لوويانگ

لمعلومات عن the old city، انظر The Old City of Luoyang.
Luoyang
洛阳市
مدينة بمستوى محافظة
أعلى: Longmen Grottoes, أسفل اليسار: White Horse Temple, Bottom right: Paeonia suffruticosa في لوويانگ وجسر لونگ‌من
أعلى: Longmen Grottoes, أسفل اليسار: White Horse Temple, Bottom right: Paeonia suffruticosa في لوويانگ وجسر لونگ‌من
Luoyang in Henan
Luoyang in Henan
Luoyang is located in الصين
Luoyang
Luoyang
الموقع في الصين
الإحداثيات: 34°40′11″N 112°26′32″E / 34.66972°N 112.44222°E / 34.66972; 112.44222
البلدجمهورية الصين الشعبية
ProvinceHenan
الحكومة
 • Party SecretaryLi Ya
 • MayorBao Changyong
المساحة
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة15٬229٫15 كم² (5٬880٫01 ميل²)
 • الحضر
810٫4 كم² (312٫9 ميل²)
 • العمران
733٫7 كم² (283٫3 ميل²)
المنسوب
144 m (472 ft)
التعداد
 (2010 census)
 • مدينة بمستوى محافظة6٬549٬941
 • الكثافة430/km2 (1٬100/sq mi)
 • Urban
1٬926٬079
 • الكثافة الحضرية2٬400/km2 (6٬200/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
1٬857٬003
منطقة التوقيتUTC+8 (China Standard)
مفتاح الهاتف379
GDP¥52541 per capita (2015)
الأعراقHan, Hui, Manchu, Mongolian
County-level divisions15
Township-level divisions—
License plate prefixes豫C
الموقع الإلكترونيwww.ly.gov.cn
لوويانگ
Luoyang (Chinese characters).svg
"Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
الصينية المبسطة洛阳
الصينية التقليدية洛陽
البريدLoyang
المعنى الحرفي"Northern bank of the Luo [River]"
النقحرة
المندرينية الفصحى
هان‌يو پن‌ينLuòyáng
Gwoyeu RomatzyhLuohyang
ويد-جايلزLo4-yang2
IPA[lwɔ̂jɑ̌ŋ]
يوى: كانتونية
رومنة يلLohk-yèuhng
جيوتپنگLok6-joeng4
مين الجنوبية
تاي-لوLo̍k-iông
For other uses, see لوويانگ (توضيح).

لوويانگ Luoyang، وسابقاً كانت تُرَوْمن Loyang, is a city located in the confluence area of Luo River and Yellow River in Central China. It is a prefecture-level city in western Henan province. It borders the provincial capital of Zhengzhou to the east, Pingdingshan to the southeast, Nanyang to the south, Sanmenxia to the west, Jiyuan to the north, and Jiaozuo to the northeast. As of the final 2010 census, Luoyang had a population of 6,549,941 inhabitants with 1,857,003 people living in the built-up (or metro) area made of the city's five urban districts, all of which except the Jili District are not urbanized yet.[1]

Situated on the central plain of China, Luoyang is one of the cradles of Chinese civilization, and is one of the العواصم الأربع القديمة العظيمة للصين.

أصل الاسم

The name "Luoyang" originates from the city's location on the north or sunny ("yang") side of the Luo River. Since the river flows from west to east and the sun is to the south of the river, the sun always shines on the north side of the river. Luoyang has had several names over the centuries, including Luoyi (洛邑) and Luozhou (洛州), but Luoyang has been its primary name. It has also been called Dongdu (東都; 'eastern capital') during the Tang dynasty, Xijing (西京; 'western capital') during the Song dynasty, or Jingluo (الصينية: 京洛; lit. 'capital Luo'). During the rule of Wu Zetian, the only female emperor in Chinese history, the city was known as Shendu (神都; 'divine capital'). Luoyang was renamed Henanfu (河南府) during the Qing dynasty but regained its former name in 1912.[2]

