سيوداد بوليڤار
سيوداد بوليفار
Ciudad Bolívar Angostura | |
|---|---|
مدينة | |
  .JPG&filetimestamp=20250411103532&)    Top:Panoramic view of Ciudad Bolivar, Orinoco River and Angostura Bridge, from Paseo Meneses area, Second:Angostura Regional Congress, Llovizna Falls, (left to right) Third:Bolivar Square and Ciudad Bolivar St. Thomas Cathedral, (both photos) Bottom:An overview of downtown Casco Historico and Orinoco River area | |
 Flag  الشعار | |
| الكنية: La puerta del sur de Venezuela (الإنگليزية:"The door to southern Venezuela") | |
| الشعار: No encontrarás otra de más variada riqueza (الإنگليزية:"You won't find another with such a variety of wealth") | |
 Heres Municipality in Bolívar State | |
| الإحداثيات: 8°07′19″N 63°33′00″W / 8.122°N 63.55°W | |
| البلد | فنزويلا |
| الولاية | Bolívar |
| البلدية | Heres |
| Founded | 1764 |
| الحكومة | |
| • عمدة | Victor Fuenmayor |
| المساحة | |
| • الإجمالي | 591 كم² (228 ميل²) |
| المنسوب | 43 m (141 ft) |
| التعداد (2001) | |
| • الإجمالي | 292٬833 |
| • الكثافة | 495٫5/km2 (1٬283/sq mi) |
| • Demonym | Bolívarense |
| منطقة التوقيت | UTC-4:30 (VST) |
| • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي) | UTC-4:30 (not observed) |
| Postal code | 8001 |
| مفتاح الهاتف | 0285 |
| الموقع الإلكتروني | Ciudad Bolívar Online (بالإسپانية) |
| The area and population figures are for the municipality | |
سيوداد بوليفار Ciudad Bolívar ميناء كبير ومدينة تجارية، تقع علي نهر أورينوكو في شرقي فنزويلا. عدد سكانها 225,846 نسمة، وعدد سكان منطقتها الحضرية 247,593 نسمة.
ويوجد في ميناء سيوداد بوليفار حوض عائم كبير. وتمر عبر الميناء بضائع مثل جلود الحيوانات وثمار شجرة البلاذر الأمريكي أو الغربي والعصارة اللبنية، وألياف النخيل والأخشاب. كما تنقل المدينة على السفن الذهب والماس من غيانا هايلاندز في جنوبي فنزويلا.
أنشأ الأسبان عام 1764م ما يُعرف باسم سيوداد بوليفار، وأسموه أنجوستورا عام 1819م تحت قيادة الجنرال سايمون بوليفار. شكل كونجرس أنجوستورا جمهورية جران كولومبيا، والتي كانت تضم مايُعرف الآن باسم فنزويلا وكولومبيا.
تحررت فنزويلا عام 1821م، وأعيدت تسمية أنجوستورا مدينة بوليفار وباللغة الأسبانية سيوداد بوليفار.
التاريخ
Originally a Spanish settlement, it was called Santo Tomé de Guayana (Saint Thomas of Guyana). The settlement was a fortified port which had to be moved on three occasions because it was constantly attacked by Carib natives and European rivals, such as the Dutch and English.[1]
In 1576 Saint Thomas of Guyana was first located in present-day Ciudad Guayana by missionaries near the Caroní River until Dutch forces led by Captain Adrian Janson destroyed the town in 1579.[1] The second settlement was founded by Don Antonio de Berrío in 1595, who had arrived from the New Granada with the mission of colonizing Guiana, and was moved westward down the Carońi about 66 كيلومتر (41 mi).[1] One of Walter Raleigh's expeditions sacked the second settlement in 1617, resulting in the death of his son Watt Raleigh.[1][2]
Fernando de Berrio was present on March 11, 1619 in the destroyed Saint Thomas of Guyana with the credentials granted by the Royal Audience of Santa Fe, just a few months after the decapitation of Raleigh in 1618.
The first task was the reconstruction of Saint Thomas of Guyana on the sides of Chirica, a more defensible and suitable place for tobacco cultivation. Berrio commissioned Captain Jerónimo de Grados and Alonso de Monteros to recruit indigenous in the Esequibo River, but they were captured by British pirates for whose freedom they intended to collect a ransom translated into a few quintals of tobacco in branch. Finally Saint Thomas of Guyana was refounded by Fernando de Berrio in 1620.
