نـِپال

هذا المقال هو عن البلد. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر نـِپال (توضيح).

جمهورية نـِپال الديمقراطية सङ्घीय लोकतान्त्रिक गणतन्त्र नेपाल Sanghiya Loktāntrik Ganatantra Nepāl
العلم Coat of arms
الشعار الحادي: जननी जन्मभूमिश्च स्वर्गादपि गरीयसी(دڤناگري) الأم والوطن أعظم من النعيم"
النشيد: Sayaun Thunga Phulka "مصنوعة من مئات الزهور"
العاصمة و أكبر مدينة	كاثماندو (نـِپالي: काठमाडौं) 28°10′N 84°15′E
اللغات الرسمية	Nepali
اللغات الوطنية المعترف بها	All mother-tongues (see Languages of Nepal)
اللغات الإقليمية المعترف بها	قائمة (14) نپالي نيوار Gurung ثارو گورونگ تمانگ مگار Awadhi شرپا كيرانتي راي ليمبو مايثيلي بوجپوري
الجماعات العرقية (2021)	30.12% Khas Arya 16.45% Chhetri 11.29% Bahun 1.7% Thakuri 0.68% Sanyasi 6.9% Magars 6.2% Tharu 5.62% Tamang 5.04% Kami 4.86% Musalman 4.6% Newar 4.21% Yadav 2.2% Rai 32.63% other
الدين (2021)	81.19% Hinduism 8.21% Buddhism 5.09% Islam 3.17% Kirant 1.76% Christianity 0.35% Prakriti 0.23% Bon 0.01% Jainism
صفة المواطن	Nepali Nepalese
الحكومة	Federal parliamentary republic
• President	Ram Chandra Poudel
• Vice President	Ram Sahaya Yadav
• Prime Minister	Vacant
• Chief Justice	Prakash Man Singh Raut
التشريع	Federal Parliament
• المجلس العلوي	National Assembly
• المجلس السفلي	House of Representatives
Formation
• Unification	25 September 1768
• Treaty of Sugauli	4 March 1816
• Nepal–Britain Treaty of 1923	21 December 1923
• Federal Republic	28 May 2008
• Current constitution	20 September 2015
المساحة
• الإجمالية	147،516 km2 (56،956 sq mi) (93rd)
• الماء (%)	2.8%
التعداد
• تقدير 2024	31,122,387 (49th)
• الكثافة	180/km2 (466.2/sq mi) (72nd)
ن.م.إ. (ق.ش.م.)	تقدير 2024
• الإجمالي	▲ $169.120 billion (85th)
• للفرد	▲$5,348 (151th)
ن.م.إ.  (الإسمي)	تقدير 2024
• الإجمالي	▲ $43.673 billion (100th)
• للفرد	▲ $1,381 (161th)
جيني (2022)	30.0 medium
م.ت.ب. (2023)	▲ 0.622 medium · 145th
العملة	Nepalese rupee (Rs, रू) (NPR)
التوقيت	UTC+05:45 (Nepal Standard Time)
صيغة التاريخ	YYYY/MM/DD
جانب السواقة	left
مفتاح الهاتف	+977
النطاق العلوي للإنترنت	.np

نـِپال أو نيبال (نـِپالي: नेपाल ‏ [] ؛ إنگليزية: Nepal) ، رسمياً، جمهورية نـِپال الفدرالية الديموقراطية، هي بلد في جنوب آسيا وهي أحدث جمهورية في العالم. تحدها جمهورية الصين الشعبية من الشمال ، ومن الغرب والشرق والجنوب جمهورية الهند. مساحتها 147,181 كيلو متر مربع ، وعدد سكانها 30 مليون نسمة تقريبا، ونيبال هي الدول رقم 93 من حيث المساحة وكتلة الأرض و رقم 40 ^st من حيث عدد السكان. كثماندو هي العاصمة وأكبر المدن الحضرية.

نيپال كدولة تقع في جبال الهملايا، بين الهند والصين. إحدى الدول الصغرى بشبه القارة الهندية، قلما يسمع عنها العالم بسبب موقعها المنعزل ووعورة تضاريس أرضها، وبعدعا عن العالم الخارجي، فنيبال دولة داخلية لاسواحل لها، وتوجد بين ثنايا جبال الهملايا الوعرة، ونتيجة هذه السمات لم تندمج مملكة نيبال في الوحدات السياسية الكبري بشبه القارة الهندية، فظلت مملكة منذ عدة قرون وخططت حدودها في القرن الثامن عشر الميلادي وتنقسم البلاد ألى أربعة أقاليم، الإقليم الشرقي، والإقليم الأوسط، واللإقليم الغربي والإقليم الغربي الأقصي ،وتشمل الأقاليم أربعة عشر مقاطعة تشمل بدورها 75 ناحية.

The name "Nepal" is first recorded in texts from the Vedic period of the Indian subcontinent, the era in ancient Nepal when Hinduism was founded, the predominant religion of the country. In the middle of the first millennium BC, Gautama Buddha, the founder of Buddhism, was born in Lumbini in southern Nepal. Parts of northern Nepal were intertwined with the culture of Tibet. The centrally located Kathmandu Valley is intertwined with the culture of Indo-Aryans, and was the seat of the prosperous Newar confederacy known as Nepal Mandala. The Himalayan branch of the ancient Silk Road was dominated by the valley's traders. The cosmopolitan region developed distinct traditional art and architecture. By the 18th century, the Gorkha Kingdom achieved the unification of Nepal. The Shah dynasty established the Kingdom of Nepal and later formed an alliance with the British Empire, under its Rana dynasty of premiers. The country was never colonised but served as a buffer state between Imperial China and British India. Parliamentary democracy was introduced in 1951 but was twice suspended by Nepalese monarchs, in 1960 and 2005. The Nepalese Civil War in the 1990s and early 2000s resulted in the establishment of a secular republic in 2008, ending the world's last Hindu monarchy.

The Constitution of Nepal, adopted in 2015, affirms the country as a federal parliamentary republic divided into seven provinces. Nepal was admitted to the United Nations in 1955, and friendship treaties were signed with India in 1950 and China in 1960. Nepal hosts the permanent secretariat of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation (SAARC), of which it is a founding member. Nepal is also a member of the Non-Aligned Movement and the Bay of Bengal Initiative.

نيپال هي بلد نامي باقتصاد باقتصاد منخفض الدخل، واحتلت الترتيب 145 من 186 بلد على مؤشر التنمية الإنسانية 2014. وهي مستمرة في نضالها مع المستويات المرتفعة من الجوع والفقر. بالرغم من هذه التحديات، تشهد البلاد تقدماً ملحوظاً، حيث تتعهد الحكومة بإخراج البلاد من حالة البلدان الأقل نماءاً بحلول 2022.

 التسمية

المقالة الرئيسية: اسم نيبال

Before the unification of Nepal, the Kathmandu Valley was known as Nepal. The precise origin of the term Nepāl is uncertain. Nepal appears in ancient Indian literary texts dated as far back as the fourth century AD. An absolute chronology can not be established, as even the oldest texts may contain anonymous contributions dating as late as the early modern period. Academic attempts to provide a plausible theory are hindered by the lack of a complete picture of history and insufficient understanding of linguistics or relevant Indo-European and Tibeto-Burman languages.

According to Hindu mythology, Nepal derives its name from an ancient Hindu sage called Ne, referred to variously as Ne Muni or Nemi. According to Pashupati Purāna, as a place protected by Ne, the country in the heart of the Himalayas came to be known as Nepāl. According to Nepāl Mahātmya, Nemi was charged with protection of the country by Pashupati. According to Buddhist mythology, Manjushri Bodhisattva drained a primordial lake of serpents to create the Nepal valley and proclaimed that Adi-Buddha Ne would take care of the community that would settle it. As the cherished of Ne, the valley would be called Nepāl. According to Gopalarājvamshāvali, the genealogy of ancient Gopala dynasty compiled 1380sح. 1380s, Nepal is named after Nepa the cowherd, the founder of the Nepali scion of the Abhiras. In this account, the cow that issued milk to the spot, at which Nepa discovered the Jyotirlinga of Pashupatināth upon investigation, was also named Ne.

The Ne Muni etymology was rightly dismissed by the early European visitors. Norwegian indologist Christian Lassen proposed that Nepāla was a compound of Nipa (foot of a mountain) and -ala (short suffix for alaya meaning abode), and so Nepāla meant "abode at the foot of the mountain". Indologist Sylvain Levi found Lassen's theory untenable but had no theories of his own, only suggesting that either Newara is a vulgarism of sanskritic Nepala, or Nepala is Sanskritisation of the local ethnic; his view has found some support though it does not answer the question of etymology. It has also been proposed that Nepa is a Tibeto-Burman stem consisting of Ne (cattle) and Pa (keeper), reflecting the fact that early inhabitants of the valley were Gopalas (cowherds) and Mahispalas (buffalo-herds). Suniti Kumar Chatterji believed Nepal originated from Tibeto-Burman roots – Ne, of uncertain meaning (as multiple possibilities exist), and pala or bal, whose meaning is lost entirely.

 التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ نيپال

لومبيني، مُدرج كمحل ميلاد لبوذا من قبل لجنة اليونسكو للحفاظ على التراث العالمي.

يبدو أن شعوب كيراتا من أقدم الشعوب التي استوطنت النيبال؛ وقيل إنها قد حكمت نيپال لحوالي 2500 سنة.

 التاريخ القديم

ذكرت نيپال لأول مرة في التاريخ في نص الفيدية باعتبارها منطقة يتم فيها تصدير البطانيات، وتلاه عدد كبير من النصوص القديمة التي تتحدث عن جمال وقوة النيبال، كما تم ذكر النيبال في بعض النصوص الهندوسية مثل بوجا نارايانا.

حوالي عام 500 قبل الميلاد، نشأت ممالك صغيرة واتحادات العشائر في المناطق الجنوبية من نيپال، من واحد من هؤلاء، نشأ الأمير سيدهارتا گوتاما (563-483 قبل الميلاد) ليكون حاكماً على شاكيا، ولكنه تخلى عن مكانته في وقت لاحق ليقود حياة التقشف وعرف باسم بوذا ("المستنير")، ويعتقد أن جيتيداستي ملك كيراتا السابع كان على عرش الحكم في وادي نيپال في ذلك الوقت.

 العصور الوسطى

المقالة الرئيسية: مالا (نيپال)

القصر الملكي السابق في بسانتاپور، كاتماندو.

في أوائل القرن 12 بعد الميلاد، برز قادة في أقصى غرب نيپال انتهت أسماؤهم بـ"مالا" (أي "مصارع" باللغة السنسكريتية)، وقد امتدت سلطة هؤلاء الملوك إلى حوالي 200 سنة، وقد انتهت تلك الفترة بانقسام المملكة إلى ما يقارب 24 دويلة، ولكن في أواخر القرن 14 ظهرت سلالة أخرى من قبيلة المالا تحت سيطرة الحاكم جاياسثتي في وادي كاتماندو، مما أدى إلى استرجاع وحدة الحكم في أغلبية مناطق وسط النيبال، غير أنه في عام 1482 انقسمت المملكة إلى ثلاثة ممالك: كاتماندو، وپاتان، وبهاكتابور.

 مملكة نيپال

المقالة الرئيسية: مملكة نيپال

معابد هندوسية في پاتان، عاصمة إحدى النيوار الثلاثة في العصور الوسطى.

جناكي ماندير، واحد من أشهر معابد جاناكپور، نيپال.

الملكية النيپالية في العشرينيات.

في منتصف القرن 18، بعد قرون من التنافس بين الممالك الصغيرة الثلاث، اقترح بريثفي نارايان شاه ملك گورخا أن تتوحد الممالك، فسعى لامتلاك الأسلحة والمساعدات من الهند وشراء حدود الممالك الهندية المحايدة، وقد شرع في مهمته في عام 1765، وبعد عدة معارك دامية وحصار دام 3 سنوات نجح الملك في توحيد وادي كاتماندو والأراضي المحيطة بها، ومع ذلك فإنه لم تنشأ أية معركة فعلية لاحتلال وادي كاتماندو، فقد سيطر عليه بريثفي نارايان شاه وقواته دون أي جهد يذكر، حيث أن قاطني الوادي كانوا مجتمعين للاحتفال بمهرجان ال "إندرا جاترا" (مهرجان يحتفل فيه شعب نيوا)، وقد شهد هذا الحدث ولادة أمة حديثة في النيبال.

في عام 1788، اجتاح النيباليون ولاية سيكيم في الهند وأرسلوا غارة تأبينية إلى التبت، كما احتلوا أيضاً مقاطعة كانجرا في شمال الهند، وفي عام 1809، تدخل رانجيت سينغ حاكم ولاية السيخ في پنجاب وأبعد الجيش النيبالي إلى شرقي نهر سوتليج.

امتدت مملكة نيپال العظمى في أقصى مدى لها من نهر تيستا في الشرق، إلى كانجرا في الغرب عبر نهر سوتليج، فضلاً عن المزيد من المساحات في سهول تيراي في الجنوب وجبال الهملايا في الشمال عما هي عليه في الوقت الحاضر، ولكن النزاع للسيطرة على الجبال مع التبت والحرب التي تلت ذلك أجبر النيباليين إلى التراجع ودفع تعويضات كبرى إلى التبت.

 الجمهورية

أعلنت نيپال جمهورية في 28 مايو 2008 بعد 240 عام من الملكية، فقد التأمت الجمعية الوطنية المنتخبة (البرلمان) في ذلك الحين لغرض إلغاء الملكية رسمياً وإعداد دستور وطني جديد، يذكر ان البرلمان كان يضم 575 نائباً وقد أدوا اليمين القانونية أمام أكبر أعضاء المجلس سناً، وبالإضافة إلى هذا العدد الكبير من النواب قامت الأحزاب الرئيسية في البلاد بتعيين 26 نائباً اخر لينضمو إلى المجلس. ويذكر ان النواب الجدد استخدموا لغتهم الأم في أداء القسم، وارتدوا ثيابهم التقليدية لبلدهم متعدد الأعراق.

 الجغرافيا

المقالة الرئيسية: جغرافيا نيپال and جيولوجيا نيپال

خريطة طبوغرافيا لنيپال.

 الموقع

تجاورها التبت من الشمال، وتحدها الهند من الشرق والجنوب والغرب وطول البلاد يمتد من الغرب إلى الشرق، وعرضها بين الشمال والجنوب وتبلغ مساحتها 141،000 كيلو متر مربع، وعدد سكانها 18،237،000 نسمة حسب تقدير 1408 هـ-1988 م وعاصمتها كاتمندو.

 المناخ

يتصف مناخ نيبال بالبرودة خصوصا فوق المرتفعات فهناك العديد من القمم تغطيها الثلوج الدائمة، وتنخفض الحرارة إلى مادون درجة التجمد.

أما الوديان المحمية بالسلاسل الجبلية فتمتع بالدفىء نوعا ما، لذلك يتجمع بها معظم سكان البلاد، والصيف حار في الوديان بارد فوق القمم الجبلية، والأمطار تعود إلى النظام الموسمي الصيفي المسيطر على شبة القارة الهندية الباكستانية.

 التضاريس

أرض نيبال جبلية وعرة، تتألف من سلاسل عالية من الجبال التي تمتد من الغرب إلى الشرق، وأحياناً من الجنوب والشمال ويتراوح ارتفاعها بين 3000 متر و8000 متر، وتضم أعلى قمة حبلية في العالم وهي قمة إفرست 8848 مترا، كما تضم السلاسل الجبلية وديانا داخلية تسيل خلالها الروافد النهرية العديدة وأحيانا تضم الوديان المستنقعات مثل مستنقع تراى وتنصرف مجاريها المائية إلى نهر برهما والجانج.

الجبال	الارتفاع		القطاع	الموقع
جبل إڤرست (الأعلى)	8,848 م	29,029 ق	Khumbu Mahalangur	Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal China Border)
Kanchenjunga (الثالث)	8,586 م	28,169 ق	Northern Kanchenjunga	Taplejung District, Mechi Zone ( Nepal Sikkim Border)
Lhotse (الرابع)	8,516 م	27,940 ق	Everest Group	Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal China Border)
Makalu (الخامس)	8,462 م	27,762 ق	Makalu Mahalangur	Sankhuwasabha District, Kosi Zone ( Nepal China Border)
Cho Oyu (6th highest)	8,201 م	26,906 ق	Khumbu Mahalangur	Solukhumbu District, Sagarmatha Zone ( Nepal China Border)
Dhaulagiri I (السابع)	8,167 م	26,795 ق	Dhaulagiri	Myagdi District, Dhawalagiri Zone
Manaslu (الثامن)	8,156 م	26,759 ق	Mansiri	Gorkha District / Manang District, Gandaki Zone
Annapurna I (العاشر)	8,091 م	26,545 ق	Annapurna	Kaski District, Gandaki Zone / Myagdi District, Dhawalagiri Zone

 البيئة

الاختلافات الكبيرة في الارتفاع وجدت في نيپال نتيجة مجموعة متنوعة من المناطق الحيوية، من الساڤانا الاستوائية على طول الحدود الهندية، إلى العريضة شبه الاستوائية والغابات الصنوبرية في منطقة هيل، إلى العريضة المعتدلة والغابات الصنوبرية على سفوح جبال الهيمالايا، إلى المراعي الجبلية والشجيرات الأرضية والصخور والجليد على أعلى الارتفاعات.