التاريخ

الفترة الكلاسيكية

مغارات لونگ‌من
Museum of Luoyang Eastern Zhou Royal Horse and Chariot Pits

Several cities – all of which are generally referred to as "Luoyang" – have been built in this area. In 2070 BC, the Xia dynasty king Tai Kang moved the Xia capital to the intersection of the Luo and Yi and named the city Zhenxun (斟鄩). In 1600 BC, Tang of Shang defeated Jie, the final Xia dynasty king, and built Western Bo, (西亳), a new capital on the Luo River. The ruins of Western Bo are located in Luoyang Prefecture.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 1036 BC a settlement named Chengzhou (成周) was constructed by the Duke of Zhou for the remnants of the captured Shang nobility. The Duke also moved the Nine Tripod Cauldrons to Chengzhou from the Zhou dynasty capital at Haojing. A second Western Zhou capital, Wangcheng (also: Luoyi) was built 15 km (9.3 mi) west of Chengzhou. Wangcheng became the capital of the Eastern Zhou dynasty in 771 BC. The Eastern Zhou dynasty capital was moved to Chengzhou in 510 BC. Later, the Eastern Han dynasty capital of Luoyang would be built over Chengzhou. Modern Luoyang is built over the ruins of Wangcheng, which are still visible today at Wangcheng Park.[3]

Qin Shi Huang's chief minister, Lu Buwei, was given Luoyang. Lu began programs to develop and beautify Luoyang. It is said that Liu Bang visited Luoyang and considered making it his capital but was persuaded to reconsider by his ministers to turn to Chang'an instead for his capital.[4]

أسرة هان

White Horse Temple gate

In 25 AD, Luoyang was declared the capital of the Eastern Han dynasty on November 27 by Emperor Guangwu of Han.[5] The city walls formed a rectangle 4 km south to north and 2.5 km west to east, with the Gu River, a tributary of the Luo River just outside the northern eastern walls. The rectangular Southern Palace and the Northern Palace were 3 km apart and connected by The Covered Way. In 26 AD, the Altar of the Gods of the Soils and Grains, the Altar of Heaven, and the Temple of the eminent Founder, Emperor Gao of Former Han were inaugurated. The Imperial University was restored in 29 AD. In 48 AD, the Yang Canal linked the capital to the Luo. In 56 AD, the main imperial observatory, the Spiritual Terrace, was constructed.[6]

For several centuries, Luoyang was the focal point of China. In AD 68, the White Horse Temple, the first Buddhist temple in China, was founded in Luoyang.[بحاجة لمصدر] The temple still exists, though the architecture is of later origin, mainly from the 16th century. An Shigao was one of the first monks to popularize Buddhism in Luoyang.[بحاجة لمصدر]

The diplomat Ban Chao restored the Silk Road during the Eastern Han dynasty, thus making Luoyang the eastern terminus of the Silk Road during the Han dynasty.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 166 AD, the first Roman mission, sent by "the king of Da Qin [the Roman Empire], Andun" (Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, r. 161–180 AD), reached Luoyang after arriving by sea in Rinan Commandery in what is now central Vietnam.[7]

The late 2nd century saw China decline into anarchy:

The decline was accelerated by the rebellion of the Yellow Turbans, who, although defeated by the Imperial troops in 184 AD, weakened the state to the point where there was a continuing series of rebellions degenerating into civil war, culminating in the burning of the Han capital of Luoyang on 24 September 189 AD. This was followed by a state of continual unrest and wars in China until a modicum of stability returned in the 220s, but with the establishment of three separate kingdoms, rather than a unified empire.[8]

Wei and Jin dynasties

Statue of the Duke of Zhou who founded a city here c. 1036 BC
White Horse Temple gate

On April 4, 190 AD,[9] Chancellor Dong Zhuo ordered his soldiers to ransack, pillage, and raze the city as he retreated from the coalition set up against him by regional lords all over China. The court was subsequently moved to the more defensible western city of Chang'an (modern Xi'an). Following a period of disorder, during which warlord Cao Cao held the last Han emperor Xian in Xuchang (196–220), Luoyang was restored to prominence when his son Cao Pi, Emperor Wen of the Wei dynasty, declared it his capital in 220 AD. The Jin dynasty, successor to Wei, was also established in Luoyang. At the height of Jin rule, Luoyang had a population of 600,000 and was probably the second largest city in the world after Rome.[10]

