زلزال بورما 2025

Coordinates: 21°59′46″N 95°55′34″E / 21.996°N 95.926°E / 21.996; 95.926
زلزل بورما 2025
Earthquake Damage Mandalay, 2025.png
Earthquake damage in Mandalay
2025 Myanmar Earthquake (M 7.7) shakemap.pdf
USGS ShakeMap
الوقت UTC2025-03-28 06:20:54
حدث ISC643071319
USGS-ANSSComCat
التاريخ المحلي28 مارس 2025 (2025-03-28)
التوقيت المحلي12:50:54 MMT (UTC+6:30)
المقدارMw 7.7
العمق10 km (6 mi)
المركز21°59′46″N 95°55′34″E / 21.996°N 95.926°E / 21.996; 95.926
الصدعSagaing Fault
النوعStrike-slip
المناطق المتأثرةMyanmar, Thailand, Southwestern China
أقصى شدةIX (عنيف)
توابع الزلزال166 recorded
Strongest: Mww 6.7[1]
الخسائر2,610+ fatalities, 3,430+ injuries, many trapped or missing

On 28 March 2025 at 12:50:54 MMT (06:20:54 UTC), a Mw 7.7 earthquake struck the Sagaing Region of Myanmar, with an epicenter close to Mandalay, the country's second-largest city. The strike-slip faulting shock achieved a maximum Modified Mercalli intensity of IX (Violent).[2] It was the most powerful earthquake to strike Myanmar since 1912,[3] and the second deadliest in Myanmar's modern history, surpassed only by upper estimates of the 1930 Bago earthquake.[4] The earthquake caused extensive damage in Myanmar and significant damage in neighboring Thailand. Hundreds of homes were also damaged in Yunnan, China.

The earthquake has resulted in more than 2,600 deaths in Myanmar and 18 in Thailand.[5][6] More than 3,400 people were injured. Hundreds more were reported missing, including at a collapsed construction site in Bangkok, which, due to its shallow geology, is more vulnerable to seismic waves from far away, and whose lack of awareness increases the city's susceptibility to earthquake-related impacts.[7][8] Authorities in both Myanmar and Thailand declared an emergency and expect the death toll to rise.[9][10] The ongoing civil war in Myanmar has exacerbated the difficulty of disaster relief.[11]

الخصائص التكتونية

The Sagaing Fault can be divided into segments

Myanmar is wedged between four tectonic plates (the Indian, Eurasian, Sunda and Burma plates) that interact due to active geological processes. Along the west coast of the Coco Islands, off the Rakhine coast, and into Bangladesh, is a highly oblique convergent boundary known as the Sunda megathrust. This large fault marks the boundary between the Indian and Burma plates. The megathrust emerges from the seafloor in Bangladesh, where it runs parallel and east of the Chin Hills. This boundary continues to north of Myanmar where it ends at the eastern Himalayas.[12]

A 1،400-كيلومتر (870 mi) transform fault runs through Myanmar and connects the Andaman spreading center to a collision zone in the north. Called the Sagaing Fault, it is a boundary between the Burma and Sunda plates as they slide past each other at 18–49 mm (0.71–1.93 in) per year. It is Myanmar's largest and most active source of earthquakes, running through or close to major cities including Yangon, Naypyidaw and Mandalay. Large and damaging earthquakes occurred along the fault in May and December 1930 (Ms  7.3 & 7.5) 1931 (Ms  7.5), 1946 (Mw  7.3 & 7.7), 1956 (Ms  7.0), 1991 (Mw  6.9) and 2012 (Mw  6.9).[13] The magnitude of earthquakes on the Sagaing Fault vary across the fault zone, from Mw  7.0 to 8.0. The recurrence interval also vary depending on the location along the fault; its southern segments which ruptured in 1930 have return periods of 100–150 years based on paleoseismological studies.[12]

Destructive earthquakes have affected the area for centuries but academic research has been limited. Most earthquakes in Myanmar, including large, surface rupturing events, are thus not well understood. A large Mw  8.5–8.8 earthquake in 1762 ruptured a section of the Sunda megathrust off the Rakhine coast. That earthquake may have been caused by the Indian plate subducting beneath the Burma plate along the megathrust. Remnants of the subducted Indian plate beneath central Myanmar also cause intraslab earthquakes. The 1975 Bagan earthquake was caused by reverse faulting within the Indian plate at an intermediate depth of 120 km (75 mi).[12]

According to a study published in Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth, the Sagaing Fault can be divided into two regions; the northern and southern sections. The Sagaing Fault between 16.5 and 23.5 degrees north latitude is defined as the southern section. It is further divided into five segments from south to north; the Bago, Pyu, Naypyidaw, Meiktila, and Sagaing segments. The Naypyidaw segment is characterised by two parallel faults running for 70 km (43 mi) with parts of them located beneath the capital city, Naypyidaw. The last recorded earthquake was in 1929 with a magnitude smaller than 7.0. The 220 km (140 mi) long Meiktila segment extends between Mandalay and Naypyidaw and is characterised as a linear feature. The nearly flat topography across this segment suggest the slip component on this segment is entirely horizontal. This segment has not experienced any major earthquakes although it possibly ruptured during the 1839 Ava earthquake. The Sagaing segment is also another linear segment that runs parallel to the Ayeyarwady River. The northern part of this segment ruptured during one of the mainshocks in the 1946 Sagaing earthquakes while the 1956 Sagaing earthquake ruptured the southern strand.[14]

This earthquake also affected Thailand, with damage primarily concentrated in the Bangkok region, about 1,000 kilometres away from epicenter. Bangkok's geology, characterised by a top layer of soft marine clay, renders its emerging high-rises vulnerable to distant, powerful earthquakes, as the ubiquitous clay layer contributes to local site effects amplifying long-period ground motion which in turn can match the resonant frequency when tall buildings swing.[8][15][16] Occupants in Bangkok have often felt effects from earthquakes centered many hundreds or even thousands of kilometres away. Research headed by Pennung Warnitchai of the Asian Institute of Technology had previously identified the Sagaing Fault as a potential risk, if a magnitude-8.0 earthquake were to occur in the Andaman Sea, 400 km (250 mi) from the city, resulting in future disaster.[17][18] For preventing catastrophic effects in skyscrapers, elementary seismic considerations were only added to the building code in 2007, with older structures being particularly dangerous.[15]