عند أدنى الارتفاعات هو تيراي-دوار الساڤانا والمراعي الإيكولوجية، وتشكل هذه الفسيفساء مع جبال الهيمالايا الغابات العريضة شبه الاستوائية، والتي تحدث من 500 إلى 1000 متر (1600 إلى 3300 قدم)، وتشمل وديان تيراي الداخلية. غابات الصنوبر شبه الاستوائية في جبال الهيمالايا تحدث بين 1000 و 2000 متر (3300 قدم و6600).

فوق هذه المرتفعات، وتنقسم بصفة عامة الجغرافية الحيوية في نيبال من الشرق إلى الغرب من نهر جانداكي. المناطق الإيكولوجية إلى الشرق تميل إلى استقبال المزيد من الأمطار وإلى أن تكون أكثر الأصناف الغنية. هؤلاء إلى الغرب أكثر جفافاً مع عدد أقل من الأنواع.

من 1500 إلى 3000 متر (4900 إلى 9،800 قدم)، هي غابات معتدلة عريضة: الشرقية والغربية من جبال الهيمالايا غابات عريضة من 3000 إلى 4000 متر (9800 إلى 13،000 قدم) هو شرق وغرب جبال الهيمالايا الغابات الصنوبرية جبال الألب الفرعية. إلى 5500 متر (18000 قدم) هي شجيرات شرق وغرب جبال الهيمالايا ومراعي جبال الألب.

أفق ومناخ نيپال

• 

  Seto Gumba Panoramic view

• 

  View of Khartuwa village from Thakuri village of Sitalpati, Shankhuwasabha, eastern Nepal.

• 

  NASA Landsat-7 Image of Nepal. Nepal shares its boundaries with India and China

• 

  The Annapurna range of the Himalayas.

• 

  Lake Phoksundo in Dolpo.

• 

  Kali Gandaki Gorge is one of the deepest gorges on earth.

• 

  Marshyangdi Valley – There are many such valleys in the Himalaya created by glacier flows.

• 

  Mount Everest, the highest peak on earth, lies on the Nepal-China border

• 

  Wind erosion in Kalopani.

• 

  A field in Terai.

• 

  Phulchowki Hill.

 السياسة والحكومة

 السياسة

المقالة الرئيسية: سياسة نيپال, Elections in Nepal, and Censorship in Nepal

Ram Chandra Poudel
President

KP Sharma Oli
Prime Minister

Nepal is a parliamentary republic with a multi-party system. Nepal has been referred as the 'Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal' since 2015. It has seven national political parties recognised in the federal parliament: Communist Party of Nepal (Unified Marxist–Leninist), Nepali Congress, Communist Party of Nepal (Maoist Centre), Rastriya Swatantra Party, Rastriya Prajatantra Party, People's Socialist Party and Janamat Party. Of the two major parties which both officially espouse democratic socialism, CPN(UML) is considered leftist while Nepali Congress is considered centrist. During most of the brief periods of democratic exercise in the 1950s and the 1990s, Nepali Congress held the majority of seats in parliament; CPN (UML) was its competitor in the 1990s. After the Maoists entered the political process in 2006, they emerged as the third largest party. In the aftermath of the 2017 elections, the first one according to the new constitution, NCP, formed by the merger of CPN (UML) and CPN (Maoist Centre) had become the ruling party at the federal level and in six out of seven provinces. After the 2022 general election, the House of Representatives of 2nd Federal parliament was formed as hung parliament and a coalition government led by Pushpa Kamal Dahal was formed in December 2022. On 15 July 2024, K. P. Sharma Oli was sworn in as Nepali Prime minister for fourth time. New coalition was formed between Nepali Congress, led by Sher Bahadur Deuba, and UML, led by Oli. The party leaders will take turns as prime ministers for 18 months each until the next general elections in 2027.

B.P. Koirala led the 1951 revolution, became the first democratically elected Prime Minister, and after being deposed and imprisoned in 1961, spent the rest of his life fighting for democracy.

In the 1930s, a vibrant underground political movement arose in the capital, birthing Nepal Praja Parishad in 1936, which was dissolved seven years later, following the execution of the four great martyrs. Around the same time, Nepalis involved in the Indian independence movement started organizing into political parties, leading to the birth of Nepali Congress and Communist Party of Nepal. As communism was trying to find its footing, Nepali Congress was successful in overthrowing the Rana regime in 1951 and enjoyed the overwhelming support of the electorate. In the partyless Panchayat system initiated in 1962 by King Mahendra, monarchy loyalists took turns leading the government; political leaders remained underground, exiled or in prison. A communist insurgency was crushed in its cradle in the 1970s, which led to the eventual coalescence of hitherto scattered communist factions under the United Left Front.

After the joint civil resistance launched by the United Left Front and Nepali Congress overthrew the Panchayat in 1990, the Front became CPN (UML), adopted multi-party democracy, and in the brief period, it was in government, introduced welfare programmes that remain popular. After the Maoist Party joined mainstream politics, in the aftermath of the peaceful revolution of 2006, it also adopted multi-party democracy as its official line. The transition period between 2006 and 2015 saw sustained protests from the newly formed ethnocentric nationalist movements, principal among them the Madhes Movement.

 Government

المقالة الرئيسية: Government of Nepal and Constitution of Nepal

Nepal is governed according to the Constitution of Nepal. It defines Nepal as having multi-ethnic, multi-lingual, multi-religious, multi-cultural characteristics with common aspirations of people living in diverse geographical regions, and being committed to and united by a bond of allegiance to the national independence, territorial integrity, national interest, and prosperity of Nepal.

Singha Durbar, the seat of government in Kathmandu

The Supreme Court

Parliament House

The Government of Nepal has three branches:

• Executive: The form of governance is a multi-party, competitive, federal democratic republican parliamentary system based on plurality. The President appoints the parliamentary party leader of the political party with the majority in the House of Representatives as Prime Minister, who forms the Council of ministers that exercises the executive power.
• Legislature: The Legislature of Nepal, called the Federal Parliament, consists of the House of Representatives and the National Assembly. The House of Representatives consists of 275 members elected through a mixed electoral system and has a term of five years. The National Assembly, consisting of 59 members elected by provincial electoral colleges, is a permanent house; a third of its members are elected every two years for a six-year term.
• Judiciary: Nepal has a unitary three-tier independent judiciary that comprises the Supreme Court, the highest court in the land, headed by the Chief Justice, seven High Courts, one in each province, the highest court at the provincial level, and 77 district courts, one in each district. The municipal councils can convene local judicial bodies to resolve disputes and render non-binding verdicts in cases not involving actionable crime. The actions and proceedings of the local judicial bodies may be guided and countermanded by the district courts.

 التقسيمات الإدارية

المقالة الرئيسية: Administrative divisions of Nepal

Province	Capital	Districts	Area (km2)	Population Census 2011	Population Census 2021	Density (people/km2) 2021	Human Development Index	Map
Koshi Province	Biratnagar	14	25,905	4,534,943	4,972,021	192	0.553
Madhesh Province	Janakpur	8	9,661	5,404,145	6,126,288	634	0.485
Bagmati Province	Hetauda	13	20,300	5,529,452	6,084,042	300	0.560
Gandaki Province	Pokhara	11	21,856	2,403,757	2,479,745	113	0.567
Lumbini Province	Deukhuri	12	19,707	4,499,272	5,124,225	260	0.519
Karnali Province	Birendranagar	10	30,213	1,570,418	1,694,889	56	0.469
Sudurpashchim Province	Godawari	9	19,539	2,552,517	2,711,270	139	0.478
Nepal	Kathmandu	77	147,181	26,494,504	29,192,480	198	0.579

Nepal is a federal republic comprising 7 provinces. Each province is composed of 8 to 14 districts. The districts, in turn, comprise local units known as urban and rural municipalities. There is a total of 753 local units which includes 6 metropolitan municipalities, 11 sub-metropolitan municipalities and 276 municipalities for a total of 293 urban municipalities, and 460 rural municipalities. Each local unit is composed of wards. There are 6,743 wards in total.

The local governments enjoy executive and legislative as well as limited judicial powers in their local jurisdiction. The provinces have unicameral parliamentary Westminster system of governance. The local and provincial governments exercise some absolute powers and some powers shared with provincial or federal government. The district coordination committee, a committee composed of all elected officials from the local governments in the district, has a very limited role.