In 1629, English and Dutch pirates, under the command of Adrian Jansz Pater, attacked and destroyed Saint Thomas of Guyana and afterwards fortified themselves in the branches and creeks of the Orinoco River.
In 1637 the Dutch, settled at the mouths of the Amakura, Essequibo and Berbice, again attacked and burned Saint Thomas of Guyana and raided Trinidad.
The fourth and present day city was officially founded in 1764 by Don Joaquin Moreno de Mendoza as San Tomas de la Nueva Guayana,[1][3] Santo Tomé de Guayana de Angostura del Orinoco, or San Tomé de Angostura,[4] named in honor of its diocese and for its position at the first narrows of the Orinoco River. The Spanish relied on trade from the Dutch colony of Essequibo further down the Caroní River until 1771.[1]
Angostura was the capital of Guayana Province and the site of the Congress of Angostura from 1819 to 1821. It was responsible for the creation of Gran Colombia in its first year of operation.[3] Angostura bitters were invented in the city in 1824, although the company which produced them later moved to Trinidad and Tobago.[5]
The city was renamed in honor of Simon Bolivar in 1846.
The Venezuelan artist Jesús Rafael Soto was a native of the city. The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art, named in his honor and designed by Venezuelan architect Carlos Raúl Villanueva, was opened in 1973.
الحكومة والقانون
Ciudad Bolívar's municipal government is led by the mayor. Its local legislature is the Municipal Council, made up of seven councillors. A municipal comptroller oversees the public finances, and the Local Public Planning Council manages the municipality's development.[6]
الجغرافيا
Vegetation
Moriche palms and scrub oaks are found on the shores of the river. Species including the carob tree, the sarrapia (tonka bean), and the merecure are prevalent. Local fauna include capybaras, turtles, herons, parrots, limpets, and iguanas, and others. Fish in the area include Salminus hilarii (a species of Salminus) and Pygocentrus palometa.
المناخ
Under the Köppen climate classification, Ciudad Bolívar has a tropical savanna climate (Aw) with distinctive dry and wet seasons. The average temperature is 28.5 °C (83.3 °F) which remains fairly constant throughout the year, varying between 27.6 °C (81.7 °F) in January to 28.9 °C (84.0 °F) in October. The dry season, which runs from December to April has little precipitation during these months and temperatures tend to be cooler than the wet season but still hot, regularly reaching 32 °C (90 °F) during the day and dropping to 22 °C (72 °F) during the night. The wet season which runs from May to early November sees and increase in precipitation levels although days without any precipitation are common. Temperatures tend to be slightly warmer than the dry season. On average, Ciudad Bolívar receives 977 mm (38.5 in) of precipitation per year and there are 89.3 days with measureable rainfall. The city is fairly sunny, averaging almost 2900 hours of bright sunshine or an average of 7.9 hours of sunshine per day, ranging from a high of 260.4 hours in October (8.4 hours of sunshine per day) to a low of 201.0 hours in June (or 6.7 hours of sunshine per day).[7]
| الشهر | ينا | فب | مار | أبر | ماي | يون | يول | أغس | سبت | أكت | نوف | ديس | السنة |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) | 39.9 (103.8) |
39.8 (103.6) |
39.5 (103.1) |
39.7 (103.5) |
40.4 (104.7) |
37.4 (99.3) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
39.7 (103.5) |
37.9 (100.2) |
38.2 (100.8) |
37.6 (99.7) |
40.4 (104.7) |
| متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) | 32.8 (91.0) |
33.9 (93.0) |
35.0 (95.0) |
35.4 (95.7) |
34.6 (94.3) |
32.9 (91.2) |
32.2 (90.0) |
32.5 (90.5) |
33.4 (92.1) |
33.5 (92.3) |
33.0 (91.4) |
32.4 (90.3) |
33.5 (92.3) |
| المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) | 26.4 (79.5) |