الزلزال

للمزيد من المعلومات: List of aftershocks of the 2025 Myanmar earthquake
Mw 7.7 finite fault
Distribution of slip across the rupture
Surface projection of finite fault model

The earthquake occurred at 12:50:54 MMT, with its epicenter located in Sagaing Township near the Sagaing–Mandalay border region, 14 km (8.7 mi) north-northwest of Sagaing city and 16 km (9.9 mi) west of Mandalay, Myanmar's second largest city. It measured 7.7 on the moment magnitude scale according to the United States Geological Survey (USGS),[2] while the Thai Meteorological Department put the magnitude at 8.2.[19] Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris placed the earthquake's moment magnitude at 7.9.[20]

It is the largest earthquake with an epicenter in Myanmar since the 1912 Maymyo earthquake (which had an Mw  of 7.9).[21] The focal mechanism solution indicated it occurred due to strike-slip faulting at a depth of 10 km (6.2 mi). The type of faulting is consistent with rupture on the Sagaing Fault. According to a finite fault model released by the USGS, the earthquake rupture extended about 350 km (220 mi) by 10 km (6.2 mi) from Thabeikkyin in Mandalay to Naypyidaw; 100 km (62 mi) of the fault ruptured to the north of the epicenter while 250 km (160 mi) of rupture occurred to the south. Most of the slip which exceeded 1 m (3 ft 3 in) was concentrated between Thabeikkyin and Yamethin, north of Naypyidaw. A maximum slip of 6.48 m (21.3 ft) was recorded north of the hypocenter, between Singu and Madaya. However, the ShakeMap parameters show that the rupture might have extended as far as Zin Chaung town to the north and Htantabin to the south, making it nearly 500 km (310 mi) long.[2] The earthquake was followed by more than 169 aftershocks,[22] the largest of which measured Mww 6.7 and occurred 12 minutes after the mainshock.[1]

A study by Nobuo Hurukawa and Phyo Maung Maung in Geophysical Research Letters identified two seismic gaps along the Sagaing Fault. One of these gaps is located in central Myanmar between 19.2 degrees north and 21.5 degrees north corresponding to the Meiktila segment. The pair concluded that this 260 km (160 mi) gap could produce a magnitude 7.9 earthquake if it completely ruptures.[23] The Meiktila and Sagaing segment (to the north) may have been the source of the 1839 Ava earthquake. It is believed to have ruptured 285–325 km (177–202 mi) of fault on both segments. A study of the seismic intensity distribution suggest the estimated magnitude of the 1839 event was 7.9.[24] Seismologists Judith Hubbard and Kyle Bradley said this seismic gap is located between the 1929 (Naypyidaw semgent) and 1956 (southern Sagaing segment) ruptures. The pair said this earthquake may have partially ruptured the seismic gap based on their analysis of the preliminary finite fault model by USGS. The rupture extent corresponded with the Meiktila and Sagaing segments and overlapped with the rupture extent of the 1839 earthquake. The fault extent involved in the Mw  7.1 earthquake in 1956 also seemed to have moved during the 28 March 2025 event. They estimated that the 28 March 2025 rupture terminates in the north just south of the 2012 Shwebo earthquake rupture (which occurred on the central Sagaing segment).[25]

Several earthquakes of lower magnitudes hit the country through March leading up to this earthquake. In the first week of March alone, eight earthquakes hit Yangon, Ayeyarwaddy Region and Shan State creating public concerns.[26]

كثافة الزلزال

According to a USGS simulation, the maximum Modified Mercalli intensity (MMI) of the mainshock was estimated to have reached MMI IX (Violent) in areas of Mandalay, Sagaing, Bago and Naypyidaw close to the rupture area; an estimated 2.46 million people were exposed to MMI IX shaking overall. The MMI also reached VIII (Severe) in Kayin and Shan States, VII (Very Strong) in Magway Region, and VI (Strong) in the administrative divisions of Yangon, Kachin, Mon, Kayah and Ayeyarwady. MMI V (Moderate) was recorded in Bangkok and Chiang Mai in Thailand, Dehong Dai and Jingpo Autonomous Prefecture in China, and Imphal in India. Overall, the vast majority of Myanmar's population was estimated to be exposed to shaking levels of at least MMI V (Moderate) and nearly 22.04 million people, or over 40 percent of the country's population, were estimated to have been exposed to shaking levels exceeding MMI VI (Strong) in 12 of the 15 administrative divisions.[أ][2] In Thailand, shaking was felt in 63 of the country's 77 provinces.[27]

التأثير

Partially-collapsed building in Naypyidaw
انظر أيضاً: List of populated places affected by the 2025 Myanmar earthquake

بورما

According to data compiled by the Democratic Voice of Burma, at least 2,600 people died including more than 1,790 in Mandalay, 402 in Naypyidaw, 314 in Sagaing, 79 in Shan and 35 in Bago.[5] The National Unity Government stated on 30 March that more than 1,600 people died and 1,370 others were missing while 1,500 others were injured.[28] Myanmar's junta placed the death toll at more than 1,700, while 300 were missing and more than 3,400 were injured.[5][29] The broadcaster said casualty statistics were still being obtained.[30][31] Deaths were reported in Bago, Mandalay, Shan, Naypyidaw, and Sagaing.[9] The Myanmar Red Cross estimated that around 50,000 families had been directly affected.[32]

Phone and internet infrastructure was disrupted nationwide. The earthquake shook cities and towns including Yangon, Mandalay, Naypyidaw, Sagaing, Aungban, Bago, Kalay, Muse, Kyaukse and Yinmabin.[33] Casualty estimates in rural areas remained scarce.[34] The National Unity Government of Myanmar said at least 13,411 residential buildings, 280 religious buildings, 43 roads and bridges bridges were badly damaged or destroyed across the country.[35] The All Myanmar Islamic Religious Organization estimated at least 250 people died as over 50 mosques collapsed during Friday prayer time.[36] The junta said 670 Buddhist monasteries and 290 pagodas had been damaged.[37]