 Laws and law enforcement

المقالة الرئيسية: Law enforcement in Nepal

The Constitution of Nepal is the supreme law of the land, and any other laws contradicting it are automatically invalid to the extent of the contradiction. The specific legal provisions are codified as Civil Code and Criminal Code, accompanied by Civil Procedure Code and Criminal Procedure Code respectively. The Supreme Court is the highest authority in the interpretation of laws and it can direct the parliament to amend or enact new laws as required. The death penalty has been abolished. It recognises marital rape and supports abortion rights. Owing to a rise in sex-selective abortion, however, constraints have been introduced. Nepal is a signatory to the Geneva Convention, Conventions/Treaties on the prohibition of Biological, Chemical and Nuclear weapons, International Labour Organization Fundamental Conventions, Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons and the Paris climate accord. Some legal provisions, guided by socio-economic, cultural and religious sensibilities, remain discriminatory. There is gender-based discrimination against foreign nationals married to Nepali citizens. Paternal lineage of a person is valued and required in legal documents. Many laws remain unenforced in practice.

Traffic police personnel manually direct traffic at the busiest roads and junctions.

Nepal Police is the primary law enforcement agency. It is an independent organisation under the command of the Inspector General, who is appointed by and reports to the Ministry of Home Affairs. In addition to maintaining law and order, it is responsible for the management of road traffic, which is undertaken by Nepal Traffic Police. Nepal Armed Police Force, a separate paramilitary police organisation, works in cooperation with Nepal police in routine security matters; it is intended for crowd control, counter-insurgency and anti-terrorism actions, and other internal matters where the use of force may be necessary. The Crime Investigation Department of Nepal Police specialises in criminal investigation and forensic analysis. The Commission for the Investigation of Abuse of Authority is an independent investigative agency that investigates and prosecutes cases related to corruption, bribery and abuses of authority. At 2.16 per 100,000 in 2016, Nepal's intentional homicide rate is much lower than average; police data indicates a steady increase in the crime rate in recent years. Nepal was ranked 76 out of 163 countries in the Global Peace Index (GPI) in 2019. Nepal's passport has consistently been ranked among the weakest in the world.

 Foreign relations

المقالة الرئيسية: Foreign relations of Nepal

Gurkha Memorial, London

Nepal depends on diplomacy for national defence. It maintains a policy of neutrality between its neighbours, has amicable relations with other countries in the region, and has a policy of non-alignment at the global stage. Nepal is a member of SAARC, UN, WTO, BIMSTEC and ACD, among others. It has bilateral diplomatic relations with 167 countries and the EU, has embassies in 30 countries and six consulates, while 25 countries maintain embassies in Nepal, and more than 80 others maintain non-residential diplomatic missions. Nepal is one of the major contributors to the UN peacekeeping missions, having contributed more than 119,000 personnel to 42 missions since 1958. Nepali people have a reputation for honesty, loyalty and bravery, which has led to them serving as legendary Gurkha warriors in the Indian and British armies for the last 200 years, with service in both world wars, India-Pakistan wars as well as Afghanistan and Iraq, though Nepal was not directly involved in any of those conflicts, and winning the highest military awards, including the Victoria Cross and the Param Vir Chakra.

Nepal is one of the major contributors to UN peacekeeping missions.

Nepal pursues a policy of "balanced relations" with the two giant immediate neighbours, India and China; the 1950 Treaty of Peace and Friendship with India provides for a much closer relationship. Nepal and India share an open border with free movement of people, religious, cultural and marital ties. India is Nepal's largest trading partner, which it depends upon for all of its oil and gas, and a number of essential goods. Nepalis can own property in India, while Indians are free to live and work in Nepal. Relations between India and Nepal, though very close, have faced difficulties stemming from territorial disputes, economics, and the problems inherent in big power-small power relations. Nepal established diplomatic relations with the People's Republic of China on 1 August 1955, and signed the Treaty of Peace and Friendship in 1960; relations since have been based on the Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. Nepal maintains neutrality in conflicts between China and India. It remains firmly committed to the One China Policy and is known to curb anti-China activities from the Tibetan refugees in Nepal. Citizens of both countries can cross the border and travel as far as 30 km without a visa. China is viewed favourably in Nepal owing to the absence of any border disputes or serious interference in internal politics, coupled with its assistance in infrastructure development and aid during emergencies; favourability has increased since China helped Nepal during the 2015 economic blockade imposed by India. Subsequently, China granted Nepal access to its ports for third-country trade, and Nepal joined China's Belt and Road Initiative.

Nepal emphasises greater cooperation in South Asia and actively pushed for the establishment of SAARC, the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation, the permanent secretariat of which, is hosted in Kathmandu. Nepal was one of the first countries to recognise an independent Bangladesh, and the two countries seek to enhance greater cooperation, on trade and water management; seaports in Bangladesh, being closer, are seen as viable alternatives to India's monopoly on Nepal's third-country trade. Nepal was the first South Asian country to establish diplomatic relations with Israel, and the countries enjoy a strong relationship; it recognises the rights of the Palestinians, having voted in favour of its recognition at the UN and against the recognition of Jerusalem as Israel's capital. Countries that Nepal maintains a close relationship with, include the most generous donors and development partners—the United States, the United Kingdom, Denmark, Japan and Norway, among others.

 Military and intelligence

المقالة الرئيسية: Nepali Army

The multipurpose Kukri knife (top) is the signature weapon of the Nepali armed forces, and is used by the Gurkhas, Nepal Army, Police and even security guards.

The President is the supreme commander of the Nepali Army; its routine management is handled by the Ministry of Defence. The military expenditure for 2018 was $398.5 million, around 1.4% of GDP. An almost exclusively ground infantry force, Nepal Army numbers at less than one hundred thousand; recruitment is voluntary. It has few aircraft, mainly helicopters, primarily used for transport, patrol, and search and rescue. Directorate of Military Intelligence under Nepal Army serves as the military intelligence agency; National Investigation Department tasked with national and international intelligence gathering, is independent. Nepal Army is primarily used for routine security of critical assets, an anti-poaching patrol of national parks, counterinsurgency, and search and rescue during natural disasters; it also undertakes major construction projects. There are no discriminatory policies on recruitment into the army, but it is dominated by men from elite Pahari warrior castes.

 العلاقات الخارجية والعسكرية

المقالة الرئيسية: القوات المسلحة النيپالية and العلاقات الخارجية لنيپال

Khukuri symbolic weapon of the Nepalese Army and Gurkha

 الاقتصاد

المقالة الرئيسية: اقتصاد نيپال

Nepal is one of the least developed countries, which ranks 165th in the world in nominal GDP per capita and 162nd in GDP per capita at PPP. Nepal's gross domestic product (GDP) for 2019 was $34.186 billion. Nepal has consistently been ranked as one of the poorest countries in the world. Nepal has been a member of WTO since 23 April 2004.

The 16.8-million-worker Nepali labour force is the 37th largest in the world. The primary sector makes up 27.59% of GDP, the secondary sector 14.6%, and the tertiary sector 57.81%. Nepal's foreign exchange remittances of US$8.1 billion in 2018, the 19th largest in the world and constituting 28.0% of GDP, were contributed to its economy by millions of workers primarily in India, the Middle East and East Asia, almost all of them unskilled labourers. Major agricultural products include cereals (barley, maize, millet, paddy and wheat), oilseed, potato, pulses, sugarcane, jute, tobacco, milk and water buffalo meat. Major industries include tourism, carpets, textiles, cigarettes, cement, brick, as well as small rice, jute, sugar and oilseed mills. Nepal's international trade greatly expanded in 1951 with the establishment of democracy; liberalisation began in 1985 and picked up pace after 1990. By the fiscal year 2016/17, Nepal's foreign trade amounted Rs 1.06 trillion, a twenty-three folds increase from Rs 45.6 billion in 1990/91. More than 60% of Nepal's trade is with India. Major exports include readymade garment, carpet, pulses, handicrafts, leather, medicinal herbs, and paper products, which account for 90% of the total. Major imports include various finished and semi-finished goods, raw materials, machinery and equipment, chemical fertilisers, electrical and electronic devices, petroleum products, gold, and readymade garments. Inflation was at 4.5% in 2019. Foreign exchange reserves were at US$9.5 billion in July 2019, equivalent to 7.8 months of imports.

Real GDP per capita development of Nepal

Nepal has made significant progress in poverty reduction bringing the population below the international poverty line (US$1.90 per person per day) from 15% in 2010 to just 9.3% in 2018, although vulnerability remains extremely high, with almost 32% of the population living on between US$1.90 and US$3.20 per person per day. Nepal has made improvement in sectors like nutrition, child mortality, electricity, improved flooring and assets. Under the current trend, Nepal is expected to eradicate poverty within 20 years. The agriculture sector is particularly vulnerable as it is highly dependent on the monsoon rains, with just 28% of the arable land being irrigated, اعتبارا من 2014. Agriculture employs 76% of the workforce, services 18%, and manufacturing and craft-based industry 6%. Private investment, consumption, tourism and agriculture are the principal contributors to economic growth.