At the start of the 4th century, Luoyang was subjected to repeated attacks during the War of the Eight Princes and Upheaval of the Five Barbarians under the Jin. In 311 AD, rebel forces of the Xiongnu-led Han-Zhao dynasty sacked and razed the city in an event known as the Disaster of Yongjia.[11] For the next two centuries, Luoyang would cease as a major population hub, but remained a hotly contested region among various states to come.[10] It was the site of a pivotal battle in 328 between the Han-Zhao and Later Zhao dynasties which established the latter as a hegemonic power in the north.[12] The city changed hands several times throughout the Sixteen Kingdoms period, as it was also controlled by the Former Yan, Former Qin and Later Qin dynasties. The Jin dynasty, which had relocated south of the Yangtze river after the upheaval, was even able to recover the city on a few occasions.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Northern Wei

Longmen Grottoes
لوويانگ
Luoyang (Chinese characters).svg
"Luoyang" in Simplified (top) and Traditional (bottom) Chinese characters
الصينية المبسطة洛阳
الصينية التقليدية洛陽
المعنى الحرفي"Northern Bank of the Luo [River]"
النقحرة
المندرينية الفصحى
هان‌يو پن‌ينLuòyáng
ويد-جايلزLo4-yang2
IPA[lwɔ̂.jɑ̌ŋ]
يوى: كانتونية
رومنة يلLohk-yèuhng
جيوتپنگLok6-joeng4
IPA[lɔk̚˨.jœŋ˩]
مين الجنوبية
تاي-لوLo̍k-iông

In winter 416, during Liu Yu's northern expedition against the Later Qin, Luoyang fell to the Jin general Tan Daoji. In 422, the city was captured by Xianbei-led Northern Wei dynasty. The Liu Song dynasty, which succeeded the Jin, briefly recovered the city in 430, but by the 460s, Luoyang was definitively under Wei control. In 493 AD, as part of his sinicization campaign, Emperor Xiaowen of Northern Wei moved the capital from Datong to Luoyang, moving over 150,000 people to the site by 495,[13] and started the construction of the rock-cut Longmen Grottoes. More than 30,000 Buddhist statues from the time of this dynasty have been found in the caves. Many of these sculptures were two-faced. At the same time, the Shaolin Temple was also built by the Emperor to accommodate an Indian monk on the Mount Song right next to Luoyang City. The Yongning Temple (永宁寺), the tallest pagoda in China, was also built in Luoyang. The city reached a population of 600,000 at its height during the Northern Wei.[13] The city was destroyed by the warlord Gao Huan, who captured the city and forced its population to move to his capital at Ye in 534.[14] The old city was the site of numerous battles between Western Wei (and its successor Northern Zhou) and Eastern Wei (and its successor Northern Qi) between 538 and 575.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Sui and Tang dynasties

When Emperor Yang of Sui took control in 604 AD he founded the new Luoyang on the site of the existing city using a layout inspired by his father Emperor Wen of Sui's work in newly rebuilt Chang'an.[15][16]

Model of Luoyang palace city during Wu Zetian's reign. Many major construction projects were commissioned during Wu Zetian's time, such as the Bright Hall (zh) of Luoyang (right) commissioned by Wu Zetian (original 294 chi = 93m tall).[17]
The Luoyang Pavilion by Li Zhaodao (675–758)

During the Tang dynasty, Luoyang was Dongdu (東都), the "Eastern Capital", and at its height had a population of around one million, second only to Chang'an, which, at the time, was the largest city in the world.[18]

During an interval in the Tang dynasty, the first and the only empress in Chinese history – Empress Wu, moved the capital of her Zhou dynasty to Luoyang and named it as Shen Du (Capital of the God). She constructed the tallest palace in Chinese history, which is now in the site of Sui Tang Luoyang city. Luoyang was heavily damaged during the An Lushan Rebellion.[4]

Epitaphs were found dating from the Tang dynasty of a Christian couple in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman, Lady An (安氏), who died in 821, and her Nestorian Christian Han Chinese husband, Hua Xian (花献), who died in 827. These Han Chinese Christian men may have married Sogdian Christian women because of a lack of Han Chinese women belonging to the Christian religion, limiting their choice of spouses among the same ethnicity.[19] Another epitaph in Luoyang of a Nestorian Christian Sogdian woman also surnamed An was discovered and she was put in her tomb by her military officer son on 22 January, 815. This Sogdian woman's husband was surnamed He (和) and he was a Han Chinese man and the family was indicated to be multiethnic on the epitaph pillar.[20] In Luoyang, the mixed raced sons of Nestorian Christian Sogdian women and Han Chinese men has many career paths available for them. Neither their mixed ethnicity nor their faith were barriers and they were able to become civil officials, a military officers and openly celebrated their Christian religion and support Christian monasteries.[21] Central Asians like Sogdians were called "Hu" (胡) by the Chinese during the Tang dynasty. Central Asian "Hu" women were stereotyped as barmaids or dancers by Han in China. Occasionally, "Hu" women would be involved in prostitution as the "Hu" women in China were at times in occupations that doubled as illicit services.[22]

