national security risk.[23] It has been reported that Scooter Libby intercepted the letter.[24] Sidney Blumenthal also reported on the letter Clare Wolfowitz wrote:

This embittered letter remained a closely guarded secret, although a former high official of the CIA told me about it. Chris Nelson also reported it on April 16 in his widely respected, nonpartisan foreign policy newsletter: "A certain Ms. Riza was even then Wolfowitz's true love. The problem for the CIA wasn't just that she was a foreign national, although that was and is today an issue for anyone interested in CIA employment. The problem was that Wolfowitz was married to someone else, and that someone was really angry about it, and she found a way to bring her complaint directly to the President. So when we, with our characteristic innocence, put Wolfowitz on our short-list for CIA, we were instantly told, by a very, very, very senior Republican foreign policy operative, 'I don't think so.' " The Daily Mail of London also reported on his wife's letter when Wolfowitz was appointed president of the World Bank in 2005.[25]

According to the London Sunday Times on March 20, 2005, despite their cultural differences:

Riza, an Arab feminist who confounds portrayals of Wolfowitz as a leader of a "Zionist conspiracy" of Jewish neoconservatives in Washington ... [and who] works as the bank's senior gender co-ordinator for the Middle East and North Africa ... not only shares Wolfowitz's passion for spreading democracy in the Arab world, but is said to have reinforced his determination to remove Saddam Hussein's oppressive regime.[26]

The relationship created further controversy over Wolfowitz's nomination to head the World Bank, because the bank's ethics rules preclude sexual relationships between a manager and a staff member serving under that manager, even if one reports to the other only indirectly through a chain of supervision.

Wolfowitz initially proposed to the World Bank's Ethics Committee that he recuse himself from personnel matters regarding Riza, but the committee rejected that proposal.[27] Riza was "seconded to the State Department", or placed on "external assignment", assigned "a job at the state department under Liz Cheney, the daughter of the vice-president, promoting democracy in the Middle East".[28] She "was also moved up to a managerial pay grade in compensation for the disruption to her career", resulting in a raise of over $60,000, as well as guarantees of future increases; "The staff association claims that the pay rise was more than double the amount allowed under employee guidelines."[28][29] A promotion and raise had been among the options suggested by a World Bank ethics committee that was set up to advise on the situation.[30] According to Steven R. Weisman, however, in a report published in The New York Times, the then-current chair of the committee emphasized that he was not informed at the time of the details or extent of the present and future raises built into the agreement with Riza.[31] Wolfowitz referred to the controversy concerning his relationship with Riza in a statement posted on the website of the World Bank at the time (April 12, 2007).[32]

The affair resurfaced in headlines in 2011.[33][34][35]

Wolfowitz's leadership of the World Bank Group

In early 2007, Fox News published on a series of investigative stories on the World Bank, based in part on leaks of internal bank documents.[36] On April 11, 2007, Reuters and Al Kamen in The Washington Post, reported that Wolfowitz and the World Bank board had hired the Williams & Connolly law firm to oversee an investigation into the leaking of internal bank documents to Fox News.[37][38] Those reports cite an internal memo to the bank staff later posted on the internet, dated April 9, 2007, in which the World Bank's general counsel, Ana Palacio, states that the bank's legal staff was scrutinizing two articles by investigative reporter Richard Behar published on the website of Fox News on January 31 and March 27, 2007.[39] A day after the second report published by Behar, on March 28, 2007, Kamen had disclosed that "Bank records obtained by the Government Accountability Project" documented pay raises in excess of Bank policies given to Shaha Riza.[40]

On April 12, 2007, the London Financial Times reported that, in a 2005 memorandum, Wolfowitz had personally directed the bank's human resources chief to offer Riza a large pay rise and promotion, according to two anonymous sources who told the Financial Times that they had seen the memo.[41] The memo was part of a package of 102 pages of documents released by the bank on April 14, 2007.[41]