In Mandalay Region, more than 1,790 died,[5] 1,670 were injured, over 1,000 were left missing and half of all buildings in Mandalay city were thought to have been severely damaged or destroyed.[38][39] At Mandalay International Airport, ceilings collapsed and some damage occurred in the basement.[40] Buildings at the campus of Mandalay University collapsed or caught fire with many trapped inside.[41] Another massive blaze in Sein Pan neighborhood nearly reduced the entire place to the ground.[42] The Dokhtawaddy Bridge crossing the Myitnge River on the Yangon–Mandalay Expressway near Inwa also collapsed with supporting pylons falling down. Reportedly some vehicles were on the bridge at the time of the earthquake and fell into the river, though no casualties have been confirmed yet.[43] All 40 mosques in Mandalay were damaged, 10 of which collapsed, resulting in more than 400 deaths, including 150 at the Amarapura Mosque alone.[44] Some mosques affected were over a century old and had not been allowed to be repaired since 1962.[36][45] Several monks were killed and injured when a monastery collapsed in the city.[46][47] Over 600 monks were trapped beneath the collapsed U Hla Thein Temple while they were taking examinations, 80 of whom died.[48] The 12-storey Sky Villa condominium building in Aungmyethazan Township progressively collapsed, killing nine people and trapping 90 more.[49][50]

In Maha Aungmye Township, a two-story tea shop collapsed, trapping around 70 people. Additionally, a three-story car accessories store also collapsed in Pyigyidagun Township, trapping more than 10 employees,[51] and in the same township, a building under construction was razed, killing eight and trapping many others.[52] More than 200 people were killed in Pyawbwe Township, where most buildings were destroyed, with an additional 160 dying in Pyay Township.[53] The Maha Aungmye Bonzan Monastery was also destroyed.[54] Mandalay Palace and the Mahamuni Pagoda also suffered significant structural damage.[55] A dam was also reported to have collapsed in Mandalay, causing flooding, while sections of the Mandalay-Yangon highway were damaged.[56] In Yamethin, more than 100 deaths and many missing persons were reported.[57] In Meiktila, houses and religious buildings suffered structural collapse.[58] At least 26 deaths and 166 injuries were recorded in the city.[59] Search and rescue teams reported 100 fatalities in the village of Bone Oe.[34] In Wundwin Township, 36 deaths were reported[60] and 21 more in Singu Township.[61] Homes and pagodas were also razed in Madaya Township.[58] In Kyaukse, a school collapse killed 40 students and nine teachers.[62]

In Sagaing city, almost 600 fatalities were reported by a rescue worker[63] and 90 percent of structures were destroyed.[64][65][66] Much of the Ava Bridge collapsed.[67] The city's fire station also collapsed, hampering relief efforts and trapping many.[68] Out of the five mosques in Sagaing, four collapsed due to the earthquake.[45] The Min Street Mosque is feared to have collapsed with over a hundred people inside. The earthquake also struck several monastic schools and a nunnery in the city, likely killing people in the hundreds and trapping over 900 monks across four schools.[69] Historic temples in resistance-held Chaung-U Township, southwest Sagaing Region were damaged by the earthquake.[70] In Mingun, 20 people were killed by a collapsing military bunker and the nearby Hsinbyume Pagoda was also largely destroyed.[71] The town of Shwebo also recorded two fatalities.[61]

In Zabuthiri Township, part of the Naypyidaw Union Territory, 204 deaths were reported; a number of the people killed were civil servants who died when their apartments collapsed.[72] At least 80 deaths were confirmed in Naypyidaw city.[73] The air traffic control tower of Nay Pyi Taw International Airport collapsed, killing six people[74] and reportedly leaving no survivors in the aftermath.[75] Roads buckled while ceilings partially collapsed in the city.[76] Several homes and religious shrines were also damaged.[56] "Hundreds" of injured people arrived at a hospital with a 1,000 bed capacity,[77] including 20 who died.[41] The military headquarters, parliament buildings and official housing buildings were heavily damaged,[78] with several government buildings collapsing, killing the permanent secretary of the labour ministry and several other senior foreign officials.[41] The Defence Services Museum and the National Museum in Naypyidaw also sustained damage.[79][76] Eighty-six bodies were discovered beneath the rubble of several collapsed buildings and monasteries in Pyinmana.[80]

At least 90 deaths were reported in Nyaungshwe Township, Shan State; many were reported in villages built on the shores of Inle Lake, where 2,337 houses were damaged.[81] In Kayla, a village with more than 1,000 households, at least 75 percent of it was destroyed. The villages of Zarat Gyi and Seong Wa Gyi also reported major destruction. A local charity group said many people died from home collapses or electrocution. Fifty-one bodies were taken to a hospital but some could not be recovered as they were trapped underwater.[82] In Aungban, 11 people were killed and 25 others were rescued after a six-storey hotel collapsed; six members of the same family were among the dead.[83] Jet fighters en route for an aerial bombing campaign against Danu People's Liberation Army positions during the earthquake dropped bombs at 12:55pm MMT in Nawnghkio Township, Shan State causing further damage to affected villages and killing 7 soldiers minutes after the first earthquake.[70][84]

In Taungoo Township, Bago, a school collapse killed five children while 14 more were killed by a collapsing mosque.[85] Another school serving as a shelter for displaced people collapsed, trapping more than 20 people.[86] In Pyu, four members of a family died when a wall of their home toppled.[87] A local resident reported one death, 10 injuries and more than 50 damaged houses in the village of Ywa Ma Pai in Oktwin Township.[88]

In Yangon, minor damage occurred, some buildings were tilted and phone lines were downed.[89] Power outages occurred, with the electricity supply in Yangon being limited to four hours daily.[90]

Several foreign nationals were also injured or reported missing following the earthquake in Myanmar. The Chinese embassy said at least 14 of its nationals were among the injured,[91] while the Taiwanese foreign ministry said that a Taiwanese tourist was trapped in a collapsed hotel in Mandalay.[92] Four Filipino migrant workers also went missing, including a couple who were trapped in their collapsed residence.[93]

تايلند

للمزيد من المعلومات: انهيار ناطحة سحاب بانكوك 2025
A dashcam still of the State Audit Office building in Bangkok collapsing

