محمود خلجي
| Mahmud Khalji | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sultan | |||||||||
 Mahmud Khalji's Tomb in Mandu, Madhya Pradesh, India | |||||||||
| 4th Sultan of Malwa | |||||||||
| العهد | 1436–1469 | ||||||||
| سبقه | Taj-ud-Din Muhammad Shah | ||||||||
| تبعه | Ghiyas-ud-Din Shah | ||||||||
| توفي | 1469 Malwa Sultanate | ||||||||
| |||||||||
| الأسرة | Khilji dynasty | ||||||||
محمود خلجي (1436 - 1469) هو أحد سلاطين ملوة الخلجيين في ما هي اليوم ولاية ماديا پرادش في الهند.[1] ولد في بداية القرن العاشر الهجرى. وتولى حكم «مَالْوا» في آخر شهر شوال سنة (839هـ) تسع وثلاثين وثمانمائة من الهجرة الموافق 1435 بعد أن اغتال محمد، ابن الحاكم السابق، هوشانگ شاه.[2] وكان عمره وقتئذ أربع وثلاثين سنة. وظل في الحكم إلى سنة (873هـ) ثلاث وسبعين وثمانمائة. شن محمود خلجي حملة غير موفقة ضد سلطنة دلهي؛ إلا أنه under his reign, the Malwa Sultanate reached its greatest height.[3] وقد مكث «محمود الخلجى» أربعة وثلاثين عامًا في الحكم، قضاها كلها في الحروب، كأن راحته كانت في الضرب والطعان واقتحام الأهوال. وقد كان «محمود الخلجى» من السلاطين العظام الذين اتسموا بحسن السياسة في السلم والحرب، حيث وفد على بلاطه العلماء والكبراء من كل البلاد في الهند، وخارج الهند، وكان يكثر العطاء، ويكرم العلماء.
توفى السلطان «محمود الخلجى» سنة (873 هـ) ثلاث وسبعين وثمانمائة من الهجرة.
معارك وحملات
Battle of Mandavgad (1437)
The Battle of Mandavgad was fought in 1437, in which Rana Kumbha of Mewar defeated and captured Mahmud Khalji of Malwa for a short period.
Battle of Mandalgarh and Banas (1442-1446)
A series of battles took place between Mahmud Khalji of Malwa and Rana Kumbha of Mewar between 1442 and 1446. Bloodied by these engagements, the Sultan did not launch another attack on Mewar for the next ten years.[4][5]
Siege of Gagron (February 1444)
In February 1444, Sultan Mahmud Khalji besieged the fort of Gagron, which was under the control of Palhan Singh Khichi. Rana Kumbha had sent reinforcements under his commander Dahir, but Dahir was killed in battle. Palhan Singh was slain by Mahmud's forces while attempting to flee the fort.[6]
Battle of Mandalgarh (1457)
Sultan Mahmud Khalji launched an attack on Mandalgarh, deploying seven detachments to engage Rana Kumbha from multiple directions. However, the Malwa forces under Taj Khan and Ali Khan suffered heavy losses. Following the defeat, Mahmud retreated the next morning.[7]
Siege of Mandalgarh (December 1456 - October 1457)
In December 1456, Rana Kumbha was compelled to move north to confront the Sultan of Gujarat. Taking advantage of his absence, Sultan Mahmud Khalji attacked Mandalgarh once again. After a prolonged siege, he successfully captured the fort in October 1457.[8]
Conquest of Mandalgarh (1457)
The conquest of Mandalgarh was a significant military expedition led by Sultan Mahmud Khalji against Mewar. The primary objective of this campaign was to capture the fort of Mandalgarh, which was under the command of Uparamal, a subordinate of Rana Kumbha. Mahmud Khalji marched towards Mewar in 1457 and successfully captured the fort.
فتح أجمر
Sultan Mahmud Khalji invaded and captured the fort of Ajmer. The governor of the fort, Gajadhar Singh, was killed during the conquest, securing Malwa's control over the region.
الحكم
أثناء حكم محمد شاه الثاني في سلطنة گجرات، Mahmud Khilji of Malwa invaded Gujarat. After capturing and securing Champaner, he advanced towards Gujarat with an army of 80,000 cavalry. However, before he could proceed further, Muhammad Shah II died and was succeeded by Kutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II.
Mahmud Khilji laid siege to Sultanpur, where Malik Ala-ud-Din bin Sohrab, the commander of Kutb-ud-Din, surrendered the fort. In recognition of his service, he was sent to Malwa with honour and appointed as the governor of Mandu. Mahmud Khilji then marched to Sarsa-Paldi and summoned Bharuch, which was under the command of Sidi Marjan on behalf of the Gujarat Sultanate. However, Sidi Marjan refused to surrender. Fearing further delays, Mahmud Khilji plundered Baroda (now Vadodara) before proceeding to Nadiad. There, he was astonished by the bravery of the local Brahmins, who managed to kill a rampaging elephant.
Kutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II soon advanced to confront Mahmud Khilji, and the two armies clashed at Kapadvanj. After a prolonged and uncertain battle lasting several hours, Kutb-ud-Din emerged victorious, forcing Mahmud Khilji to retreat. Muzaffar Khan, who had allegedly incited Mahmud Khilji to invade Gujarat, was captured and beheaded. His severed head was displayed at the gate of Kapadvanj as a warning to others.[9]
In the same year, Sultan Mahmud Khalji attempted to conquer Nagore, which was then held by Firuz Khan, a cousin of the Gujarat Sultan. In response, Kutb-ud-Din Ahmad Shah II dispatched an army under the command of Sayyid Ataullah. As the Gujarat forces approached Sambhar, Mahmud Khalji retreated. Shortly thereafter, Firuz Khan died.[9]
مواقف خالدة
وله مواقف عديدة منها:
- السلطان رفض الهدية.
- لله لا لقصد الملك.
- ^ Sen, Sailendra (2013). A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books. p. 116. ISBN 978-9-38060-734-4.
- ^ The Cambridge History of India (in الإنجليزية). CUP Archive. 1955.
- ^ Lane-Poole, Stanley (1970). Medieval India under Mohammedan Rule, (A.D. 712–1764). New York: Haskell House. p. 174. ISBN 978-0838311967. Archived from the original on 30 سبتمبر 2017.
- ^ A Textbook of Medieval Indian History. Primus Books.
- ^ Har Bilas Sarda "Maharana Kumbha: sovereign, soldier, scholar" pg 47
- ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 4.
- ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 9.
- ^ Rajasthan through the ages vol 5, pg 11.
- ^ أ ب James Macnabb Campbell, ed. (1896). "II. ÁHMEDÁBÁD KINGS. (A. D. 1403–1573.)". History of Gujarát. Gazetteer of the Bombay Presidency. Vol. 1-Part 2. The Government Central Press. pp. 242–243.
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