Map of Luoyang during the Eastern Han dynasty when it was the capital of China

During the short Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms period, Luoyang was the capital of the Later Liang (only for a few years before the court moved to Kaifeng) and Later Tang dynasty.

Later history

During the North Song dynasty, Luoyang was the 'Western Capital' and birthplace of Zhao Kuangyin, the founder of the Song dynasty. It served as a prominent cultural center, housing some of the most important philosophers. This prosperity was mainly caused by Luoyang undergoing new developments and reconstruction during this period.[4]

During the Jurchen Jin dynasty, Luoyang was the "Middle Capital".

Since the Yuan dynasty, Luoyang was no longer the capital of China in the rest of the ancient dynasties. During the Yuan and Ming dynasties, Luoyang was razed and rebuilt twice. Its walls were destroyed by peasant rebels in the late Ming period. The city walls were then rebuilt during the Qing dynasty.[4] The population was reduced to that of an average county. However, for one last time, Luoyang city was the capital of the Republic of China for a brief period of time during the Japanese invasion. By 1949, Luoyang's population was 75,000.

People's Republic of China

After the People's Republic of China was established, Luoyang was revived as a major heavy industrial hub. In the first five-year plan of China, 7 of 156 Soviet-aided major industrial programmes were launched in Luoyang's Jianxi District, including Dongfanghong Tractor Factory, Luoyang Mining Machines Factory and Luoyang Bearing Factory. Later, during the Third Front construction, a group of heavy industry factories was moved to or founded in Luoyang, including Luoyang Glass Factory. Industrial development significantly shifted Luoyang's demographic makeup, and about half of Luoyang's population are new immigrants after 1949 from outside the province or their descendants.

موقع التراث العالمي لليونسكو

مواقع المدينة العتيقة

التقسيمات الادارية

متحف لوويانگ
Luoyang-Longmen HST Station


لوويانگ مدينة بمستوى محافظة administers 5 "built-up" urban districts, 1 additional district, 1 county-level city, and 9 more rural counties:


الخريطة

الجغرافيا

As its name states, the Old Town of Luoyang is located on the north bank of the Luo, a southern tributary of the middle reaches of the Yellow River. The districts of the modern urban center include both banks and some of the surrounding mountains.

Climate

بيانات المناخ لـ Luoyang
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 6.1
(43.0) 		8.5
(47.3) 		14.5
(58.1) 		21.9
(71.4) 		27.7
(81.9) 		32.7
(90.9) 		32.4
(90.3) 		30.9
(87.6) 		26.8
(80.2) 		21.6
(70.9) 		14.2
(57.6) 		8.1
(46.6) 		20.5
(68.8)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) −3.9
(25.0) 		−1.9
(28.6) 		3.3
(37.9) 		9.7
(49.5) 		15.1
(59.2) 		20.3
(68.5) 		23.1
(73.6) 		22.1
(71.8) 		16.5
(61.7) 		10.3
(50.5) 		3.6
(38.5) 		−2.1
(28.2) 		9.7
(49.4)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 7.6
(0.30) 		13.4
(0.53) 		27.1
(1.07) 		38.1
(1.50) 		52.1
(2.05) 		66.3
(2.61) 		136.6
(5.38) 		100.8
(3.97) 		78.5
(3.09) 		45.3
(1.78) 		26.9
(1.06) 		9.6
(0.38) 		602.3
(23.72)
Source: National Meteorological Center of the China Meteorological Administration. "Luoyang".