In Thailand, the earthquake caused at least 18 deaths and 33 injuries in the capital city of Bangkok,[6] and one injury in neighboring Nonthaburi province.[27] Most fatalities and all the missing persons occurred when an under-construction skyscraper collapsed. The earthquake was felt in 63 of Thailand's 77 provinces (including Bangkok), with damage reported in 18 provinces, mostly in the north and around Bangkok.[27]

The collapsed building was a 33-story office tower being built for the State Audit Office (th) in Chatuchak district. The disaster resulted in 11 confirmed worker deaths and 18 injuries, while 78 remained unaccounted for, as of 18:00 on 30 March.[6] (Earlier reports noted 68 who received medical attention.[94]) Some victims of the collapse were believed to be migrant workers from Myanmar.[95] Seven further deaths and fifteen injuries occurred elsewhere in the city:[6] a crane operator died and four people were injured when a crane collapsed at a construction site in the Bang Pho area,[96] one construction worker was crushed by a falling concrete slab in Khan Na Yao District,[97] and five people died trying to evacuate from tall buildings, including two later in hospital.[6] Three people were injured when an elevator failed,[98] and another crane collapse in Din Daeng injured four and damaged the Chaloem Maha Nakhon Expressway's Din Daeng toll plaza, forcing its closure.[6][99] The MRT Pink Line suspended operations after its power rail was dislocated in Min Buri district, Bangkok.[100]

Two sudden deaths, possibly from heart attacks, were also reported, in Nonthaburi and Samut Prakan provinces,[101][102] though these have not been officially confirmed to be related to the earthquake.

People evacuating from a Central Department Store in Khet Bangkok Noi, Bangkok, Thailand

Deputy Prime Minister Phumtham Wechayachai described the shaking as unprecedented in Bangkok in the past 100 years.[103] It caused marked swaying in high-rise buildings, triggering widespread panic among occupants, many of whom rushed to exit into the streets. Most buildings were evacuated, and public venues closed down. All rapid transit lines were suspended, and some roads were closed.[104] Road traffic came to a stand-still, and remained severely congested into the night.[105]

Many high-rise buildings developed visible damage as a result of the earthquake. Sky bridges connecting three luxury high-rise apartment towers were severed by the tremor, causing debris to fall off while water spilled from the rooftop pools of the buildings, as well as many others.[106] One fire incident was also reported, which was caused by a stove left unattended by fleeing residents.[99] Bangkok Governor Chadchart Sittipunt stated that the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration's reporting platform received over 9,500 reports of building damage,[100] while it planned to inspect 700 structures across the city.[106] He later urged the owners of 11,000 buildings across the capital to assess their property's safety.[107]

Throughout the country, the Ministry of Public Health reported that 63 of its hospitals in 17 provinces were affected by the earthquake, with many temporarily evacuating patients. Several sustained damage, mostly in the form of wall cracks.[108][109] Rajavithi Hospital in Bangkok moved patients out of its 25-storey building, housing them in a sports hall while the main building, which exhibited multiple cracks, awaited inspection.[110] It later transferred 162 patients to other hospitals.[111]

In Chiang Mai, several condominium buildings suffered cracks.[112] Across the country, damages were reported to 420 houses, 48 temples, 76 hospitals, 8 buildings, 23 schools and 18 government buildings in Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Phayao, Lamphun, Lampang, Mae Hong Son, Phrae, Nan, Phetchabun, Phitsanulok, Sukhothai, Ang Thong, Phra Nakhon Si Ayutthaya, Pathum Thani, Nonthaburi, Samut Prakan, Samut Sakhon and Chai Nat provinces.[27] Damage to religious and cultural sites was recorded in Lampang, Nan, and Chiang Mai provinces.[113] Twenty 10-طن-متري (11-ton) concrete beams being installed for an elevated section of the new Den Chai–Chiang Rai–Chiang Khong railway (th) also collapsed and crushed six vehicles in Chiang Rai province, without causing injuries.[114]

الصين

A CCTV still of a rooftop infinity pool collapse sweeping away a crowd of people in Yunnan Province, China

In Yunnan, China, the earthquake was strongly felt across the province. Two people were injured in the border city of Ruili,[115][116] while nine others were rescued after being trapped in an elevator.[117] About 847 homes were damaged in the city, affecting 2,840 people.[118] Other provinces including Guizhou, Guangxi and Sichuan also felt the tremors.[119] The Ministry of Foreign Affairs in China said no Chinese citizens were killed in the earthquake.[106]

أماكن أخرى

Tremors were felt across Bangladesh, including cities such as Dhaka, Sylhet, Rajshahi and Chittagong, causing people to panic and evacuate buildings.[120][121]

In India, shaking was experienced in the Delhi-National Capital Region, causing people to evacuate buildings.[122][123] Northeastern states, particularly Meghalaya, experienced noticeable aftershocks with a 4.0-magnitude tremor reported in the East Garo Hills.[124] Tremors were also felt in cities like Kolkata and Imphal.[125] In the Sundarbans and Basirhat, residents reported the shaking of natural water bodies.[126][127]

The shaking was felt in Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,[128] as well as in Vientiane, Laos, causing people to evacuate buildings.[129] Tremors were also reported in Cambodia[76] and the northern Malaysian states of Penang, Kedah and Kelantan.[130][131]

تقديرات الخسائر

The USGS Prompt Assessment of Global Earthquakes for Response (PAGER) service estimated a 35 percent probability of economic losses between US$10 billion and US$100 billion and a 30 percent probability of economic losses exceeding US$100 billion; upper estimates of economic losses exceed Myanmar's GDP of $64.2 billion.[132] The service also estimated a 35 percent probability of deaths between 10,000 and 100,000 and a 32 percent probability of deaths exceeding 100,000.[2] The Thai Hotels Associated said that it expected international tourist arrivals to decrease by at least 10%-15% in the two weeks following the earthquake, adding that 10% of foreign tourists had checked out following the earthquake.[133]

