معركة بوكسار

معركة بوكسار Battle of Buxar
التاريخ November 6 (O.S.) أو 16 نوفمبر (N.S.), 1764 الموقع بالقرب من بوكسار النتيجة انتصار شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية
المتحاربون
نواب البنغال أوده سلطنة المغول	شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية
القادة والزعماء
مير قاسم شجاع الدولة زكاة أحمد شاه علم الثاني	هكتور مونرو
القوى
40,000 140 مدفع	7,072 30 مدفع
الضحايا والخسائر
موضع خلاف الزعم البريطاني: 2,000 killed	733-847 قتيل، wounded or missing

معركة بُوكْسَارْ Battle of Buxar كانت حاسمة بين القوات البريطانية والهندية ببلدة بوكسار، على نهر الجانج. وكان مير قاسم حاكم البنغال يريد تخليص أرضه من السيطرة البريطانية، فكون حلفًا مع حاكم أوده وشاه علم الثاني، إمبراطور المغول. واجتاحت الجيوش الهندية المشتركة البنغال، والتحمت مع القوات البريطانية بقيادة الرائد هكتور مونرو في أكتوبر عام 1764م، وكانت نتيجة المعركة التي حمي فيها وطيس القتال انتصار البريطانيين.

The Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II, as a prisoner of the British East India Company, 1781

The battle was fought at Buxar, a "strong fortified town" within the territory of Bihar, located on the banks of the Ganges river about 130 كيلومتر (81 mi) west of Patna; it was a challenging victory for the British East India Company. The war was brought to an end by the Treaty of Allahabad in 1765. The defeated Indian rulers were forced to sign the treaty, granting the East India Company Diwani rights, which allowed them to collect revenue from the territories of Bengal, Bihar, and Orissa on behalf of the Mughal emperor.

 المعركة

The British engaged in the fighting numbered 17,072 comprising 1,859 British regulars, 5,297 Indian sepoys and 9,189 Indian cavalry. The alliance army's numbers were estimated to be over 40,000, but they were still defeated by the British. A lack of basic co-ordination between the three disparate allies is seen as responsible for their decisive defeat.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Mirza Najaf Khan commanded the right flank of the Mughal imperial army and was the first to advance his forces against Major Hector Munro at daybreak; the British lines formed within twenty minutes and reversed the advance of the Mughals. According to the British, Durrani and Rohilla cavalry were also present and fought during the battle in various skirmishes. But by midday, the battle was over and Shuja-ud-Daula blew up large tumbrils and three massive magazines of gunpowder.

Munro divided his army into various columns and particularly pursued the Mughal الوزير الأعظم شجاع الدولة، نواب أوده، who responded by blowing up his boat-bridge after crossing the river, thus abandoning the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and members of his own regiment. Mir Qasim also fled with his 3 million rupees worth of gemstones and later died in poverty in 1777. Mirza Najaf Khan reorganised formations around Shah Alam II, who retreated and then chose to negotiate with the victorious British.

الخريطة السياسية لشبه القارة الهندية في عام 1765، الأخضر يمثل أراضي موالية للإمبراطور شاه علم.

The historian John William Fortescue claimed that the British casualties totalled 847: 39 killed and 64 wounded from the European regiments and 250 killed, 435 wounded and 85 missing from the East India Company's sepoys. He also claimed that the three Indian allies suffered 2,000 dead and that many more were wounded. Another source says that there were 69 European and 664 sepoy casualties on the British side and 6,000 casualties on the Mughal side. The victors captured 133 pieces of artillery and over 1 million rupees of cash. Immediately after the battle, Munro decided to assist the Marathas, who were described as a "warlike race", well known for their relentless rivalry and unwavering hatred towards Mughal Empire, Durrani Empire, Rohilla Chieftaincies, different Nawabs of the subcontinent (most notably, Nawab of Bengal and Nawab of Awadh), Nizam of Hyderabad and short lived Sultanate of Mysore.

According to one brigadier-general H. Biddulph, "the European infantry was composed of the Bengal European Battalion, two weak companies of the Bombay European Battalion, and small detachments of Marines and of H.M. 84th, 89th and 96th Regiments. The only officers killed were Lt. Francis Spilsbury of the 96th Foot and Ensign Richard Thompson of the Bengal European Battalion."

 الأعقاب

وترتب على هذا النصر عودة رجل الإدارة، والقائد العسكري، روبرت كلايڤ إلى الهند، قادمًا من إنجلترا. وفي عام 1765 وقَّع هذا القائد معاهدة الله أَباد مع حاكم أوده (شجاع الدولة) وشاه علام الثّاني، وقد أجازت هذه المعاهدة، بصفة قانونيّة، سيطرة شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانيّة على جميع أراضي البنغال.

النواب شجاع الدولة استعاد عرشه في Oudh, with a subsidiary force and guarantee of defence, the emperor شاه علم الثاني solaced with الله آباد and a tribute and the frontier drawn at the boundary of بيهار. For Bengal itself the Company took a decisive step.

مرزا نجف خان بلوچ، القائد العام لـ جيش المغل.

نواب البنغال، مير قاسم

شجاع الدولة عمل نواب وزير سلطنة المغل، طوال عهد شاه علم الثاني.

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