شنقب صغير

شنقب صغير
Conservation status
	; Least Concern (IUCN 3.1)
التصنيف العلمي
أصنوفة غير معروفة (أصلحها):	Lymnocryptes
Species:	Template:Taxonomy/LymnocryptesL. minimus
Binomial name
	Template:Taxonomy/LymnocryptesLymnocryptes minimus; (Brünnich, 1764)
	نطاق L. minimus Breeding Non-breeding
Synonyms
	Scolopax minima Brünnich, 1764;

شنقب صغير تسمى أيضا بكاشين صغير (الاسم العلمي: Lymnocryptes minimus) إنگليزية: Jack Snipe هو طائر ينتمي إلى طيطوي وشنقب (فصيلة: Scolopacidae). Features such as its sternum and its continuous 'bobbing up and down' make it quite distinct from other snipes or woodcocks.^[2]^[3]

التبويب

The jack snipe was formally described in 1764 by the Danish zoologist Morten Thrane Brünnich under the binomial name Scolopax minima. He specified the type locality as the Danish island of Christiansø. Brünnich based his account on "La petite béccassine" that had been described and illustrated in 1760 by the French zoologist Mathurin Jacques Brisson.^[4]^[5]^[6] The jack snipe is now the only species placed in the genus Lymnocryptes that was introduced in 1826 by the German zoologist Friedrich Boie.^[7]^[8]^[9] The species is considered to be monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.^[9] The genus name Lymnocryptes is from Ancient Greek limne, "marsh" and kruptos, "hidden". The species name minimus is from Latin and means "smallest".^[10]

The common name has been said to come from the Welsh word for a snipe, giach (pronounced with a hard g),^[11] but modern dictionaries say it comes from the masculine name Jack.^[12]^[13] Alfred Newton hypothesized that, "It may be, as in Jackass, an indication of sex, for it is a popular belief that the Jack-Snipe is the male of the common species; or, again, it may refer to the comparatively small size of the bird, as the 'jack' in the game of bowls is the smallest of the balls used, and as fishermen call the smaller Pikes Jacks."^[2]

الوصف

Lymnocryptes minimus

Adults are smaller than common snipes and have relatively shorter bills. The bird's length is 18–25 cm (7.1–9.8 in), wingspan is 30–41 cm (12–16 in) and weight is 33–73 g (1.2–2.6 oz).^[14] The body is mottled brown on top and pale underneath. Jack snipes have a dark stripe through the eye. The wings are pointed and narrow, and yellow back stripes are visible in flight. When seen, the distinctive bobbing movement, as if the bird is on springs, has an almost hypnotic quality.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

The head pattern of the jack snipe differs from the common snipe and other species in the genus Gallinago, in that there is no central crown-stripe; instead, there are two pale lateral crown-stripes, which are separated from the supercilium by an area of dark plumage.

التوزع والموئل

Jack snipes are migratory, spending the non-breeding period in Great Britain, Atlantic and Mediterranean coastal Europe, Africa, and India. The jack snipe is one of the species to which the Agreement on the Conservation of African-Eurasian Migratory Waterbirds (AEWA) applies. Their breeding habitat is marshes, bogs, tundra and wet meadows with short vegetation in northern Europe and northern Russia. They are rare vagrants in North America.^[15] There is also a record from Colombia in South America.^[16]

السلوك

Jack snipe egg

Jack snipes can be secretive in their non-breeding areas and are difficult to observe, being well camouflaged in their habitat. Consequently, birdwatchers have developed a specialised technique for finding them. This involves walking through its marshy habitat until a bird is disturbed and flies up. Jack snipes will squat down and not flush from cover until an intruder is quite close.^[2] They then quietly fly a short distance before dropping back into vegetation.^[2]

Feeding

They forage in soft mud, probing or picking up food by sight. They mainly eat insects and earthworms, also plant material.

Breeding

The male performs an aerial display during courtship, during which it makes a distinctive sound like a galloping horse. It is silent in winter. They nest in a well-hidden location on the ground, laying 3–4 eggs.