التبعات

Many residents in Mandalay slept in the streets during the first night after the earthquake due to persistent aftershocks.[134] On 29 March, rescuers were still working to retrieve at least 90 people trapped in one of the condominiums that collapsed. According to a Red Cross member, nine bodies and 44 survivors were pulled from the wreckage.[135] The Mandalay General Hospital reached its capacity and dozens of injured patients received treatment outside the building.[136] Rescue efforts in Sagaing were minimal, in part due to collapsed fire station trapping emergency personnel and lack of safe bridge access from Mandalay.[68] Fires also spread through Thannauk, Sein Pan and Maha Aungthan West wards with the latter being entirely reduced to ashes, according to Mandalay residents. Roads closures and fuel shortages in Mandalay continued to hinder rescue efforts.[69]

Telecommunication services in Yangon were disabled from the time of the earthquake until past 22:00 MMT. Electricity was only available intermittently, and in townships further afield not available at all.[137] The airbase in Monywa continued operations against resistance-held Chaung-U Township, deploying a paradrop attack at 19:00 MMT on the day of the earthquake.[70] The following day, the junta resumed aerial bombardment on territories held by resistance forces in Karen, northern Shan, Bago and Sagaing regions.[138] The People's Defence Force, a rebel force, said they would observe a partial ceasefire for two weeks beginning on 30 March.[139] Despite this, the junta conducted a bombing campaign in Pauk Township, Sagaing Region.[140]

In Bangkok, trading on the Stock Exchange of Thailand was suspended.[141] The finance ministry did not report any major losses on the economy, fiscal infrastructure or financial system. However, the Thai baht fell 0.2 percent against the United States dollar.[142]

Thai Air Traffic Control issued a nationwide no-fly order for all airports,[143] while train services between Bangkok and north and northeastern Thailand were also suspended.[144] Services on the BTS Skytrain and "long-distance" routes were resumed by the evening of 28 March.[142] The MRT Blue Line and Purple Line resumed operations on the morning of 29 March, followed by the Yellow Line on the 30 March, while the Pink Line remained closed due to a dislocated power rail in Min Buri.[145][146] Inspectors were deployed across Bangkok to check the safety of buildings.[106]

On 29 March, rescuers said at least 15 people were found alive but trapped within the rubble of the State Audit Office building site in Chatuchak district.[147] Many of the workers trapped were believed to be migrants from Myanmar. Rescuers used drones, sniffer dogs and cranes to carry out their operations. The family members of those trapped also visited the site of the collapse.[148] Later that day, many people were still buried beneath collapsed structures in Naypyidaw.[73]

الاستجابات

انظر أيضاً: العملية براهما
Airlift by IAF consisting of NDRF volunteers and equipment for rescue operations
Indian Navy officials loading INS Satpura and INS Savitri with 40 tonnes of humanitarian aid under Operation Brahma, heading for the Port of Yangon

The International Charter Space and Major Disasters was activated by the United Nations Satellite Centre (UNOSAT) on behalf of the United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs (OCHA) at 10:21 UTC on 28 March, thus providing for widespread humanitarian satellite coverage.[149]

بورما

Myanmar's military junta declared a state of emergency in six regions, including Sagaing, Mandalay, Bago, Magway, Shan State, and Naypyidaw, following the earthquake. The junta's leader, Min Aung Hlaing, visited a hospital in Naypyidaw to assess the treatment of the injured. The junta also requested international humanitarian aid to assist with the aftermath of the disaster.[150][151] General Zaw Min Tun said many hospitals in Mandalay, Naypyidaw, and Sagaing received a large number of injured patients and needed blood donors.[152]

The National Unity Government of Myanmar (NUG) met to coordinate emergency immediate relief efforts and called for international aid. Their statement further encouraged residents to remain vigilant for aftershocks.[153] The day after the earthquake, the NUG announced a two-week pause on offensives to coordinate humanitarian efforts with the UN and non-governmental groups.[154] Despite this, the military continued airstrikes against rebel-held villages, prompting condemnation from United Nations Special Rapporteur on Human Rights in Myanmar Tom Andrews.[155] Emergency response teams from Ayeyarwady Region and Yangon were dispatched to Naypyidaw to help with search and rescue efforts.[156] Reporters in Mandalay described rescue operations as slow with a shortage of personnel. Many collapsed buildings remain unsearched and few survivors have been found in searched buildings.[157]

On 29 March, 37 members of a search and rescue team from Yunnan, China, arrived in Yangon. The team, along with over 100 rescue equipment, travelled to Naypyidaw to participate in rescue missions.[158] On 30 March, China sent 17 trucks loaded with shelter and medical supplies to Mandalay. Hong Kong sent a group of 51 search-and-rescue personnel and two rescue dogs. The team also carried 9 tons of life detecting devices and automatic satellite tracking antenna system among other critical items.[159] The Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Russian Federation also sent two aircraft with 120 doctors and rescue personnel.[158] The Indian Air Force sent an aircraft carrying over 15 tonnes of relief material containing essential shelter and medical supplies.[160] The effort ramped up with additional supplies allocated and deployed in what was termed Operation Brahma.[161] Malaysia said it would send 50 SMART relief personnel to Myanmar.[162] The Philippines said it would deploy 100 emergency response personnel to Myanmar.[163] Singapore Civil Defence Force sent an 80-member team to assist the rescue efforts.[164] The Royal Thai Armed Forces said it would deploy a 49-member search and rescue team to Myanmar.[165] The Vietnam People's Army deployed an 80-member earthquake relief team who arrived in Yangon on 30 March.[166] The Taiwanese National Fire Agency placed 120 personnel and six dogs on standby to assist in rescue efforts in Myanmar.[167]

Various countries pledged support in the form of humanitarian aid. Myanmar accepted aid from India and the AHA Centre while the United Nations said it would provide an early sum of US$5 million in emergency aid.[142] The Chinese embassy in Myanmar said the country would allocate US$13٫77 million worth of supplies including tents, blankets, medical kits, sustenance and other items.[168] South Korea pledged US$2 million in humanitarian aid,[169] while New Zealand also pledged NZ$2 million.[170] The United Kingdom announced a £10 million humanitarian aid package for Myanmar.[171] US President Donald Trump said the country will be sending aid to Myanmar, despite recent cuts on foreign aid.[172]

The Taiwanese Red Cross pledged US$50,000 in aid,[32] while Fo Guang Shan also pledged a total of US$61,553.6 in financial and material aid to families in Myanmar, particularly in the Mandalay area. China Airlines said it would transport disaster relief supplies to Thailand and Myanmar free of charge.[173]