On April 14, 2007, after reviewing these documents, the Financial Times concluded that it was "a potentially fatal blow" to Wolfowitz.[41] In contrast, Fox News concluded that the new documents might offer Wolfowitz a "new lifeline" in the scandal, because the bank's ethics committee had launched a review of the Riza compensation case in early 2006 and concluded that it did not warrant any further attention by the committee.[42] Wolfowitz failed, on April 19, 2007, to attend a high-profile meeting and the controversy led to disruption at the World Bank when some employees wore blue ribbons "in a display of defiance against his leadership."[43][44]

World Bank Group's board of executive directors and staffers complained also that Wolfowitz was imposing Bush administration policies to eliminate family planning from World Bank programs. According to Nicole Gaouette, in her report published in the Los Angeles Times on April 19, 2007, Juan José Daboub—the managing director whom Wolfowitz had appointed who has also been criticized for overly-conservative policies concerning climate change[18] and "a Roman Catholic with ties to a conservative Salvadoran political party"—repeatedly deleted references to family planning from World Bank proposals.[17]

On May 14, 2007, the World Bank committee investigating the alleged ethics violations reported (in part):

  • "Mr. Wolfowitz's contract requiring that he adhere to the Code of Conduct for board officials and that he avoid any conflict of interest, real or apparent, were violated";
  • "The salary increase Ms. Riza received at Mr. Wolfowitz's direction was in excess of the range established by Rule 6.01";
  • "The ad hoc group concludes that in actuality, Mr Wolfowitz from the outset cast himself in opposition to the established rules of the institution"; and
  • "He did not accept the bank's policy on conflict of interest, so he sought to negotiate for himself a resolution different from that which would have applied to the staff he was selected to head."[45]

Wolfowitz appeared before the World Bank Group's board of executive directors to respond on May 15. Adams speculated that "With Mr Wolfowitz so far refusing to step down, the board may need to take radical action to break the stalemate. Members have discussed a range of options, including sacking Mr Wolfowitz, issuing a vote of no confidence or reprimanding him. Some board members argue that a vote of no confidence would make it impossible for him to stay in the job."[46] By Wednesday, May 16, 2007, The New York Times, reported that "after six weeks of fighting efforts to oust him as president ... Wolfowitz began today to negotiate the terms of his possible resignation, in return for the bank dropping or softening the charge that he had engaged in misconduct ..."[47] After expressions from the Bush administration that it "fully" supported Wolfowitz as World Bank president and its urging a "fair hearing" for him, President Bush expressed "regret" at Wolfowitz's impending resignation.[48]

On May 17, 2007, the World Bank Group's board of Executive Directors announced that Paul Wolfowitz would resign as World Bank Group president at the end of June 2007.[49]

آراؤه

ومن ملامح شخصيته أنه معروف بمواقفه المتصلبة وتأييده لتوسع حلف الناتو، وله عقيدة تقوم على أن "مهمة أمريكا العسكرية والسياسية يجب أن تضمن عدم السماح لأي قوة عظمى أخرى منافسة بالظهور". ومن مواقفه المتصلبة ذلك الموقف الذي حدث في نزاع داخلي بالجيش الأمريكي، إذ أمر بجمع وتدمير 600000 بيريهات صينية الصنع كانت مخصصة لاستخدام القوات الأمريكية. وصرح في مذكرة رسمية "لقد صمم رئيس أركان الجيش على ألا ترتدي القوات الأميركية بيريهات مصنوعة في الصين أو أي بيريهات مصنوعة في القارة الصينية". وجاءت هذه المسالة في وقت كانت العلاقات الأمريكية الصينية متوترة، عقب حادث التصادم الجوي الذي وقع لطائرة تجسس أميركية مع مقاتلة صينية.

أنشطة حديثة

As a visiting scholar of the American Enterprise Institute for Public Policy Research, Wolfowitz has blogged for the group[50] and appeared in group events.[51][52] In 2011, he wrote columns that appeared in publications such as The Independent, The Sunday Times, and Newsweek.[53]

Wolfowitz is a former steering committee member of the Bilderberg group.[54]

In February 2013, Wolfowitz publicly supported legal recognition for same-sex marriage in an amicus brief submitted to the US Supreme Court.[55]

In February 2015, Wolfowitz advised presidential candidate Jeb Bush.[56]