The government's budget is about $13.71 billion (FY 2019/20); expenditure of infrastructure development budget, most of it contributed by foreign aid, usually fails to meet the target. The country receives foreign aid from the UK, India, Japan, the US, the EU, China, Switzerland, and Scandinavian countries. The Nepali rupee has been tied to the Indian rupee at an exchange rate of 1.6 for many years. Per capita income is $1,004. The distribution of wealth among the Nepalis is consistent with that in many developed and developing countries: the highest 10% of households control 39.1% of the national wealth and the lowest 10% control only 2.6%. European Union (EU) (46.13%), the US (17.4%), and Germany (7.1%) are its main export partners; they mainly buy Nepali ready-made garments (RMG). Nepal's import partners include India (47.5%), the United Arab Emirates (11.2%), China (10.7%), Saudi Arabia (4.9%), and Singapore (4%).

Besides having landlocked, rugged geography, few tangible natural resources and poor infrastructure, the ineffective post-1950 government and the long-running civil war are also factors in stunting the country's economic growth and development. Debt bondage even involving debtors' children has been a persistent social problem in the western hills and the Terai, with an estimated 234,600 people or 0.82% of the population considered as enslaved, by The Global Slavery Index in 2016.

In 2022, Nepal limited import of non-essential goods after its foreign currency reserves dropped. COVID-19 pandemic caused a decline in tourism spending and the money sent home by Nepalis working abroad, which in turn lowered country's foreign currency reserve.

 Tourism

المقالة الرئيسية: Tourism in Nepal

Tourists view a greater one-horned rhinoceros from an Asian elephant in Chitwan National Park.

Tourism is one of the largest and fastest-growing industries in Nepal, employing more than a million people and contributing 7.9% of the total GDP. The number of international visitors crossed one million in 2018 for the first time (not counting Indian tourists arriving by land). Nepal's share of visitors to South Asia is about 6%, and they spend much less on average, with Nepal sharing 1.7% of the earnings. Premier destinations include Pokhara, the Annapurna trekking circuit and the four UNESCO world heritage sites—Lumbini, Sagarmatha National Park (home to Mount Everest), seven sites in the Kathmandu Valley collectively listed as one, and Chitwan National Park. Most of Nepal's mountaineering earning comes from Mount Everest, which is more accessible from the Nepalese side.

Nepal officially opened to westerners in 1951 and became a popular destination at the end of the hippie trail in the 1960s and 1970s. The industry, disrupted by the civil war in the 1990s, has since recovered but faces challenges to growth, owing to a lack of proper facilities for high-end tourism termed the "infrastructure bottleneck", mounting issues facing Nepal Airlines, and a handful of destinations properly developed and marketed. The home-stay tourism, in which cultural and eco-tourists stay as paying guests in the homes of indigenous people, has seen some success.

 Foreign employment

While adults are employed in slavery-like conditions abroad, hundreds of thousands of children in the country are employed as child labour (not including the agricultural sector).

The rate of unemployment and underemployment exceeds half of the working-age population, driving millions to seek employment abroad, mainly in India, the Gulf, and East Asia. Mostly unskilled, uneducated, and indebted to loan sharks, these workers are swindled by the manpower companies and sent to exploitative employers or war-ridden countries under fraudulent contracts. They have their passports seized, to be returned when the employer grants them leave or terminates their contracts. Most do not get paid minimum wage, and many are forced to forfeit all or part of the wages. Many Nepalis work in extremely unsafe conditions; an average of two workers die each day. Due to restrictions placed on women, many depend on traffickers to get out of the country, and end up victims of violence and abuse. Many Nepalese are believed to be working under slavery-like conditions, and Nepal spends billions of rupees rescuing stranded workers, on remuneration to the indebted families of the dead, and in legal costs for those arrested in foreign countries. Though millions have raised themselves out of poverty, due to a lack of entrepreneurial skills, the remittance is largely spent on real estate and consumption.

 الزراعة

الزراعة حرفة السكان الأولي، ويعمل بها حوالي 90% من القوة العاملة وتشغل الأراضي الزراعية حوالي 10% من مساحة البلاد، وأبرز الحاصلات الزراعية الأرز، والقمح، والجوت، والفاكهة، وتزرع في الوديان المحمية بالمرتفعات وقد جففت مساحة كبيرة من مستنقع تيراي، واستغلت في الزراعة، وكان المستنقع موطناً لمرض الملاريا، وفى البلاد ثروة غلبية تستغل في قطع الأخشاب وتصديرها إلى الهند، وإلى جانب هذا يمارس أهل نيبال العي وتربية الحيوانات، وفى البلاد العديد من الخامات المعدنية لم يكشف النقاب عنها.

 الصناعة

تعتمد الصناعة في نيبال على الموارد الطبيعية المتوفرة فتقوم عليها صناعات بسيطة مثل : السجاد والملابس والاسمنت والسجائر والطابوق، والسكر، والصابون، والثقاب، والجوت، وتوليد الطاقة الكهربائية من المجاري المائية "الطاقةالكهرومائية".

 السياحة

تعتمد نيبال بشكل أساسي على نوعين من السياحة وهما السياحة الدينية وسياحة تسلق الجبال

 الطاقة

Middle Marsyangdi Hydroelectric Dam. Nepal has significant potential to generate hydropower, which it plans to export across South Asia.

The bulk of energy in Nepal comes from biomass (80%) and imported fossil fuels (16%). Most of the final energy consumption goes to the residential sector (84%) followed by transport (7%) and industry (6%); the transport and industry sectors have been expanding rapidly in recent years. Except for some lignite deposits, Nepal has no known oil, gas or coal deposits. All commercial fossil fuels (mainly oil, LPG and coal) are imported, spending 129% of the country's total export revenue. Only about 1% of the energy need is fulfilled by electricity. The perennial nature of Nepali rivers and the steep gradient of the country's topography provide ideal conditions for the development of hydroelectric projects. Estimates put Nepal's economically feasible hydro-power potential at approximately 42,000 MW. Nepal has been able to exploit only about 1,100 MW. As most of it is generated from run-of-river (ROR) plants, the actual power produced is much lower in the dry winter months when peak demand can reach as high as 1,200 MW, and Nepal needs to import as much as 650 MW from India to meet the demands. Major hydro-power projects suffer delays and setbacks. Nepal's electrification rate (76%) is comparable to that of other countries in the region but there is significant disparity between the rural (72%) and urban (97%) areas. The position of the power sector remains unsatisfactory because of high tariffs, high system losses, high generation costs, high overheads, over staffing, and lower domestic demand.

 النقل

وسائل النقل في المنطقة الجبلية.

يرتكز أساساً نظام النقل في نيبال على الطرق. وتتركز أساسا الطرق في البلاد في منطقة تيراي. هذه هي المنطقة الوحيدة، حيث هناك بعض الأراضي المسطحة. ويجري بناء شبكة طرق واسعة من قبل هيئة النقل لزيادة وتحسين أوضاع الطرق في نيبال. هناك حوالي 15 من الطرق السريعة الوطنية في البلاد، وبصرف النظر عن الطرق الفرعية الصغيرة كثيرة. هناك أيضا العديد من القرى والطرق الزراعية. إجمالي طول الطرق في نيبال تمتد إلى حوالي 28000 كيلومترا.

Nepal remains isolated from the world's major land, air and sea transport routes, although, within the country, aviation is in a better state, with 47 airports, 11 of them with paved runways; flights are frequent and support a sizeable traffic. The hilly and mountainous terrain in the northern two-thirds of the country has made the building of roads and other infrastructure difficult and expensive. اعتبارا من 2016, there were just over 11،890 km (7،388 mi) of paved roads, 16،100 km (10،004 mi) of unpaved roads, and just 59 km (37 mi) of railway line in the south. اعتبارا من 2018, all district headquarters (except Simikot) had been connected to the road network. Most of the rural roads are not operable during the rainy season; even national highways regularly become inoperable. Nepal depends almost entirely on assistance from countries like China, India and Japan, for building, maintenance and expansion of the road network. The only practical seaport of entry for goods bound for Kathmandu is Kolkata in India. The national carrier, Nepal Airlines, is in poor shape due to mismanagement and corruption, and has been blacklisted by the EU. Internally, the poor state of development of the road system makes access to markets, schools, and health clinics a challenge. Nepal has the worst road infrastructure in Asia.

 الاتصالات

Mahabir Pun hand-making a satellite dish in Nepal

According to the Nepal Telecommunication Authority MIS August 2019 report, voice telephony subscription rate was at 2.70% of total population for fixed phones and 138.59% for mobile; 98% of all voice telephony was through mobile phones. Similarly, while an estimated 14.52% had access to fixed broadband, an additional 52.71% were accessing the internet using their mobile data subscriptions; almost 15 million of them with 3G or better. The mobile voice telephony and broadband market was dominated by two telecommunications companies, the state-owned Nepal Telecom (55%) and the private multinational, Ncell (40%). Of the 21% market share enjoyed by fixed broadband, around 25% was again shared by Nepal Telecom, with the rest going to the private Internet Service Providers. Although there is high disparity in penetration rate between the rural and urban areas, mobile service has reached 75 districts of the country covering 90% of land area, and broadband access is expected to reach 90% of the population by 2020.

