قانون السلامة على الإنترنت 2023

قانون السلامة على الإنترنت 2023
[[برلمان المملكة المتحدة]]
Long titleقانون يهدف إلى توفير الترتيبات اللازمة لتنظيم هيئة الاتصالات البريطانية (أوفام) لبعض خدمات الإنترنت، وفيما يتصل بها؛ وللجرائم المتعلقة بالاتصالات؛ وللأغراض المتصلة.
Citation2023 ح. 50
النطاق الإقليميالمملكة المتحدة
Dates
Royal Assent26 أكتوبر 2023
Commencementبناء على الموافقة الملكية واللوائح.
Status: Unknown
تاريخ التمرير عبر البرلمان
Text of statute as originally enacted

قانون السلامة على الإنترنت (Online Safety Act 2023،[1][2][3] c. 50)، هو قانون صادر عن برلمان المملكة المتحدة لتنظيم المحتوى الإلكتروني. صدر القانون 26 أكتوبر 2023، ويمنح وزير الدولة المختص، بعد موافقة البرلمان، صلاحية تحديد وحظر أو تسجيل مجموعة واسعة من المحتوى الإلكتروني غير القانوني أو الضار بالأطفال.[4][5]

يُنشئ القانون واجب رعاية جديداً على المنصات الإلكترونية، يُلزمها باتخاذ إجراءات ضد المحتوى غير القانوني، أو المحتوى القانوني الذي قد يكون "ضاراً" بالأطفال في حال احتمال وصولهم إليه. وتُعرّض المنصات التي تُخالف هذا الواجب لغرامات تصل إلى 18 مليون جنيه إسترليني أو 10% من إجمالي إيراداتها السنوية، أيهما أعلى. كما يُخوّل القانون أوفكوم بحجب الوصول إلى مواقع إلكترونية مُحددة. ويُلزم منصات التواصل الاجتماعي الكبرى بعدم إزالة المحتوى الصحفي أو "الهام ديمقراطياً"، مثل تعليقات المستخدمين على الأحزاب والقضايا السياسية، والحفاظ على إمكانية الوصول إليه.

يتطلب القانون من المنصات، بما في ذلك برامج المراسلة المشفرة من البداية إلى النهاية، البحث عن مواد متعلقة بإباحية الأطفال، على الرغم من تحذيرات الخبراء من أنه من غير الممكن تنفيذ آلية المسح هذه دون تقويض خصوصية المستخدمين.[6] صرحت الحكومة أنها لا تنوي فرض هذا البند من القانون إلا بعد أن يصبح من الممكن تنفيذه من الناحية التقنية.[7] ويلزم القانون أيضاً منصات التكنولوجيا بتقديم أنظمة تسمح للمستخدمين بفلترة المحتوى "الضار" الذي لا يرغبون في رؤيته بشكل أفضل.[8][9]

يمنح القانون صلاحيات كبيرة لوزير الدولة لتوجيه أوفكوم، وهي الهيئة التنظيمية للإعلام، بشأن ممارسة وظائفها، والتي تتضمن سلطة توجيه أوفكوم فيما يتعلق بمحتوى مدونات الممارسة.[vague] وقد أثار هذا مخاوف بشأن تدخل الحكومة في تنظيم حرية التعبير من خلال صلاحيات غير مقيدة تشبه سلطات الطوارئ والتي قد تقوض سلطة أوفكوم واستقلالها.

البنوك

النطاق

Within the scope of the act is any "user-to-user service". This is defined as an Internet service by means of which content that is generated by a user of the service, or uploaded to or shared on the service by a user of the service, may be read, viewed, heard or otherwise experienced ("encountered") by another user, or other users. Content includes written material or messages, oral communications, photographs, videos, visual images, music and data of any description.[10]

The duty of care applies globally to services with a significant number of United Kingdom users, or which target UK users, or those which are capable of being used in the United Kingdom where there are reasonable grounds to believe that there is a material risk of significant harm.[10]

The idea of a duty of care for Internet intermediaries was first proposed in Thompson (2016)[11] and made popular in the UK by the work of Woods and Perrin (2019).[12]

الواجبات

The duty of care in the act refers to a number of specific duties to all services within scope:[10]

  • The illegal content risk assessment duty  
  • The illegal content duties
  • The duty about rights to freedom of expression and privacy
  • The duties about reporting and redress
  • The record-keeping and review duties

For services 'likely to be accessed by children', adopting the same scope as the Age Appropriate Design Code, two additional duties are imposed:[10]

  • The children's risk assessment duties
  • The duties to protect children’s online safety

For category 1 services, which will be defined in secondary legislation but are limited to the largest global platforms, there are four further new duties:[10]

  • The adults' risk assessment duties
  • The duties to protect adults’ online safety
  • The duties to protect content of democratic importance
  • The duties to protect journalistic content

إنفاذ القانون

The act empowers Ofcom, the national communications regulator, to block access to particular user-to-user services or search engines from the United Kingdom,[13][14][15] including through interventions by internet access providers and app stores. The regulator can also impose, through "service restriction orders", requirements on ancillary services which facilitate the provision of the regulated services.