In August 2016, Wolfowitz announced his intention to vote for Hillary Clinton in the 2016 United States presidential election, despite having "serious reservations about her."[57] However, in a December interview on Fox Business, Wolfowitz claimed that he did not in fact vote for Clinton.[58]

In January 2017, Wolfowitz wrote an op-ed in The New York Times commenting on a "dissent cable" that had been signed by 1,000 Foreign Service Officers criticizing President Trump's executive action on immigration.[59]

In February 2023, Wolfowitz was awarded Order of Brilliant Star with Grand Cordon by President of the Republic of China Tsai Ing-wen.[60][61]

الهامش

  1. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Dobbs
  2. ^ "NNDB". Retrieved 2009-06-23.
  3. ^ Zachary A. Goldfarb, "Wolfowitz Joins Think Tank as Visiting Scholar", online posting, The New Yorker, July 3, 2007, accessed July 3, 2007.
  4. ^ US-Taiwan Business Council (2008). Paul D. Wolfowitz. Retrieved December 7, 2008.
  5. ^ Paul, Reynolds (2005-03-17). "Wolfowitz to spread neo-con gospel". BBC. Retrieved 2009-04-08.
  6. ^ Peter J. Boyer, "The Believer: Paul Wolfowitz Defends His War", online posting, The New Yorker, November 1, 2004, accessed November 26, 2014 (7 pages).
  7. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Bacevich
  8. ^ "Statements of Executive Directors and President Wolfowitz", World Bank Group, May 17, 2007, accessed May 17, 2007.
  9. ^ Matthew Jones, "Wolfowitz Exit Seen Clearing Way for Progress", Reuters (UK), May 18, 2007, accessed May 18, 2007.
  10. ^ بول ولفويتز، الجزيرة نت
  11. ^ Paul Blustein and Peter Baker, "Wolfowitz Picked for World Bank", The Washington Post, March 27, 2005, accessed January 3, 2009.
  12. ^ Alan Beattie and Edward Alden, "Shareholders' dismay at lack of consultation", The Financial Times, March 16, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007.
  13. ^ Peston, Robert (March 20, 2005). "Stiglitz warns of violence if Wolfowitz goes to World Bank". The Daily Telegraph. Archived from the original on January 12, 2022. Retrieved May 8, 2012.
  14. ^ "Many Wary, Some Cheer Wolfowitz Pick" Archived أكتوبر 1, 2007 at the Wayback Machine, Al Jazeera, April 16, 2007, accessed April 16, 2007.
  15. ^ "Banking on Wolfowitz: And You Thought Iraq Was Difficult", The Wall Street Journal, March 17, 2005, accessed April 16, 2007, Review & Outlook (Past Featured Article), accessed June 8, 2007.
  16. ^ Karen DeYoung, "Wolfowitz Clashed Repeatedly With World Bank Staff: Tenure as President Has Been Rocky", The Washington Post, April 15, 2007: A12, accessed May 1, 2007.
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وصلات خارجية

روايات سيرة رسمية
مناصب دبلوماسية
سبقه
أنتوني ليك 		وزارة الخارجية الأمريكية
مدير تخطيط السياسة
1981–1982 		تبعه
ستيفن بوزورث
سبقه
جون هولدردج 		سفير الولايات المتحدة
إلى إندونسيا
1986–1989 		تبعه
جون مونجو
مناصب حكومية
سبقه
جون هولدردج 		مساعد وزير الخارجية الأمريكي لشئون شرق آسيا والهادي
1982–1986 		تبعه
گاستون سيگور، الابن
سبقه
فرد إكل 		وزارة الدفاع الأمريكية
وكيل وزارة الدفاع للسياسات
1989–1993 		تبعه
فرانك وايزنر
مناصب أكاديمية
سبقه
جورج پاكارد 		عميد كلية پول نيتسه للدراسات الدولية المتقدمة
1993–2001 		تبعه
جسيكا آين‌هورن
مناصب سياسية
سبقه
رودي ده ليون 		نائب وزير دفاع الولايات المتحدة
2001–2005 		تبعه
گوردون إنگلاند
مناصب منظمات غير ربحية
سبقه
جيمس ولفنسون 		رئيس البنك الدولي
2005–2007 		تبعه
روبرت زوليك
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