خوان بابلو بيريز ألفونسو

خوان بابلو بيريز ألفونسو
Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo
Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo.jpg
وزير التنمية الفنزويلي
في المنصب
15 نوفمبر 1945 – 9 أبريل 1948
الرئيسRómulo Betancourt
Rómulo Gallegos
وزير المناجم والهيدروكربون
في المنصب
13 فبراير 1959 – 23 يناير 1963
الرئيسRómulo Betancourt
خلـَفهArturo Hernández Grisanti
تفاصيل شخصية
وُلِد(1903-12-13)13 ديسمبر 1903
Caracas, Venezuela
توفي3 سبتمبر 1979(1979-09-03) (aged 75)
Washington D.C., USA
الزوجAlicia Castillo
المدرسة الأمجامعة ڤنزويلا المركزية
المهنةدبلوماسي وسياسي ومحامي
التوقيع

خوان پابلو پيريز ألفونسو[A] (13 ديسمبر 1903 – 3 سبتمبر 1979) كان دبلوماسي وسياسي ومحامي ڤنزويلي بارز، كان المسئول عن تخيل وإنشاء منظمة أوپك، مع وزير النفط السعودي عبد الله الطريقي.

النشأة والتعليم

وُلِد بيريز ألفونسو في كراكاس، فنزويلا، حيث بدأ دراسته الجامعية لدراسة الطب في جامعة حونز هوپكنز قبل أن يدرس للحصول على الدكتوراه في العلوم السياسية والاجتماعية في جامعة ڤنزويلا المركزية.[1]

السيرة السياسية

إدارة گاليگوس والمنفى اللاحق

Pérez Alfonzo helped found the political party Democratic Action (AD; Acción Democrática). As Minister of Development during the first democratic government of Venezuela, the short-lived administration of Rómulo Gallegos (1947–1948), he was responsible for increasing oil revenues for the country by raising taxes through what later became known worldwide as the 50/50 formula. Initially, the Seven Sisters (the dominant Anglo-American oil companies), responded to the 50/50 law by threatening to ramp up production elsewhere while slowing down production in Venezuela. Perez Alfonso subsequently encouraged other governments to adopt the 50/50 formula, which they ultimately did.[2] The 50/50 formula was the global norm until 1970.[2]

With the overthrow of the democratically elected government of President Rómulo Gallegos by the military in November 1948, Perez Alfonzo obtained political asylum in the United States after spending 9 months in jail. He moved to Mexico for financial reasons, where he resided until the return of democracy in 1958 when the democratically elected President Rómulo Betancourt called him back to government service to finish the job he had begun under the presidency of Gallegos, this time as Minister of Energy. During the years he spent in Washington he studied the activities of the oil industry worldwide and, in particular, the Texas Railroad Commission (TRC), which served to reinforce his ideas about creating OPEC, further developing his thoughts about the conservation and stabilization of petroleum production and the defense of oil prices.

إدارة بيتانكور وإنشاء أوپك

As Minister of Mines and Hydrocarbons during the second democratic government of Venezuela of President Rómulo Betancourt (1959–1964), he was responsible for the creation of the OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) for the purpose of rationalizing and thereby increasing oil prices in the world market. Triggered by a 1960 law instituted by US President Dwight Eisenhower that forced quotas for Venezuelan oil and favored Canada and Mexico's oil industries, Perez Alfonzo (also known as the Father of OPEC) reacted by seeking an alliance with oil-producing Arab nations to protect the continuous autonomy and profitability of Venezuela's oil (among other reasons), establishing a strong link between the South American nation and the Middle East region that survives to this day. His extensive notes of the TRC methods for regulation of production to maximize recovery served him well both in Venezuela and later when he took them translated into Arabic to the Cairo meeting that served as a launching platform for the OPEC, where Wanda Jablonski introduced him to then minister of petroleum of Saudi Arabia, Abdullah Tariki, co-founder of the OPEC.[3]

الحياة الشخصية

He was an ascetic vegetarian.[1]

الذكرى والوفاة

Aeropuerto Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo

After the 1973 oil crisis, economic prosperity for Venezuela was relatively short-lived. In 1976 Pérez Alfonzo gave an intuitive warning about what economists now call the "natural resource curse": "Ten years from now, twenty years from now, you will see, oil will bring us ruin... It is the devil's excrement."[4][5] This was the case during the "1980s oil glut". OPEC member countries were not adhering strictly to their assigned quotas, and once again oil prices plummeted.[citation needed][4]

Pérez Alfonzo died in Washington, D.C., at the Georgetown University Hospital on 3 September 1979, at age 75, having succumbed to pancreatic cancer.

