قائمة ليزرات البيتاواط

A laser bay of the National Ignition Facility. Inertial confinement fusion is one of the major applications of high peak power lasers in the petawatt scale.

This page contains a list of petawatt-level lasers in operation, under construction, or proposed. The list is compiled from existing academic reviews.[1][2]

A petawatt laser is typically defined as a laser system whose pulse energy divided by its pulse duration reaches an order of magnitude of 1015 W, or 1 petawatt. These high-power laser pulses are capable of driving a strong electromagnetic field, giving rise to a number of novel applications. For instance, focusing large numbers of petawatt level lasers on a target containing deuterium and tritium creates enough energy density to drive inertial confinement fusion. Another potential application is using strong electric fields from petawatt laser pulses to drive steep density gradient structures in a plasma, which then creates field gradients capable of accelerating particles in a much shorter distance than linac; such concept is known as laser wakefield acceleration. In addition, as the laser pulse itself reaches extremely high field intensity, interaction of the high-energy particle beam with a petawatt laser pulse can achieve interactions with intensity beyond the Schwinger limit, enabling possible observation of effects such as vacuum polarization and Breit-Wheeler process.[3]

Generation of a petawatt laser pulse requires the pulse duration to be extremely short: to reach 1 petawatt of power, a 1 joule laser pulse will require a duration of <1 fs (< 10−15 seconds). All petawatt systems (with the exception of the National Ignition Facility) use the technique of chirped pulse amplification, which amplifies chirped, temporally stretched laser pulses before compressing them into femtosecond, ultra-high intensity pulses. For laser systems with large pulse energies, Nd:glass is typically used as a gain medium, as they can be grown into very large crystals. For laser pulses with duration near the femtosecond range, Ti:Sapphire is widely used to take advantage of its wide lasing spectrum; only such lasers can be compressed into ultrashort pulses, due to Fourier relations between the temporal and spectral widths of the pulse signal.

ليزرات البيتاواط

The following list contains laser systems with petawatt-class peak power. Although there is not a precise definition for "petawatt-class" lasers, the list include all systems with peak power >=0.5 PW.

Facility Institution Location Classification Pulse energy
(J) 		Pulse duration
(fs) 		Peak power
(PW) 		Status
Nova Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  الولايات المتحدة Nd:glass 660 440 1.5 Decommissioned
NIF-ARC Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  الولايات المتحدة Nd:glass 400–1700 1300–38 000 1.5 Operation
Texas Petawatt Laser[4][5] University of Texas, Austin  الولايات المتحدة Nd:glass 186 167 1.1 Operation
Z-PW Sandia National Laboratories  الولايات المتحدة Nd:glass 500 500 1 Operation
SG-II-PW[6] Shanghai Institute of Optics and Fine Mechanics,
The Chinese Academy of Sciences (SIOM) 		 الصين Nd:glass 1000 1000 1 Operation
Vulcan Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  المملكة المتحدة Nd:glass 500 500 1 Operation
Optical Parametric Chirped Pulse Amplification (OPCPA) 400 20 20 Design
Orion Atomic Weapons Establishment  المملكة المتحدة Nd:glass 500 500 1 Operation
PHELIX GSI Helmholtz  ألمانيا Nd:glass 250 400 0.625 Operation
LMJ-PETAL CEA Cesta  فرنسا Nd:glass 850 700 1.15 Operation
GEKKO XII-LFEX Osaka University  اليابان Nd:glass 3000 1500 2 Operation
ELI-B L4[7] Extreme Light Infrastructure  التشيك Nd:glass 1500 150 10 Commission
ELI-NP[8] Extreme Light Infrastructure  رومانيا OPCPA
Ti:sapphire 		242 22.3 10.9 Operation
ELI-B L3 HAPLS[7] Extreme Light Infrastructure
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 		 التشيك