The act lists in section 92 as examples (i) services which enable funds to be transferred, (ii) search engines which generate search results displaying or promoting content and (iii) services which facilitate the display of advertising on a regulated service (for example, an ad server or an ad network). Ofcom must apply to a court for both Access Restriction and Service Restriction Orders.[10] Section 44 of the act also gives the Secretary of State the power to direct Ofcom to modify a draft code of practice for online safety if deemed necessary for reasons of public policy, national security or public safety. Ofcom must comply with the direction and submit a revised draft to the Secretary of State. The Secretary of State may give Ofcom further directions to modify the draft, and once satisfied, must lay the modified draft before Parliament. Additionally, the Secretary of State can remove or obscure information before laying the review statement before Parliament.[16]

The Act contains provisions allowing eligible entities to bring super-complaints on behalf of consumers.[17] The process for doing so was set out in regulations in July 2025.[18]

القيود

The act has provisions to impose legal requirements ensuring that content removals do not arbitrarily remove or infringe access to what it defines as journalistic content.[13] Large social networks are required to protect "democratically important" content, such as user-submitted posts supporting or opposing particular political parties or policies.[19] The government stated that news publishers' own websites, as well as reader comments on such websites, are not within the intended scope of the law.[13][15] Similarly, one legal commentator has assessed that individual blogs and their reader comments are out of scope.[20]

التحقق من العمر

Section 12 of the act states that service providers have a duty to prevent children from seeing "primary priority content that is harmful to children". This includes pornographic images, and content that encourages, promotes, or provides instructions for eating disorders, self-harm, or suicide. The act dictates that service providers must use age verification or age estimation technology in order to prevent users from being able to access primary priority content unless they are appropriately-aged: the provision applies to all services that allow categories of primary priority content to be made available, including social networks and internet pornography websites.[1][21]

بنود أخرى

The Act adds two new offences to the Sexual Offences Act 2003: sending images of a person's genitals (cyberflashing),[22] or sharing or threatening to share intimate images.[23] The first conviction for cyberflashing under the new law occurred in March of 2024 following a guilty plea.[24][25]

The Act also updates and extends a number of existing communication offences. The false communications offence contained in section 179[26] replaces the offence previously found in s127(2)(a) and (b) of the Communications Act 2003.[27] (The existing s127(1) offence remains in force.)[28]

Section 181 creates an offence of sending a message (via electronic or non-electronic means) that "conveys a threat of death or serious harm".[29] This can be tried summarily or on indictment.[30]

Section 183 creates an offence of "sending or showing flashing images electronically" if it is "reasonably foreseeable that an individual with epilepsy would be among the individuals who would view it", the sender intends to cause that person harm, and they have "no reasonable excuse".[31][32] This is intended to try and prevent "epilepsy trolling".[33]

Section 184 makes "encouraging or assisting serious self-harm" a criminal offence. This is similar to the offence of encouraging or assisting suicide contained in the Suicide Act 1961.[34] The first conviction under this section occurred in July 2025. Tyler Webb used the messaging app Telegram to encourage a woman he had met on a mental health support forum to harm herself and send him pictures of the resulting injuries, and to attempt suicide while he watched on camera.[35][36]

العملية التشريعية والجدول الزمني

The draft bill was given pre-legislative scrutiny by a joint committee of Members of the House of Commons and peers from the House of Lords. The Opposition Spokesperson, Lord Ponsonby of Shulbrede, in the House of Lords said, "My understanding is that we now have a timeline for the online harms Bill, with pre-legislative scrutiny expected immediately after the Queen’s Speech—before the Summer Recess—and that Second Reading would be expected after the Summer Recess."[37] But the Minister replying refused to pre-empt the Queen's Speech by confirming this.

Section 212 of the act repeals part 3 of the Digital Economy Act 2017, which demanded mandatory age verification to access online pornography but was subsequently not enforced by the government.[38] The 2021 draft of the act included within scope any pornographic site which has functionality to allow for user-to-user services, but those which do not have this functionality, or choose to remove it, were not in scope in the draft published by the government.[10]

Addressing the House of Commons DCMS Select Committee, the Secretary of State, Oliver Dowden, confirmed he would be happy to consider a proposal during pre-legislative scrutiny of the act by a joint committee of both Houses of Parliament to extend the scope of the act to all commercial pornographic websites.[39][المصدر لا يؤكد ذلك] According to the then government, the act addresses the major concern expressed by campaigners such as the Open Rights Group[40] about the risk to user privacy with the Digital Economy Act 2017's[41] requirement for age verification by creating, on services within scope of the legislation, "A duty to have regard to the importance of... protecting users from unwarranted infringements of privacy, when deciding on, and implementing, safety policies and procedures."[10]

In February 2022, the Digital Economy Minister, Chris Philp, announced that the bill (as it then was) would be amended to bring commercial pornographic websites within its scope.[42]