27.3 (81.1) |
28.4 (83.1) |
29.6 (85.3) |
29.0 (84.2) |
27.4 (81.3) |
26.8 (80.2) |
27.0 (80.6) |
27.4 (81.3) |
27.8 (82.0) |
27.3 (81.1) |
26.5 (79.7) |
27.6 (81.7) |
| متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) | 22.7 (72.9) |
23.0 (73.4) |
23.7 (74.7) |
24.7 (76.5) |
24.9 (76.8) |
24.4 (75.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
24.1 (75.4) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.5 (76.1) |
24.2 (75.6) |
23.3 (73.9) |
24.0 (75.2) |
| الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) | 17.5 (63.5) |
18.1 (64.6) |
20.0 (68.0) |
12.8 (55.0) |
17.7 (63.9) |
18.2 (64.8) |
18.2 (64.8) |
17.8 (64.0) |
18.0 (64.4) |
18.5 (65.3) |
19.2 (66.6) |
18.0 (64.4) |
12.8 (55.0) |
| متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) | 40.1 (1.58) |
16.5 (0.65) |
22.8 (0.90) |
30.7 (1.21) |
116.0 (4.57) |
284.2 (11.19) |
255.0 (10.04) |
251.5 (9.90) |
120.7 (4.75) |
131.0 (5.16) |
125.1 (4.93) |
80.3 (3.16) |
1٬473٫9 (58.03) |
| Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 4.8 | 2.6 | 2.2 | 2.9 | 8.8 | 14.3 | 15.0 | 13.7 | 8.5 | 8.9 | 8.5 | 7.0 | 97.2 |
| متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) | 69.5 | 67.5 | 66.0 | 66.5 | 69.5 | 73.5 | 73.5 | 72.5 | 70.5 | 71.0 | 71.5 | 72.0 | 70.2 |
| Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس | 248.0 | 235.2 | 263.5 | 234.0 | 226.3 | 201.0 | 232.5 | 248.0 | 252.0 | 260.4 | 249.0 | 244.9 | 2٬894٫8 |
| المتوسط اليومي ساعات سطوع الشمس | 8.0 | 8.4 | 8.5 | 7.8 | 7.3 | 6.7 | 7.5 | 8.0 | 8.4 | 8.4 | 8.3 | 7.9 | 7.9 |
| Source 1: NOAA (sun 1971–1990)[8][7] | |||||||||||||
| Source 2: Instituto Nacional de Meteorología e Hidrología (humidity 1970–1998)[9][10] | |||||||||||||
المناطق
| Ciudad Bolívar Districts | |
|---|---|
| Hueco Lindo • Historical Zone • La Milagrosa • La Shell • El Perú • Las Piedritas • La Sabanita • Vista Hermosa • La Paragua • Los Próceres • Los Pomelos • Los Coquitos • Los Aceiticos • Primero de Mayo • Las Flores • Agua Salada • Las Brisas • Jobo Liso • San Rafael • Centurión • Perro Seco • Paseo Orinoco • Mango Asao • Barrio Ajuro • Las Moreas • Cañafístola • La Dinamita • Nueva Guayana • La Lorena • Vuelta al cacho • Paseo Simón Bolívar • Brisas del Orinoco • Brisas del Sur • Brisas del Este • Maipure • El Mirador • San Simón • El Samán • Negro Primero • Las Beatrices • Santa Fe • Caprenco • Virgen del Valle • El Mereyal • Marhuanta • El Algarrobo • La Lucha • Agosto Méndez • Llano Alto • Bicentenario • Giraluna • David Morales Bello • Vista Alegre • La Campiña • Rómulo Gallegos | |
الاقتصاد والخدمات
The Bolívar state economy is dominated by agriculture and animal husbandry, particularly cattle and pigs. Agricultural products of the area include maize, cassava, mango, yam, and watermelon. Tourism has become increasingly important to the area.
Local mass media include the television stations Bolívar Visión and TV Río, and newspapers El Bolivarense, El Expreso, El Progreso, and El Luchador.
الثقافة
Ciudad Bolívar's historic district is a popular tourist attraction, featuring houses and buildings that date from the colonial period. The Jesús Soto Museum of Modern Art—named after the city's native sculptor and painter Jesús Soto—features a collection of modern works by Venezuelan and international artists. Ciudad Bolívar is also the birthplace of musicians Antonio Lauro, Cheo Hurtado, Iván Pérez Rossi, and the home of the musical group Serenata Guayanesa.
Traditional local cuisine includes desserts and preserves made of cashew nuts, eaten alone or roasted with salt. The cassava bread prepared in the area is well known, as well as several meals made of tortoise meat such as the Carapacho de Morrocoy Guayanés (baked tortoise in its shell). Locals also use the juice of cassava to create the spicy Catara sauce, an alleged aphrodisiac.