تايلند

Thai Prime Minister Paetongtarn Shinawatra cut short her attendance at a tourism conference in Phuket to return to Bangkok[174] and held an emergency meeting on the disaster.[76] She later visited the collapsed State Audit Office building site in Chatuchak[175] and ordered the formation of a committee of experts to investigate the collapse within a week.[176] She also announced that the Thai monarchy would place those injured by the earthquake under its patronage.[177]

Governor of Bangkok Chadchart Sittipunt declared a level 2 disaster area for the city.[178] He also ordered Lumphini, Benchasiri, Benjakitti and Chatuchak Parks to remain open overnight on 28 March to accommodate stranded and displaced people.[144] Around 400 people took shelter in city parks overnight.[179] The Ministry of Transport deployed additional public buses,[180] while the management of Suvarnabhumi Airport implemented a temporary shuttle bus service to mitigate a shortage of taxis traveling to and from the airport.[181] The Ministry of Education ordered a nationwide closure of schools.[182] Pathum Thani and Phrae provinces were also declared as emergency disaster assistance zones.[183]

Israeli Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu ordered a search and rescue team, led by Colonel Yossi Pinto, be sent to Thailand to assist local authorities.[184] The Israeli embassy sent a scanning device that was used to search for survivors at the State Audit Office building,[6] while IsraAid deployed an emergency team.[185] The US Indo-Pacific Command deployed personnel to assist in rescue operations at the site.[186]

الصين

Authorities in Yunnan deployed 646 rescuers and 14 search dogs for rescue operations.[117]

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

  1. ^ Not counting the Wa Self-Administered Division or the five Self-Administered Zones of the country.