 الإعلام

المقالة الرئيسية: Mass media in Nepal

اعتبارا من 2019, the state operates three television stations as well as national and regional radio stations. There are 117 private TV channels and 736 FM radio stations licensed for operation, at least 314 of them, community radio stations. According to the 2011 census, the percentage of households possessing radio was 50.82%, television 36.45%, cable TV 19.33%, and computer 7.28%. According to the Press Council Nepal classification, اعتبارا من 2017 of the 833 publications producing original content, ten national dailies and weeklies are rated A+ class. In 2019, Reporters Without Borders ranked Nepal at 106th in the world in terms of press freedom.

 السكان

المقالة الرئيسية: Demographics of Nepal

Ethnicities & Castes in Nepal districts

The citizens of Nepal are known as Nepali or Nepalese. The Nepali are descendants of three major migrations from India, Tibet and North Burma, and the Chinese province of Yunnan via Assam. Among the earliest inhabitants were the Kirat of the eastern region, Newars of the Kathmandu Valley, aboriginal Tharus of the Terai plains and the Khas Pahari people of the far-western hills. Despite the migration of a significant section of the population to the Terai in recent years, the majority of Nepalese still live in the central highlands, and the northern mountains are sparsely populated.

A Magar couple

Nepal is a multicultural and multiethnic country, home to 125 distinct ethnic groups, speaking 123 different mother tongues and following a number of indigenous and folk religions in addition to Hinduism, Buddhism, Islam and Christianity. According to the 2011 census, Nepal's population was 26.5 million, almost a threefold increase from nine million in 1950. From 2001 to 2011, the average family size declined from 5.44 to 4.9. The census also noted some 1.9 million absentee people, over a million more than in 2001; most are male labourers employed overseas. This correlated with the drop in sex ratio to 94.2 from 99.8 for 2001. The annual population growth rate was 1.35% between 2001 and 2011, compared to an average of 2.25% between 1961 and 2001; also attributed to the absentee population.

Nepal is one of the ten least urbanised, and the ten fastest urbanizing countries in the world. اعتبارا من 2014, an estimated 18.3% of the population lived in urban areas. Urbanisation rate is high in the Terai, doon valleys of the inner Terai and valleys of the middle hills, but low in the high Himalayas. Similarly, the rate is higher in central and eastern Nepal compared to further west. The capital, Kathmandu, nicknamed the "City of temples", is the largest city in the country and the cultural and economic heart. Other large cities in Nepal include Pokhara, Biratnagar, Lalitpur, Bharatpur, Birgunj, Dharan, Hetauda and Nepalgunj. Congestion, pollution and drinking water shortage are some of the major problems facing the rapidly growing cities, most prominently the Kathmandu Valley.

 Language

المقالة الرئيسية: Languages of Nepal

Nepalese languages (2021)

Nepal's diverse linguistic heritage stems from three major language groups: Indo-Aryan, Sino-Tibetan and various indigenous language isolates. The major languages of Nepal (percent spoken as native language) according to the 2011 census are Nepali (44.6%), Maithili (11.7%), Bhojpuri (6.0%), Tharu (5.8%), Tamang (5.1%), Nepal Bhasa (3.2%), Bajjika (3%) and Magar (3.0%), Doteli (3.0%), Urdu (2.6%), Awadhi (1.89%), and Sunwar. Nepal is home to at least four indigenous sign languages.

Descendent of Sanskrit, Nepali is written in Devanagari script. It is the official language and serves as lingua franca among Nepali of different ethnolinguistic groups. The regional languages Maithili, Awadhi and Bhojpuri are spoken in the southern Terai region; Urdu is common among Nepali Muslims. Varieties of Tibetan are spoken in and north of the higher Himalaya where standard literary Tibetan is widely understood by those with religious education. Local dialects in the Terai and hills are mostly unwritten with efforts underway to develop systems for writing many in Devanagari or the Roman alphabet.

 Religion

المقالة الرئيسية: Religion in Nepal

Sadhus in Pashupatinath Temple

Nepal is a secular country, as declared by the Constitution of Nepal 2012 (Part 1, Article 4), where secularism 'means religious, cultural freedom, along with the protection of religion, culture handed down from time immemorial (सनातन)'. The 2011 census reported that the religion with the largest number of followers in Nepal was Hinduism (81.3% of the population), followed by Buddhism (9%); the remaining were Islam (4.4%), Kirant (3.1%), Christianity (1.4%) and Prakriti or nature worship (0.5%). By percentage of population, Nepal has the largest population of Hindus in the world. Nepal was officially a Hindu Kingdom until recently, and Shiva was considered the guardian deity of the country. Although many government policies throughout history have disregarded or marginalised minority religions, Nepalese societies generally enjoy religious tolerance and harmony among all religions, with only isolated incidents of religiously motivated violence. Nepal's constitution does not give anyone the right to convert any person to another religion. Nepal also passed a more stringent anti-conversion law on 2017. Nepal has the second-largest number of Hindus in the world after India.

 التعليم

المقالة الرئيسية: التعليم في نيپال

Nepalese teacher and schoolchildren in Pokhara

ثلثي الإناث وثلث الذكور أميين في نيبال. في سنة 2005 كانت نسبة الالتحاق في الصفوف الدراسية الأولية عند 74%. حالياً وصلت النسبة إلى ما يقارب الـ90%. في سنة 2009 قرر البنك الدولي المساهمة بمبلغ 130 مليون دولار لمساعدة نيبال في تحقيق أهدافها التعليمية. يوجد في نيبال عدّة جامعات.

Nepal entered modernity in 1951 with a literacy rate of 5% and about 10,000 students enrolled in 300 schools. By 2017, there were more than seven million students enrolled in 35,601 schools. The overall literacy rate (for population age five years and above) increased from 54.1% in 2001 to 65.9% in 2011. The net primary enrolment rate reached 97% by 2017, yet enrolment was less than 60% at the secondary level (grades 9 –12), and around 12% at the tertiary level. Though there is significant gender disparity in overall literacy rate, girls have overtaken boys in enrolment to all levels of education. Nepal has eleven universities and four independent science academies. Nepal was ranked 109th in the Global Innovation Index in 2024.

Lack of proper infrastructures and teaching materials, and a high student-to-teacher ratio, as well as politicisation of school management committees and partisan unionisation among both students and teachers, present a hurdle to progress. Free basic education is guaranteed in the constitution but the programme lacks funding for effective implementation. Government has scholarship programmes for girls and disabled students as well as the children of martyrs, marginalised communities and the poor. Tens of thousands of Nepali students leave the country every year in search of better education and work, with half of them never returning.

 الصحة

المقالة الرئيسية: الصحة في نيپال

Kunde Hospital in remote Himalayan region

Health care services in Nepal are provided by both the public and private sectors. Life expectancy at birth is estimated at 71 years as of 2017, 153rd highest in the world, up from 54 years in the 1990s and 35 years in 1950. Two-thirds of all deaths are due to non-communicable diseases; heart disease is the leading cause of death. While sedentary lifestyle, imbalanced diet and consumption of tobacco and alcohol has contributed in the rise of non-communicable diseases, many lose their life to communicable and treatable diseases caused by poor sanitation and malnutrition due to a lack of education, awareness and access to healthcare services.

Nepal has made great progress in maternal and child health. 95% of children have access to iodised salt, and 86% of children aged 6 – 59 months receive Vitamin A prophylaxis. Stunting, underweight and wasting has been reduced significantly; malnutrition, at 43% among children under five, is extremely high. Anemia in women and children increased between 2011 and 2016, reaching 41% and 53% respectively. Low birth weight is at 27% while breastfeeding is at 65%. Nepal has reduced maternal mortality rate to 229, from 901 in 1990; infant mortality is down to 32.2 per thousand live births compared to 139.8 in 1990. Contraceptive prevalence rate is 53% but the disparity rate between rural and urban areas is high due to a lack of awareness and easy access.

Progress in health is driven by strong government initiative in cooperation with NGOs and INGOs. Public health centres provide 72 essential medicines free of cost. In addition, the public health insurance plan initiated in 2016 which covers health treatments of up to Rs 50,000 for five members of a family, for a premium of Rs 2500 per year, has seen limited success, and is expected to expand. By paying stipends for four antenatal visits to health centres and hospitalised delivery, Nepal decreased home-births from 81% in 2006 to 41% in 2016. School meal programmes have improved education as well as nutrition metrics among children. Toilet building subsidies under the ambitious "one household-one toilet" programme has seen toilet prevalence rate reach 99% in 2019, from just 6% in 1990.