التعليم
الجامعات
Universidad de Oriente
Universidad de Oriente (UDO) Núcleo de Bolívar, is the main public institution located in Ciudad Bolivar and in other cities of eastern Venezuela. On 20 February 1960, by resolution of the University Council, is created the Bolívar Nucleus, since that is become the most important university in the country South-Eastern.
Today, this UDO nucleus has a Basic Courses School, Health Sciences School "Dr. Francisco Battistini Casalta" and Earth Sciences School, undergraduate degrees in Industrial Engineering, Geological Engineering, Civil Engineering, Mining Engineering, Geology, Medicine, Nursing and Bioanalysis.[11]
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana
Universidad Nacional Experimental de Guayana (UNEG) is another public institution in Ciudad Bolívar, founded 9 March 1982 by resolution N° 1.432 of President Luis Herrera Campins. This university was conceived as a center of superior regional education.
The original name of the university project was South University the Dr. Carlos Grüber Hernández (1931–2007) cas one of the pioneers in the fight for the University of South, he was the Founder President of the University of Southern Pro Guiana Committee.[12]
The UNEG Ciudad Bolívar offers undergraduate degrees in Administration and accounting, Education and Tourism.
Other universities
- Universidad Simón Rodríguez.
- Universidad Gran Mariscal de Ayacucho.
- Instituto Universitario Tecnológico del Estado Bolívar.
- Universidad Nacional Abierta.
- Instituto Universitario Tecnológico Rodolfo Loero Arismendi.
- Universidad Bolivariana de Venezuela.
- Instituto Universitario de Tecnológia Antonio José de Sucre.
- Universidad Nacional Experimental Politécnica de la Fuerza Armada Nacional.
- Universidad Pedagógica Experimental Libertador.
- Universidad Central de Venezuela (UCV) – Centro Regional Ciudad Bolívar
النقل
معرض الصور
El Zamuro fort
Colorful street
A typical restaurant of the city
A view of Ciudad Bolívar from La Carioca market
Government Palace with christmas decoration
Parochial House
Jimmy Angel´s original plane, at José Tomás de Heres airport
A typical street of the city
المدن الشقيقة
انظر ايضا
المصادر
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح "Alexander von Humboldt, Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America During the Years 1799–1804, (chapter 25). Henry G. Bohn, London, 1853". Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 5 September 2018.
- ^ John Hemming, The Search For El Dorado, Phoenix Press; 2nd ed. 31 December 2001; Ch. 10. ISBN 1842124455
- ^ أ ب EB (1878).
- ^ Lavaysse, Jean-J. Dauxion (1820). A statistical, commercial, and political description of Venezuela, Trinidad, Margarita, and Tobago. G. and W.B. Whittaker. p. 128.
- ^ Loeb, Katie M. (2012). Shake, Stir, Pour: Fresh Homegrown Cocktails. Beverly, MA: Quarry Books. p. 146. ISBN 9781592537976. OCLC 806490659.
- ^ Law and government Archived 15 نوفمبر 2006 at the Wayback Machine
- ^ أ ب "Ciudad Bolivar Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Ciudad Bolivar Climate Normals 1991–2020". World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020). National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Archived from the original on 10 February 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.
- ^ "Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Máximas y Mínimas Medias" (PDF). INAMEH (in الإسبانية). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ "Estadísticos Básicos Temperaturas y Humedades Relativas Medias" (PDF). INAMEH (in الإسبانية). Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 June 2013. Retrieved 2 March 2013.
- ^ "Universidad de Oriente - Núcleo de Bolivar". Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 22 May 2014.
- ^ El Expreso Foro de los Lunes "Anhelo de la Colectividad. Creación de la Universidad de Guayana" pag.3 Ciudad Bolívar 17 December 1979
وصلات خارجية
- Bolivar's message to the Congress of Angostura
- (بالإسپانية) Ciudad Bolívar at Venezuelatuya.com
- (بالإسپانية) Images of Ciudad Bolívar
العاصمة، الولاية | ||||||
الخط العريض يشير للعاصمة الوطنية. | ||||||
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- سيوداد بوليڤار
- مدن في ولاية بوليفار
- أماكن مأهولة في فنزويلا
- تأسيسات 1595 في نائبية غرناطة الجديدة
- Congress of Angostura