قالب:علم التخدير القديم
Aconite • Argyreia speciosa • Beaver • قنب • كوكا • Deadly nightshade • Henbane • Lactucarium • Mandrake • Metel nut • أفيون • Poison hemlock • Saussurea • Toloatzin • Willow
الزهراوي • الرازي • ابن سينا • Celsus • ديوسقوريدس • جالينوس • أبوقراط • Susrutha • Theophrastus • Zhang Ji
Aconitine • Δ9-THC • أتروپين Atropine • كوكايين • Coniine • Hyoscyamine • مورفين Morphine • Salicylate • Scopolamine
Please do not add herbs to this template unless a reliable source describes their use for anaesthesia or other pain relief prior to perhaps 1500 A.D.
المراجع
Richard Dean Smith (1980). "Avicenna and the Canon of Medicine: a millennial tribute". Retrieved 2007-07-05.
Richard Evans Schultes (1970-01-01). "The plant kingdom and hallucinogens (part III)". Retrieved 2007-05-23.
Raju VK (2003). "Susruta of ancient India". Retrieved 2007-05-24.
Eleanor Carroll. "Coca: the plant and its use" (PDF). Retrieved 2007-05-26.
James Breasted (English translation). "The Edwin Smith Papyrus". Retrieved 2007-06-09.
Stephen Pincock (2005-03-28). "The quest for pain relief: how much have we improved on the past?". Retrieved 2007-06-17.
For aconite, a Chinese scientific reference is needed, but as a stopgap to indicate the use of Wu Tou Tang from Jingui Yaolue, see "Bi syndrome". Retrieved 2007-06-13. and "Treating painful obstruction (bi)". Retrieved 2007-06-13..
For Saussurea lappa, Argyreia speciosa and Achyranthes aspera, see PMID 11100933, PMID 16141525, PMID 12222664