 الولايات المتحدة

Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 at 10 Hz Commission
ELI-ALPS HF[9] Extreme Light Infrastructure  المجر OPCPA 34 17 2 at 10 Hz Commission
Apollon[10] CNRS
École polytechnique 		 فرنسا OPCPA
Ti:sapphire 		150 15 10 Commission
DRACO[11] Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf  ألمانيا Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 Operation
ATLAS[12] Technical University of Munich
Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich 		 ألمانيا Ti:sapphire 60 25 2.4 Operation
PENELOPE[13] Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf  ألمانيا Yb:glass/CaF2 150 150 1 at 1 Hz Construction
CETAL[14] INFLPR  رومانيا Ti:sapphire 25 25 1 Operation
PEARL[15] Institute of Applied Physics, Russian Academy of Sciences  روسيا Ti:sapphire 24 43 0.56 Operation
OPCPA 4 - 5 Construction
VEGA-3[16] University of Salamanca  إسپانيا Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 at 1 Hz Operation
Gemini[17] Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  المملكة المتحدة Ti:sapphire 15 30 0.5 Operation
EPAC[18] 30 30 1 at 10 Hz Construction
ALEPH[19] Colorado State University  الولايات المتحدة Ti:sapphire 26 30 0.87 at 3.3 Hz Operation
BELLA[20] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  الولايات المتحدة Ti:sapphire 40 30 1.3 Operation
DIOCLES[21] University of Nebraska-Lincoln  الولايات المتحدة Ti:sapphire 20 30 0.7 Operation
ZEUS[22] University of Michigan  الولايات المتحدة Ti:sapphire 75 25 3 Commission
12.5 25 0.5
NSF OPAL[23] Laboratory for Laser Energetics, University of Rochester  الولايات المتحدة OPCPA 550 20 25 Design
XL-III[24] Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Science  الصين Ti:sapphire 32 28 1.16 Operation
Huairou PW[25] 25 25 1 Operation
CLAPA-II[25] Peking University  الصين OPCPA
Ti:Sapphire 		60 30 2 Commission
BAQIS PW[25] Tsinghua University  الصين Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 at 1 Hz Commission
CAEP-PW[26] China Academy of Engineering Physics  الصين OPCPA 91.1 18.6 4.9 Operation
SULF[27] SIOM
ShanghaiTech University 		 الصين Ti:sapphire 216 21 10.3 Operation
TDLI LAP[25] Shanghai Jiao Tong University  الصين Ti:sapphire 80 22 2.5 Construction
SG-II-5 PW[28] SIOM  الصين OPCPA 150 30 5 Construction
SEL-100 PW[29] Shanghai High Repetition Rate XEFL and Extreme Light Facility  الصين OPCPA 1500 15 100 Construction
CoReLS[30] Centre for Relativistic Laser Science, Institute for Basic Science  كوريا الجنوبية Ti:sapphire 83 19.4 4.2 Operation
J-KAREN[31] National Institutes for Quantum Science and Technology  اليابان OPCPA
Ti:sapphire 		28/30 33/30 0.85/1 Operation
RRCAT Raja Ramanna Centre for Advanced Technology  الهند Ti:sapphire 25 25 1 at 0.1 Hz Operation
TRISHUL[32] Tata Institute of Fundamental Research Hyderabad  الهند Ti:sapphire 25 25 1 at 1 Hz Construction

ليزرات ذات قدرة عالية المتوسط

A number of petawatt or sub-petawatt laser systems are notable for being capable of operating at high repetition rates (HRR). These laser systems are high average power (HAP) lasers, delivering high power when averaged over macroscopic time scale yet still maintaining terawatt or petawatt peak power within a single pulse. HAP petawatt lasers are crucial for any future applications of petawatt laser systems such as compact light sources, next-generation accelerators, or proton source for radiotherapy; in scientific research facilities, they also greatly improve experiment efficiency by enabling a much large set of experimental data to be collected within the same amount of beam time. On the other hand, designing and operating petawatt laser systems at high repetition rate presents an immense engineering challenge, as the laser system must handle large amounts of excessive heat when pumped at a much higher frequency as well as thermal effects that degrades beam quality. In recent years, advances in high-power laser technology,[2] such as pumping schemes, pump light sources, and cyrogenic cooling, led to the emergence of a new class of HAP laser systems.

Addressing the important of high average power lasers as the future development of petawatt lasers, the following list contains a list of laser systems with peak power >=100 TW and average power >=100 W. Note that some lasers in the list are already petawatt-class lasers.

المنشأة الهيئة الموقع التصنيف طاقة النبض
(J) 		مدة النبضة
(fs) 		أقصى قدرة
(PW) 		معدل التكرار (Hz) متوسط القدرة (kW) الحالة
ELI-B L2 DUHA[33] Extreme Light Infrastructure  التشيك OPCPA 3 25 0.12 50 0.15 تفويض
ELI-B L3 HAPLS Extreme Light Infrastructure
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 		 التشيك

 الولايات المتحدة

Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 10 0.3 تفويض
ELI-ALPS HF Extreme Light Infrastructure  المجر OPCPA 34 17 2 10 0.34 تفويض
LAPLACE-HC[34] Laboratoire d'optique appliquée  فرنسا Ti:Sapphire 1 25 0.04 100 0.1 إنشاء
PENELOPE Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf  ألمانيا Yb:glass/CaF2 150 150 1 1 0.15 إنشاء
KALDERA[35] DESY  ألمانيا Ti:sapphire 3 30 0.1 1000 3 Construction
EPAC Central Laser Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory  المملكة المتحدة Ti:sapphire 30 30 1 10 0.3 إنشاء
k-BELLA[20] Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory  الولايات المتحدة Ti:sapphire 3 30 0.1 1000 3 تصميم
SHARC[36] LCLS-II
Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory 		 الولايات المتحدة Nd:glass 150 150 1 10 1.5 تصميم
BAT[37] Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory  الولايات المتحدة Tm:YLF 30 100 0.3 10000 300 إنشاء

معرض صور

  • NOVA, the first petawatt class laser, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

    NOVA, the first petawatt class laser, at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, USA

  • The GEKKO XII laser at Osaka University, Japan

    The GEKKO XII laser at Osaka University, Japan

  • The L3 HAPLS system at ELI Beamline, Czech Republic

    The L3 HAPLS system at ELI Beamline, Czech Republic

  • Diffraction grating of the OMEGA EP laser, showing colors reflected from multilayer dielectric coating (MLD)

    Diffraction grating of the OMEGA EP laser, showing colors reflected from multilayer dielectric coating (MLD)

  • A picture showing the interaction chamber of the Apollon laser during commission

    A picture showing the interaction chamber of the Apollon laser during commission

  • A multi-pass amplifier of the DRACO laser at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany

    A multi-pass amplifier of the DRACO laser at Helmholtz-Zentrum Dresden-Rossendorf, Germany

See also

المراجع

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