الثقافة

معبد گوان‌لين في مايو 2007.
المواقع

Twin towns — sister cities

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in China

Luoyang is twinned with:

Famous residents

انظر أيضاً

الهامش

  1. ^ http://www.citypopulation.de/php/china-henan-admin.php
  2. ^ "Luoyang | China, Map, History, & Facts | Britannica". www.britannica.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-07-04.
  3. ^ China.org.cn, 2009
  4. ^ أ ب ت ث Schellinger, Paul; Salkin, Robert, eds. (1996). International Dictionary of Historic Places, Volume 5: Asia and Oceania. Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers. pp. 538–541. ISBN 1-884964-04-4.
  5. ^ Robert Hymes (2000). John Stewart Bowman (ed.). Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture. Columbia University Press. p. 13. ISBN 978-0-231-11004-4.
  6. ^ de Crespigny, Rafe (2017). Fire over Luoyang: A History of the Later Han Dynasty 23–220 AD. Leiden: Brill. pp. 16–52. ISBN 9789004324916.
  7. ^ Hill (2009), p. 27.
  8. ^ Hill (2009), p. xvi,
  9. ^ Cullen, Christopher (2017). Heavenly Numbers: Astronomy and Authority in Early Imperial China. New York: Oxford University Press. p. 336. ISBN 9780198733119. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2022-04-16; Twitchett, Denis Crispin; Loewe, Michael, eds. (1986). The Cambridge History of China. Volume 1: The Ch'in and Han Empires, 221 B.C.-A.D. 220. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 348. ISBN 9780521243278.
  10. ^ أ ب Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare. 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 50.
  11. ^ Grousset, Rene (1970). The Empire of the Steppes. Rutgers University Press. pp. 56–57. ISBN 0-8135-1304-9.
  12. ^ Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 58.
  13. ^ أ ب Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare, 300 - 900. Routledge. p. 98.
  14. ^ Graff, David A. (2002). Medieval Chinese Warfare. Routledge. p. 103.
  15. ^ Marks, Robert B. (2011). China: Its Environment and History. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. ISBN 978-1442212756. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2020-10-18. p. 116
  16. ^ Schinz, Alfred (1996). The Magic Square: Cities in Ancient China. Edition Axel Menges. ISBN 3930698021. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2020-10-18. p. 167-169.
  17. ^ 《资治通鉴·唐纪·唐纪二十》：辛亥，明堂成，高二百九十四尺，方三百尺。凡三层：下层法四时，各随方色。中层法十二辰；上为圆盖，九龙捧之。上层法二十四气；亦为圆盖，上施铁凤，高一丈，饰以黄金。中有巨木十围，上下通贯，栭栌棤藉以为本。下施铁渠，为辟雍之象。号曰万象神宫。
  18. ^ Abramson (2008), p. viii.
  19. ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 109–135, viii, xv, 156, 164, 115, 116.
  20. ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Dallas. pp. 155–156, 149, 150, viii, xv. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-09.
  21. ^ Morrow, Kenneth T. (May 2019). Negotiating Belonging: The Church of the East's Contested Identity in Tang China (PDF) (PhD thesis). p. 164. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2022-07-09.
  22. ^ Abramson, Marc S. (2011). Ethnic Identity in Tang China. Encounters with Asia. University of Pennsylvania Press. p. 20. ISBN 978-0812201017. Archived from the original on 2024-07-10. Retrieved 2022-07-18.
  23. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1003
  24. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1443
  25. ^ http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1442

للاستزادة

  • Abramson, Marc. Ethnic Identity in Tang China. University of Pennsylvania Press (Philadelphia), 2008. ISBN 978-0-8122-4052-8.
  • Cotterell, Arthur. The Imperial Capitals of China: An Inside View of the Celestial Empire. Pimlico (London), 2008. ISBN 978-1-84595-010-1.
  • Hill, John E. Through the Jade Gate to Rome: A Study of the Silk Routes during the Later Han Dynasty, 1st to 2nd Centuries CE. BookSurge (Charleston), 2009. ISBN 978-1-4392-2134-1.
  • Jenner, W. J. Memories of Loyang. Clarendon Press (Oxford), 1981.
  • Yang Hsüan-chih. Lo-yang ch‘ien-lan chi, translated by Wang Yi-t‘ung as A Record of Buddhist Monasteries in Lo-yang. Princeton University Press (Princeton), 1984. ISBN 0-691-05403-7.

وصلات خارجية

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Luoyang.
سبقه
Zongzhou 		Primary capital of China
771–256 BCE 		تبعه
—
then Xianyang
سبقه
Chang'an 		Primary capital of China
25–190 CE 		تبعه
—
then Chang'an
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