المصادر

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  2. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ANSS. "M 7.7 – 16 km NNW of Sagaing, Myanmar 2025". Comprehensive Catalog. U.S. Geological Survey.
  3. ^ Adkin, Ross (29 March 2025). "Voices are starting to emerge from quake-devastated Myanmar. Here's what we are hearing". CNN (in الإنجليزية).
  4. ^ Ledur, Júlia (28 March 2025). "Friday's quake is the deadliest to hit Myanmar in 95 years". The Washington Post. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ အယောက် ၂,၆၀၀ ကျော်အထိ ရှိလာ" [Death toll from earthquake rises to over 2,600]. Democratic Voice of Burma. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
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    "อัปเดตผลกระทบจากแผ่นดินไหวกทม. บาดเจ็บ 33 ราย เสียชีวิต 18 ราย สูญหาย 78 ราย" [Update on Bangkok earthquake effects – 33 injured, 18 dead, 78 missing]. Hfocus.org (in التايلاندية). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
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  14. ^ Wang, Yu; Sieh, Kerry; Tun, Soe Thura; Lai, Kuang-Yin; Myint, Than (2014). "Active tectonics and earthquake potential of the Myanmar region". Journal of Geophysical Research: Solid Earth. 119 (4): 3767–3822. Bibcode:2014JGRB..119.3767W. doi:10.1002/2013JB010762.
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  20. ^ "MYANMAR 2025/03/28 06:20:54 UTC, Mw=7.9". GEOSCOPE Observatory. Institut de Physique du Globe de Paris. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  21. ^ "မြန်မာတွင် နှစ်ပေါင်း ၁၀၀ ကျော်အတွင်း အပြင်းထန်ဆုံးငလျင် စစ်ကိုင်းကိုဗဟိုပြု လှုပ်ရှား" [Myanmar's strongest earthquake in over 100 years hits Sagaing]. Mizzima News (in البورمية). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  22. ^ "169 aftershocks follow Myanmar earthquake so far: Meteorological Dept". The Nation. 30 March 2025.
  23. ^ Hurukawa, Nobuo; Maung, Phyo Maung (2011). "Two seismic gaps on the Sagaing Fault, Myanmar, derived from relocation of historical earthquakes since 1918". Geophysical Research Letters. 38 (L01310). Bibcode:2011GeoRL..38.1310H. doi:10.1029/2010GL046099.
  24. ^ Wu, Sheng-Han (2022). Yóu dìbiǎo pòliè yǔ zhèndù jìlù chóngjiàn 1839 miǎndiàn ā wǎ dìzhèn zhī guīmó 由地表破裂與震度紀錄重建1839緬甸阿瓦地震之規模 [Re-estimating the magnitude of 1839 Ava earthquake through geomorphic mapping and macroseismic records, central Myanmar] (Masters thesis). Department of Geosciences, College of Sciences, National Taiwan University. doi:10.6342/ntu202203906.
  25. ^ Hubbard, Judith; Bradley, Kyle (29 March 2025). "Catastrophic M7.7 earthquake caused by rupture of Sagaing Fault in Myanmar". Earthquake Insights. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  26. ^ "မြန်မာ့ငလျင် - ခပ်စိပ်စိပ်လှုပ်ခတ်လာတဲ့နောက် ပြည်သူတွေ စိုးရိမ်မှုမြင့်တက်" [Myanmar Earthquake - Public concern rises after successive earthquakes]. BBC (in البورمية). 6 March 2025.
  27. ^ أ ب ت ث "บกปภ.ช. อัปเดตความคืบหน้าการให้ความช่วยเหลือกรณีแผ่นดินไหว เร่งสำรวจความเสียหาย และผลกระทบเพื่อให้การช่วยเหลือตามสิทธิอย่างเป็นธรรมและทั่วถึง" [DDPM Center updates progress on earthquake relief, presses for damage and impact assessment for fair and thorough assistance]. NBT Connext (in التايلاندية). Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  28. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ၁၆၀၀ ကျော် သေဆုံး၊ ၁၄၀၀ နီးပါး ပျောက်ဆုံးနေကြောင်း NUG ထုတ်ပြန်" [NUG reports over 1,600 dead, nearly 1,400 missing in earthquake]. Radio Free Asia Burmese (in البورمية). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  29. ^ "Myanmar Quake Death Toll Rises To 1,644: Junta". Agence France-Presse. Barron's. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  30. ^ Phyoe, Htet; Phoonphongphiphat, Apornrath; Regalado, Francesca (29 March 2025). "Myanmar quake death toll rises to 1,000 as first foreign aid arrives". Nikkei Asia. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  31. ^ "Myanmar Quake Death Toll Passes 1,000: Junta". Agence France-Presse. Barron's. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  32. ^ أ ب "Taiwan Red Cross to donate US$50,000 to earthquake-hit Myanmar". Focus Taiwan. March 30, 2025.
  33. ^ "မြန်မာနိုင်ငံမြို့ကြီးအချို့တွင် ပြင်းထန်ငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်" [Cities in Myanmar hit with strong earthquake]. Myanmar now. 28 March 2025.
  34. ^ أ ب Volk, Kristina (29 March 2025). "Myanmar rescuer says villages near Mandalay are suffering even more". BBC.
  35. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၁,၆၀၀ ကျော်နှင့် ဒဏ်ရာရသူ ၁,၅၀၀ ကျော်ရှိကြောင်း NUG ထုတ်ပြန်". Democratic Voice of Burma (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  36. ^ أ ب ""ငလျင်ကြောင့် ဗလီ ၅၀ခန့် ပြိုကျပြီးနောက် လူရာချီသေဆုံး"" ["50 mosques collapse due to earthquake, hundreds dead"] (in البورمية). Myanmar Now. 30 March 2025. Retrieved March 30, 2025.
  37. ^ "Myanmar quake struck mosques as minority Muslims gathered for Ramadan prayers". Bangkok Post (in الإنجليزية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  38. ^ "မန္တလေးတိုင်းတွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၆၄၉ ဦးရှိပြီး ဒဏ်ရာရရှိသူ ၁၆၇၀ ဦးရှိကာ ပျောက်ဆုံးနေသူ ၆၈ ဦးရှိ၊ သေဆုံးသူအရေအတွက် ဆက်လက်မြင့်တက်မည်". Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  39. ^ "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် မန္တလေးမြို့က နေအိမ်အဆောက်အဦ အများအပြား ထိခိုက်ပျက်စီး". Democratic Voice of Burma (in البورمية). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  40. ^ "အင်အားပြင်းငလျင်ကြောင့် မန္တလေးအပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာလေဆိပ်နှင့် နေပြည်တော်အပြည်ပြည်ဆိုင်ရာ လေဆိပ်တို့တွင် ထိခိုက်ပျက်စီးမှုများ ရှိ". Elevennews. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  41. ^ أ ب ت "Myanmar earthquake live: 'Hundreds of casualties' after 7.7-magnitude quake". The Times (in الإنجليزية). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  42. ^ "ငလျင်လှုပ်အပြီး မန္တလေးတက္ကသိုလ်ပင်မဆောင်နှင့် စိန်ပန်းရပ်ကွက် မီးလောင်" [Mandalay University main building and Seinpan neighborhood caught fire after earthquake]. Democratic Voice of Burma (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  43. ^ "မန္တလေး လေဆိပ်အဝင်လမ်းပေါ်ရှိ ဒုဌဝတီတံတား ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် ပြိုကျသွားပြီး ကားတချို့ ပြုတ်ကျမှုရှိ" [Duhtawady Bridge on road to Mandalay Airport collapses due to earthquake damage, some vehicles also fall]. 28 March 2025.