El Vigía's Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo Airport[A] was named in his honor in 1991.

Since 1998, the Orden Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo (Order of Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo) is the Venezuelan award of state given to those who contribute to works related to mining, petroleum, and energy.[6]

كتب

  • Petróleo: jugo de la tierra. Caracas: Editorial Arte, 1961.
  • La Dinámica del petróleo en el progreso de Venezuela. Caracas: Central University of Venezuela, 1965.
  • Petróleo de vida o muerte (debate with Arturo Uslar Pietri). Caracas: Editorial Arte, 1966.
  • El pentágono petrolero: la política nacionalista de defensa y conservación del petroleo. Caracas: Revista Política, 1967.
  • ¿Hasta cuándo los abusos de La Electricidad?: informe sobre el caso Guarenas. Guarenas: Municipal Council, 1969.
  • Petróleo y dependencia. Caracas: Síntesis Dos Mil, 1971.
  • Hundiéndonos en el excremento del diablo. Caracas: Editorial Lisbona, 1976.
  • El desastre (with Domingo Alberto Rangel and Pedro Duno). Valencia: Vadell Hermanos, 1976.
  • Alternativas (with Iván Loscher). Caracas: Garbizu & Todtmann Editores, 1976.
  • Venezuela y el petróleo. Caracas: Centro Gumilla, 1976.

ملاحظات

  1. ^ أ ب Though often misspelled Alfonso, the correct name is Alfonzo, as confirmed by the airport photo and other official sources[7][8][9][10][11] and the majority of reliable references.

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب Colgan, Jeff D. (2021). Partial Hegemony: Oil Politics and International Order (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. p. 59. ISBN 978-0-19-754640-6.
  2. ^ أ ب Colgan, Jeff D. (2021). Partial Hegemony: Oil Politics and International Order (in الإنجليزية). Oxford University Press. pp. 63–64. ISBN 978-0-19-754640-6.
  3. ^ Marius Vassiliou (2 March 2009). Historical Dictionary of the Petroleum Industry. Scarecrow Press. p. 364. ISBN 978-0-8108-6288-3. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  4. ^ أ ب Useem, Jerry (3 February 2003). "'The Devil's Excrement'". Fortune Magazine. Archived from the original on 2025-04-15.
  5. ^ Karl, Terry Lynn (1997). The Paradox of Plenty: Oil Booms and Petro-States. Studies in International Political Economy (Reprint 2019 ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. xv, 4, 23. ISBN 978-0-520-91869-6.
  6. ^ "Ley que crea la Condecoración 'Orden Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo'". Gaceta Oficial de la República de Venezuela. 7 April 1998. Retrieved 30 May 2016.
  7. ^ "Colección: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo". Gobierno Bolivariana de Venezuela (gob.ve). Archived from the original on 16 October 2015. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  8. ^ "IUTEPAL Extensión Maracaibo". Instituto Universitario de Tecnología Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo (IUTEPAL). Archived from the original on 22 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  9. ^ "Escuela Privada Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo". Compañía Anónima Nacional Teléfonos de Venezuela (CANTV). Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  10. ^ "En 1979 falleció el padre de la OPEP: Juan Pablo Pérez Alfonzo". Partido Socialista Unido de Venezuela (PSUV). Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  11. ^ "The launch of the book 'The Petroleum Pentagon'". Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Retrieved 23 February 2016.
  • (in إسپانية) Fundación Polar (1997), Diccionario de Historia de Venezuela, Caracas, Venezuela
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