The bill was criticised for its proposals to restrain the publication of "lawful but harmful" speech, effectively creating a new form of censorship of otherwise legal speech.[43][44][45] As a result, in November 2022, measures that were intended to force big technology platforms to take down "legal but harmful" materials were replaced with the requirement to provide systems to avoid viewing such content. [8]

In September 2023, during the third reading in the Lords, Lord Parkinson presented a ministerial statement from the government stating that the controversial powers allowing Ofcom to break end-to-end encryption would not be used immediately.[6] Nevertheless, the provisions pertaining to end-to-end encryption weakening were not removed from the act and Ofcom can at any time issue notices requiring the breaking of end-to-end encryption technology. This followed statements from several tech firms, including Signal, suggesting they would withdraw from the UK market rather than weaken their encryption.

تأثيراته على المواقع الإلكترونية والتطبيقات

A number of websites have stated that they would close. London Fixed Gear and Single Speed, a forum for fixed-gear and single-speed bicycle enthusiasts announced their closure citing the high cost of legal compliance, along with Microcosm, a provider of forum hosting for non-commercial, non-profit communities.[46][47]

Lobsters, a programming and technology focussed discussion site, announced that they would block UK users in order to comply, but following extensive discussion decided not to.[48]

Some websites and apps stated they would introduce age verification for users in response to a 25 July 2025 deadline set by Ofcom.[49] These include pornographic websites,[50] but also the other websites and services such as networks Bluesky (verification via Kids Web Services (KWS), part of Epic Games[51]), Discord, Grindr, Hinge, Reddit (verification via Persona[52]) and X.[53][54][55][56]

تأييد القانون

The UK National Crime Agency, part of the Home Office, has said the act is necessary to protect children.[57] The NSPCC has been a prominent supporter of the act, saying it will help protect children from abuse.[58] The Samaritans, that had made strengthening the act one of its key campaigns "to ensure no one is left unprotected from harmful content under the new law"[59] gave the final act its qualified support, saying the act fell short of the promise to make the UK the safest place to be online.[60]

معارضة القانون

The international human rights organisation Article 19 stated that they saw the Online Safety Act 2023 as a potential threat to human rights, describing it as an "extremely complex and incoherent piece of legislation".[61] The Open Rights Group described the Online Safety Bill (OSB) as a "censor's charter".[62]

During an interview for the BBC, Rebecca MacKinnon, the vice president for global advocacy at the Wikimedia Foundation, criticised the OSB, saying the threat of "harsh" new criminal penalties for tech bosses would affect "not only big corporations, but also public interest websites, such as Wikipedia".[63] In the same instance, MacKinnon argued the act should have been based on the European Union's Digital Services Act, which reportedly included differences between centralised content moderation and community-based moderation.[63] In April 2023, both MacKinnon and the chief executive of Wikimedia UK, Lucy Crompton-Reid, announced that the WMF did not intend to apply the age-check requirements of the act to Wikipedia users, stating that it would violate their commitment to collect minimal data about readers and contributors.[64][65] On 29 June of the same year, WMUK and the WMF officially published an open letter, asking the government and Parliament to exempt "public interest projects", including Wikipedia itself, from the OSB before it entered its report stage, starting on 6 July.[66][67] The Wikimedia Foundation initiated a legal challenge against the legislation regarding their classification under the law in May 2025, describing it as "flawed legislation".[68]

Apple Inc. criticised legal powers in the OSB which threatened end-to-end encryption on messaging platforms in an official statement, describing the act as "a serious threat" to end-to-end encryption, and urging the UK government to "amend the Bill to protect strong end-to-end encryption".[69][70]

Meta Platforms has criticised the plan, saying, "We don't think people want us reading their private messages ... The overwhelming majority of Brits already rely on apps that use encryption to keep them safe from hackers, fraudsters and criminals".[57] Head of WhatsApp Will Cathcart voiced his opposition to the OSB, stating that the service would not compromise its encryption for the proposed law and saying "The reality is, our users all around the world want security – ninety-eight percent of our users are outside the UK, they do not want us to lower the security of the product and just as a straightforward matter, it would be an odd choice for us to choose to lower the security of the product in a way that would affect those ninety-eight percent of users."[71][72] He also stated in a tweet that scanning everyone's messages would destroy privacy.[73]

Ciaran Martin, a former head of the UK National Cyber Security Centre, accused the government of "magical thinking" and said that scanning for child abuse content would necessarily require weakening the privacy of encrypted messages.[57]

Alan Woodward, a computer scientist at the University of Surrey, commented that scanning encrypted messages would make mass surveillance "almost an inevitability" as security forces would be liable to mission creep, using the justification of "exceptional circumstances" to extend searches beyond their original remit.[7]

In February 2024, the European Court of Human Rights ruled, in an unrelated case, that requiring degraded end-to-end encryption "cannot be regarded as necessary in a democratic society" and was incompatible with Article 6 of the European Convention on Human Rights. This decision may potentially form part of the basis of legal challenges to the Online Safety Act 2023.[74]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

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