  44. ^ "မန္တလေးမှာ ဗလီပြိုကျလို့ အစ္စလာမ်ဘာသာဝင် သေဆုံးမှု ၄၀၀ကျော်ရှိလား". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  45. ^ أ ب "မန္တလေးမှာ ဗလီ ၃၀ထက်မနည်း ပြိုကျပျက်စီးပြီး လူသေဆုံးမှုများ". LuduNwayOo. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  46. ^ "20 Killed As Mosque Collapses In Myanmar Earthquake; Children Among Victims In Monastery Tragedy" (in الإنجليزية). News18. March 28, 2025. Retrieved March 28, 2025.
  47. ^ "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကို တစ်နိုင်ငံလုံးခံစားရပြီး မန္တလေး၊ စစ်ကိုင်းနှင့် ရှမ်းတောင်တို့တွင် အပျက်အစီးများ" [Earthquake felt nationwide, with damage reported in Mandalay, Sagaing and Shan State] (in البورمية). Tachileik News Agency. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  48. ^ "မန္တလေးတွင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြိုကျခဲ့သည့် ဦးလှသိန်းဗိမာန်အတွင်း စာမေးပွဲ ဖြေနေကြသည့် သံဃာတော် ၈၀ ပါးကျော် ပျံလွန်တော်မူဟုဆို". Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  49. ^ "Sky Villa အဆောက်အဦး ပြိုကျမှုမှ ရုပ်အလောင်း ၉ လောင်းတွေ့ရှိထားပြီး အသက်ရှင်လျက် ကယ်ဆယ်နိုင်ခဲ့သူ ၄၃ ဦးထိရှိကာ ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေ". Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  50. ^ "Myanmar Quake Toll Passes 1,000 As Rescuers Dig For Survivors". Channels TV (in الإنجليزية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  51. ^ "မန္တလေးမြို့ မဟာအောင်မြေမြို့နယ်ရှိ နှစ်ထပ်ခွဲလက်ဖက်ရည်ဆိုင် ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြိုကျခဲ့ပြီး လူ ၇၀ ခန့် ပိတ်မိနေ". Eleven Media Group Co., Ltd (in البورمية). Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  52. ^ Ferguson, Donna; Ambrose, Tom; Sedghi, Amy; Lavelle, Daniel; Mackay, Hamish (28 March 2025). "Thailand and Myanmar earthquake death toll rises as Bangkok declared disaster area with dozens trapped under skyscraper – live". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  53. ^ "ပျော်ဘွယ်မှာ ငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ နှစ်ရာကျော်အထိ မြင့်တက်လာ". Radio Free Asia (in البورمية). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  54. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် မယ်နုအုတ်ကျောင်း ပြိုကျပျက်စီ" [The Mae Nu brick school collapsed due to the earthquake] (in البورمية). Elevennews. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  55. ^ "Myanmar earthquake: Photos, video show devastation as mosque and Mahamuni Pagoda collapse after strong tremors". The Times of India. 2025-03-28. ISSN 0971-8257. Retrieved 2025-03-28.
  56. ^ أ ب Rising, David; Saksornchai, Jintamas (28 March 2025). "Powerful quake rocks Myanmar and Thailand and kills more than 150 people". Associated Press. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
  57. ^ "ရမည်းသင်းမြို့နယ်တွင် ငလျင်လှုပ်ခတ်မှုကြောင့် ပြည်သူ ၁၀၀ ကျော် သေဆုံးပြီး ထိခိုက်ပျက်စီးမှု များပြား". Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 29 March 2025.
  58. ^ أ ب "ငလျင်ကြောင့် မတ္တရာမြိုပေါ် နေအိမ်များနှင့် သာသနာ့အဆောက်အဦများပြိုကျ" [Meiktila town's houses and religious buildings collapse due to earthquake]. Mizzima News (in البورمية).
  59. ^ "မိတ္ထီလာမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၂၆ ဦးရှိပြီး ထိခိုက်ဒဏ်ရာရရှိသူ ၁၆၆ ဦးရှိဟု ဒေသခံများ ပြောဆို" [Locals say 26 people have died and 166 have been injured in the earthquake in Meiktila]. Khit Thit Media. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  60. ^ "ဝမ်းတွင်းမြို့နယ်အတွင်း ငလျင်ကြောင့် သေဆုံး ၃၆ ဦး စာရင်းရရှိထားပြီး ဘုရားစေတီ၊ လမ်း၊ တံတား အပါအဝင် ထိခိုက်ပျက်စီးမှု များပြား". Khit Thit Media. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  61. ^ أ ب "စစ်ကိုင်း၊ ရွှေဘိုနှင့် စဉ့်ကူမြို့နယ်ရှိ NUG စိုးမိုးအုပ်ချုပ်နယ်မြေများအတွင်း ငလျင်ကြောင့် ပြည်သူ ၄၀ကျော် သေဆုံး". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  62. ^ "ကျောက်ဆည် Bright Kids school ပြိုကျမှု သေဆုံးသူ ၅၀ ကျော်ထိရှိလာပြီး ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေ၊ မန္တလေး အမြောက်တန်းဗလီ ပြိုကျမှု ရုပ်အလောင်း ၁၂၀ ကျော် တွေ့ရှိထား". Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  63. ^ "စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့ငလျင် သေဆုံးသူ ၆၀၀ နီးပါးရှိလာ၊ ရုပ်လောင်းများရှင်းလင်းရေး အခက်ကြုံ". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  64. ^ "စစ်ကိုင်း ပြိုကျဗလီ ၃ ခုထဲမှ ၅၄ ဦး အလောင်းတွေ့၊ မူကြိုကလေးများ ပိတ်မိနေဆဲ". Democratic Voice of Burma (in البورمية). 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  65. ^ "အင်အားပြင်း ငလျင်ကြောင့် စစ်ကိုင်းမြို့တွင် သေဆုံးသူ ၂၀၀ ကျော် ရှိလာပြီး ပိတ်မိနေသူများစွာ ကျန်ရှိနေ" [Powerful earthquake kills over 200 in Sagaing, many trapped]. Weekly Eleven. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
  66. ^ "ငလျင်ကြောင့် ဒေသသုံးခုမှာ ၁၄၄ ဦးသေဆုံးပြီး ၇၀၀ ကျော်ဒဏ်ရာရကြောင်း စစ်ကောင်စီဥက္ကဋ္ဌပြော". Radio Free Asia. 28 March 2025. Retrieved 28 March 2025.
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  68. ^ أ ب "စစ်ကိုင်းတစ်မြို့လုံး ၈၀ ရာခိုင်နှုန်း ပြိုကျပျက်စီးပြီး လတ်တလောသေဆုံးသူ စာရင်း ၅၀ နီးပါး အတည်ပြုနိုင်ကာ ထိခိုက်သေဆုံးသူ ရာချီ ရှိနိုင်ကာ ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးလုပ်မည့်သူမရှိ၊ မီးသတ်ဌာနတစ်ခုလုံး ပြိုကျပျက်စီးနေ" [80% of entire Sagaing town collapsed, death toll currently at 50 with hundreds more casualties expected as no rescue efforts, one fire station collapsed trapping fire department.]. Khit Thit Media (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
  69. ^ أ ب "ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် သေဆုံးသူ ၁၆၀၀ ကျော်အနက် မန္တလေးတိုင်းတွင် အများဆုံးဖြစ်နေ" [Earthquake damage increases death toll past 1600, Mandalay Region most hit]. Myanmar Now (in البورمية). 30 March 2025.
  70. ^ أ ب ت "ငလျင်ဘေးသင့်ပြီး နာရီပိုင်းအကြာအထိ လေကြောင်းတိုက်ခိုက်မှုများ စစ်တပ်ဆက်လုပ်" [Hours after earthquake danger subsided, aerial warfare from military continues]. Myanmar Now. 29 March 2025.
  71. ^ "မင်းကွန်းမြို့တွင် ငလျင်ဒဏ်ကြောင့် ထိခိုက်သေဆုံးသူများထဲတွင် စစ်ကောင်စီ တပ်သားများလည်းပါဝင်ပြီး ကယ်ဆယ်ရေးများ ဆက်လက် လုပ်ဆောင်နေဆဲဟု ဒေသခံများ ပြောဆို". Khit Thit Media. 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
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  73. ^ أ ب "နေပြည်တော် အိမ်အပြိုများကြား ပိမိနေသူများကို လက်ရှိအချိန်ထိ ဆွဲထုတ်မရသေး". Mizzima News (in البورمية). 29 March 2025. Retrieved 29 March 2025.
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  83. ^ "ဟိုတယ်အောင်ပန်းပြိုကျမှု မိသားစုဝင် ၆ဦး၏ ရုပ်အလောင်းရှာတွေ့၊ စုစုပေါင်း ရုပ်အလောင်း ၁၁ဦး တွေ့ထား". LuduNwayOo. 30 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
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  101. ^ "สลด! ผู้ป่วยโรคหัวใจวิ่งหนีแผ่นดินไหวลงจากคอนโด ช็อกเสียชีวิต" [Agony! Heart disease patient escapes earthquake down from condo, is shocked, dies]. PPTVHD36 (in التايلاندية). 28 March 2025. Retrieved 30 March 2025.
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