 Immigrants and refugees

المقالة الرئيسية: Demographics of Nepal § Foreign population in Nepal

Nepal has a long tradition of accepting immigrants and refugees. In modern times, Tibetans and Bhutanese have constituted a majority of refugees in Nepal. Tibetan refugees began arriving in 1959, and many more cross into Nepal every year. The Bhutanese Lhotsampa refugees began arriving in the 1980s and numbered more than 110,000 by the 2000s. Most of them have been resettled in third countries. In late 2018, Nepal had a total of 20,800 confirmed refugees, 64% of them Tibetan and 31% Bhutanese. Economic immigrants, and refugees fleeing persecution or war, from neighbouring countries, Africa and the Middle East, termed "urban refugees" because they live in apartments in the cities instead of refugee camps, lack official recognition; the government facilitates their resettlement in third countries.

Around 2,000 immigrants, half of them Chinese, applied for a work permit in 2018/19. The government lacks data on Indian immigrants as they do not require permits to live and work in Nepal; Government of India puts the number of Non-Resident Indians in the country at 600,000.

 الجريمة وإنفاذ القانون

المقالة الرئيسية: إنفاذ القانون في نيپال

انظر أيضاً: المخابرات العسكرية في نيپال, المباحث الوطنية في نيپال, and التجارة بالبشر في نيپال

 الثقافة

المقالة الرئيسية: ثقافة نيپال and موسيقى نيپال

Gadhimai festival

 المجتمع

Traditional Nepali society is sometimes defined by social hierarchy. The Nepali caste system embodies much of the social stratification and many of the social restrictions found in South Asia. Social classes are defined by more than a hundred endogamous hereditary groups, often termed as jātis, or "castes". Nepal declared untouchability to be illegal in 1963 and has since enacted other anti-discriminatory laws and social welfare initiatives. At the workplace and educational institutions in urban Nepal, caste-related identification has pretty much lost its importance.

Family values are important in the Nepali tradition, and multi-generational patriarchal joint families have been the norm in Nepal, though nuclear families are becoming common in urban areas. An overwhelming majority of Nepalis, with or without their consent, have their marriages arranged by their parents or other family elders. Marriage is thought to be for life, and the divorce rate is extremely low, with less than one in a thousand marriages ending in divorce. Child marriages are common, especially in rural areas; many women wed before reaching 18.

Women celebrating Haritalika Teej in Nepal

Many Nepali festivals are religious in origin. The best known include: Gadhimai festival, Dashain, Tihar, Teej, Chhath, Maghi, Sakela, Holi, and the Nepali new year.

Gadhimai festival is a Hindu festival held every five years in Nepal at the Gadhimai Temple and has been described as the world's bloodiest festival. The event involves large-scale slaughter of animals and birds, including buffaloes, goats, sheep, chickens, ducks, pigeons, pigs, rats and white mice, with the goal of pleasing goddess Gadhimai. Critics say the festival ritual is barbaric, unsanitary and wasteful, but Hindu devotees insist it has deep religious significance.

Dashain is a major Hindu religious festival in Nepal. Driven by the belief that offerings of fresh blood will appease goddess Durga, thousands of buffaloes, goats, sheep, pigs, chickens and ducks are slaughtered during the festival. Numerous animal welfare activists have expressed their concerns over the issue of animal cruelty and mass slaughter. The Nepali government have tried to ban the filming of the animal sacrifices. An animal welfare group who witnessed the festival said "We have been violently and physically assaulted. Our equipment and cameras have been ripped from our hands and smashed into pieces." They also said they saw festival goers defecating in public and they had to walk among human faeces. In another case Nepali people carrying machetes chased animal welfare activists down the street.

Witch-hunts are still occurring in Nepal in the twenty-first century. The victims are usually poor elderly women, free-spirited young women, widows, women of lower castes, or any possible combination of the above. The perpetrators are usually neighbours or residents of the same village, and occasionally family or close relatives. Politicians, teachers, police officers, army officers and other respected members of the community have also been implicated in various incidents. Execution may be carried out by burning alive. Many victims succumb to their injuries from torture and assault. Non-murderous witch-hunts usually include beating and feeding of excrement.

 Symbols

National symbols

Emblem	Emblem of Nepal
النشيد	Sayaun Thunga Phulka
Language	All mother-tongues of Nepal
العملة	Nepalese rupee (रू) (NPR)
الثديي	Cow
Bird	Himalayan monal
Flower	Rhododendron arboreum
الرياضة	Volleyball
اللون	Crimson

The emblem of Nepal depicts the snowy Himalayas, the forested hills, and the fertile Terai, supported by a wreath of rhododendrons, with the national flag at the crest and in the foreground, a plain white map of Nepal below it, and a man's and woman's right hands joined to signify gender equality. At the bottom is the national motto, a Sanskrit quote of patriotism attributed in Nepali folklore to Lord Rama, written in Devanagari script—"Mother and motherland are greater than heaven".

Nepal's flag is the only national flag in the world that is not rectangular in shape. The constitution contains instructions for a Geometric Construction of the double-pennant flag. According to its official description, the crimson in the flag stands for victory in war or courage, and is also the colour of the rhododendron. The flag's blue border signifies Nepali people's desire for peace. The moon on the flag is a symbol of the peaceful and calm nature of Nepalis, while the sun represents the aggressiveness of Nepali warriors.

The president is the symbol of national unity. The martyrs are the symbols of patriotism. Commanders of the Anglo-Nepalese war, Amar Singh Thapa, Bhakti Thapa, and Balbhadra Kunwar are considered war heroes. A special designation of "National hero" has been conferred to 16 people from Nepal's history for their exceptional contributions to the prestige of Nepal. Prithvi Narayan Shah, the founder of modern Nepal, is held in high regard and considered "Father of the Nation" by many.

 Art and architecture

المقالة الرئيسية: Architecture of Nepal

Clockwise from top-left: (a) Nyatapola, a five storied pagoda in Bhaktapur, bejewelled with characteristic stone, metal and wood craftsmanship, has survived at least four major earthquakes. Pagodas, now an indispensable part of East Asian architecture, are conjectured to have been transmitted to China from Nepal. (b) Nepali stonecraft in a royal water spout. (c) A traditional Newar "Ankhijhyal" window in the form of a peacock.

The oldest known examples of architecture in Nepal are stupas of early Buddhist constructions in and around Kapilvastu in south-western Nepal, and those constructed by Ashoka in the Kathmandu Valley 250ح. 250 BC. The characteristic architecture associated exclusively with Nepal was developed and refined by Newa artisans of the Kathmandu Valley starting no later than the Lichchhavi period. A Tang dynasty Chinese travel book, probably based on records from 650 ADح. 650 AD, describes contemporary Nepali architecture, predominantly built with wood, as rich in artistry, as well as wood and metal sculpture. It describes a magnificent seven-storied pagoda in the middle of a palace, with copper-tiled roofs, its balustrade, grills, columns and beams set about with fine and precious stones, and four golden sculptures of Makaras in the four corners of the base spouting water from their mouths like a fountain, supplied by copper pipes connected to the runnels at the top of the tower. Later Chinese chronicles describe Nepal's king's palace as an immense structure with many roofs, suggesting that the Chinese were not yet familiar with the pagoda architecture, which has now become one of the chief characteristics of Chinese architecture.

A typical pagoda temple is built with wood, every piece of it finely carved with geometrical patterns or images of gods, goddesses, mythical beings and beasts. The roofs usually tiled with clay, and sometimes gold plated, diminish in proportion successively until the topmost roof is reached which is itself ensigned by a golden finial. The base is usually composed of rectangular terraces of finely carved stone; the entrance is usually guarded by stone sculptures of conventional figures. Bronze and copper craftsmanship observable in the sculpture of deities and beasts, decorations of doors and windows and the finials of buildings, as well as items of everyday use is found to be of equal splendour. The most well-developed of Nepali painting traditions is the thanka or paubha painting tradition of Tibetan Buddhism, practised in Nepal by the Buddhist monks and Newar artisans. Changu Narayan Temple, built ح. 4th century AD has probably the finest of Nepali woodcraft; the Kathmandu, Patan and Bhaktapur Durbar Squares are the culmination of Nepali art and architecture, showcasing Nepali wood, metal and stone craftsmanship refined over two millennia.

The "ankhijhyal" window, that allow a one-way view of the outside world, is an example of unique Nepali woodcraft, found in building structures, domestic and public alike, ancient and modern. Many cultures paint the walls of their homes with regular patterns, figures of gods and beasts and religious symbols; others paint their walls plain, often with clay or chernozem contrasted with yellow soil or limestone. The roofs of religious as well as domestic structures project considerably, presumably to provide protection from the sun and the rain. The timber of domestic structures are finely carved as with their religious counterparts.