انظر أيضا

قائمة طيور الشرق الأوسط

مراجع

^ BirdLife International (2016). "Lymnocryptes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693133A86640472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693133A86640472.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.
^ ^أ ^ب ^ت ^ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة brit1911
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Thomas2004
^ Brünnich, Morten Thrane (1764). M. Th. Brünnichii Ornithologia borealis, sistens collectionem avium : ex omnibus, Imperio danico subjectis, provinciis insulisqve borealibus Hafniæ factam, cum descriptionibus novarum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium et icone (in Latin). Hafniae [Copenhagen]: Imprimatur J.C. Kall. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 303-308, Plate 26 fig. 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.
^ Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 279.
^ Boie, Friedrich (1826). Brehm, Christian Ludwig (ed.). Ornis oder das Neueste und Wichtigste der Vögelkunde: in Verbindung mit mehreren Naturforschern (in German). Vol. 2. Jena: August Schmid. p. 127.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
^ Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.
^ ^أ ^ب Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2025.
^ Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 233, 256. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة century
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة dictionary
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة NSOED
^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CRC
^ "Report a Rare Bird". 2011-01-18. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 2025-03-09.
^ de Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer (1959). "Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia"". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 111: 53–75. ISSN 0097-3157. JSTOR 4064506.

قالب:Scolopacidae

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[iucn_status_11_November_2021-1] BirdLife International (2016). "Lymnocryptes minimus". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. 2016: e.T22693133A86640472. doi:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-3.RLTS.T22693133A86640472.en. Retrieved 11 November 2021.

[brit1911-2] أ ^ب ^ت ^ث خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة brit1911

[Thomas2004-3] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة Thomas2004

[4] Brünnich, Morten Thrane (1764). M. Th. Brünnichii Ornithologia borealis, sistens collectionem avium : ex omnibus, Imperio danico subjectis, provinciis insulisqve borealibus Hafniæ factam, cum descriptionibus novarum, nominibus incolarum, locis natalium et icone (in Latin). Hafniae [Copenhagen]: Imprimatur J.C. Kall. p. 49.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[5] Brisson, Mathurin Jacques (1760). Ornithologie, ou, Méthode Contenant la Division des Oiseaux en Ordres, Sections, Genres, Especes & leurs Variétés (in French and Latin). Vol. 5. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. pp. 303-308, Plate 26 fig. 2.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link) The two stars (**) at the start of the section indicates that Brisson based his description on the examination of a specimen.

[6] Peters, James Lee, ed. (1934). Check-List of Birds of the World. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. p. 279.

[7] Boie, Friedrich (1826). Brehm, Christian Ludwig (ed.). Ornis oder das Neueste und Wichtigste der Vögelkunde: in Verbindung mit mehreren Naturforschern (in German). Vol. 2. Jena: August Schmid. p. 127.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)

[8] Dickinson, E.C.; Remsen, J.V. Jr., eds. (2013). The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Vol. 1: Non-passerines (4th ed.). Eastbourne, UK: Aves Press. p. 215. ISBN 978-0-9568611-0-8.

[ioc-9] أ ^ب Gill, Frank; Donsker, David; Rasmussen, Pamela, eds. (August 2024). "Sandpipers, snipes, coursers". IOC World Bird List Version 14.2. International Ornithologists' Union. Retrieved 9 February 2025.

[job-10] Jobling, James A (2010). The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names. London: Christopher Helm. pp. 233, 256. ISBN 978-1-4081-2501-4.

[century-11] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة century

[dictionary-12] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة dictionary

[NSOED-13] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة NSOED

[CRC-14] خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة CRC

[15] "Report a Rare Bird". 2011-01-18. Archived from the original on 18 January 2011. Retrieved 2025-03-09.

[16] Schauensee, Rodolphe Meyer (1959). "Additions to the "Birds of the Republic of Colombia"". Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia. 111: 53–75. ISSN 0097-3157. JSTOR 4064506.

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