 Looting of the cultural heritage of Nepal

Cultural looting is a crisis in Nepal despite efforts to combat it. Volunteers working for the Nepal Heritage Recovery Campaign have helped recover artifacts. In 2022 Barakat Gallery's London branch relinquished 16th-century carved wooden Torana, a ceremonial gateway, and the 17th-century stone statue of a kneeling devotee, both taken from sacred sites near Kathmandu. In 2023 Nepalese artifacts suspected of having been looted were found in the Art Institute of Chicago, the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the Dallas Museum of Art, the Rubin Museum and other museums, and turned up in auctions at Christie's, Bonhams and other auction houses.

 Literature and the performing arts

المقالة الرئيسية: Nepalese literature, Music of Nepal, and Cinema of Nepal

Bhanubhakta Acharya, Nepali writer who translated the ancient Hindu epic Ramayana in the Nepali language

Nepal's literature was closely intertwined with that of the rest of South Asia until its unification into a modern kingdom. Literary works, which were written in Sanskrit by Brahmin priests educated and sometimes also based in Varanasi, included religious texts and other fantasies involving kings, gods and demons. The oldest extant Nepali language text is dated to the 13th century but except for the epigraphic material, Nepali language literature older than the 17th century have not been found. Newar literature dates back almost 500 years.

The modern history of Nepali literature begins with Bhanubhakta Acharya (1814–1868), who for the first time composed major and influential works in Nepali, the language accessible to the masses, most prominently, the Bhanubhakta Ramayana, a translation of the ancient Hindu epic. By the end of the nineteenth century, Motiram Bhatta had published print editions of the works of Acharya, and through his efforts, single-handedly popularised and propelled Nepali language literature into modernity. By the mid-twentieth century, Nepali literature was no longer limited to the Hindu literary traditions. Influenced by western literary traditions, writers in this period started producing literary works addressing the contemporary social problems, while many others continued to enrich Nepali poetic traditions with authentic Nepali poetry. Newar literature also emerged as a premier literary tradition. After the advent of democracy in 1951, Nepali literature flourished. Literary works in many other languages began to be produced. Nepali literature continued to modernise, and in recent years, has been strongly influenced by the post civil-war Nepali experience as well as global literary traditions.

Maruni, Lakhey, Sakela, Kauda and Tamang Selo are some examples of the traditional Nepali music and dance in the hilly regions of Nepal.

Nepali film industry is known as "Kollywood".

Nepal Academy is the foremost institution for the promotion of arts and culture in Nepal, established in 1957.

 Clothing

A Nepali man in Daura-Suruwal, coat and Dhaka topi, displays the bhoto during the Bhoto Jatra festival.

The most widely worn traditional dress in Nepal, for both women and men, from ancient times until the advent of modern times, was draped. For women, it eventually took the form of a sari, a single long piece of cloth, famously six yards long, and of width spanning the lower body. The sari is tied around the waist and knotted at one end, wrapped around the lower body, and then over the shoulder. In its more modern form, it has been used to cover the head, and sometimes the face, as a veil, particularly in the Terai. It has been combined with an underskirt, or the petticoat, and tucked in the waistband for more secure fastening. It is worn with a blouse, or cholo, which serves as the primary upper-body garment, the sari's end, passing over the shoulder, now serving to obscure the upper body's contours, and to cover the midriff. Cholo-sari has become the attire of choice for formal occasions, official environs and festive gatherings. In its more traditional form, as part of traditional dresses and as worn in daily life while performing household chores or labour, it takes the form of a fariya or gunyu, usually shorter than a sari in length as well as breadth, and all of it wrapped around the lower body.

For men, a similar but shorter length of cloth, the dhoti, has served as a lower-body garment. It too is tied around the waist and wrapped. Among the Aryans, it is also wrapped once around each leg before being brought up through the legs to be tucked in at the back. Dhoti or its variants, usually worn over a langauti, constitute the lower-body garment in the traditional clothing of Tharus, Gurungs and Magars as well as the Madheshi people, among others. Other forms of traditional apparel that involve no stitching or tailoring are patukas (a length of cloth wrapped tightly over the waist by both sexes as a waistband, a part of most traditional Nepali costumes, usually with a khukuri tucked into it when worn by men), scarves like pachhyauras and majetros and shawls like the newar ga and Tibetan khata, ghumtos (the wedding veils) and various kinds of turbans (scarves worn around the head as a part of a tradition, or to keep off the sun or the cold, called a pheta, pagri or sirpau).

Until the beginning of the first millennium AD, the ordinary dress of people in South Asia was entirely unstitched. The arrival of the Kushans from Central Asia, 48ح. 48 AD, popularised cut and sewn garments in the style of Central Asia. The simplest form of sewn clothing, Bhoto (a rudimentary vest), is a universal unisex clothing for children, and traditionally the only clothing children wear until they come of age and are given adult garb, sometimes in a ceremonial rite of passage, such as the gunyu-choli ceremony for Hindu girls. Men continue to wear bhoto through adulthood. Upper body garment for men is usually a vest such as the bhoto, or a shirt similar to the kurta, such as daura, a closed-necked double-breasted long shirt with five pleats and eight strings that serve to tie it around the body. Suruwal, simply translated as a pair of trousers, is an alternative to and, more recently, replacement for dhoti, kachhad (Magars) or lungi (Tharus); it is traditionally much wider above the knees but tapers below, to fit tightly at the ankles, and is tied to the waist with a drawstring. Modern cholos worn with sarees are usually half-sleeved and single-breasted, and do not cover the midriff. The traditional one called the chaubandi cholo, like the daura, is full-sleeved, double-breasted with pleats and strings, and extends down to the patuka, covering the midriff.

Daura-Suruwal and Gunyu-Cholo were the national dresses for men and women respectively until 2011 when they were removed to eliminate favouritism. Traditional dresses of many pahari ethnic groups are Daura-Suruwal or similar, with patuka, a dhaka topi and a coat for men, and Gunyu-cholo or similar, with patuka and sometimes a scarf for women. For many other groups, men's traditional dresses consist of a shirt or a vest, paired with a dhoti, kachhad or lungi. In the high Himalayas, the traditional dresses are largely influenced by Tibetan culture. Sherpa women wear the chuba with the pangi apron, while Sherpa men wear shirts with stiff high collar and long sleeves called tetung under the chuba. Tibetan Xamo Gyaise hats of the Sherpas, dhaka topi of pahari men and tamang round caps are among the more distinctive headwears.

Married Hindu women wear tika, sindur, pote and red bangles. Jewellery of gold and silver, and sometimes precious stones, are common. Gold jewellery includes mangalsutras and tilaharis worn with the pote by the Hindus, samyafung (a huge gold flower worn on the head) and Nessey (huge flattened gold earrings) worn by the Limbus, and sirphuli, sirbandhi and chandra worn by the Magars. Tharu women can wear as much as six kilograms of silver in jewellery, which includes mangiya worn on the head, tikuli the forehead, and kanseri and tikahamala around the neck.

In the last 50 years, fashions have changed a great deal in Nepal. Increasingly, in urban settings, the sari is no longer the apparel of everyday wear, transformed instead into one for formal occasions. The traditional kurta suruwal is rarely worn by younger women, who increasingly favour jeans. The dhoti has largely been reduced to the liturgical vestment of shamans and Hindu priests.

 Cuisine

المقالة الرئيسية: Nepalese cuisine

A dal-bhat thali with boiled rice, lentil soup, fried leafy greens, vegetable curry, yoghurt, papad and vegetable salad

Nepali cuisine consists of a wide variety of regional and traditional cuisines. With diversity in soil type, climate, culture, ethnic groups, and occupations, these cuisines vary substantially, using locally available spices, herbs, vegetables, and fruit. The Columbian exchange brought potatoes, tomatoes, maize, peanuts, cashew nuts, pineapples, guavas, and most notably, chilli peppers, to South Asia; all became staples. Cereals grown in Nepal, their times and regions of planting, correspond strongly to the timing of monsoons and variations in altitude. Rice and wheat are mostly cultivated in the terai plains and well-irrigated valleys; maize, millet, barley and buckwheat mostly in the less fertile and drier hills.

A typical Nepali meal is a cereal cooked in plain fashion, complemented with flavourful, savoury dishes. The latter include lentils, pulses and vegetables, spiced commonly with ginger and garlic, and more discerningly with combinations of coriander, cumin, turmeric, cinnamon, cardamon, jimbu and others. This is typically on a platter, or thali, with a central place for the cooked cereal and small bowls for the flavourful accompaniments. They are combined either by actual mixing—for example, rice and lentils—or in the folding of one—such as bread—around the other, such as cooked vegetables. Dal-bhat centred around steamed rice is the most common example. as well as dairy and sometimes meat. Unleavened flat bread made from wheat flour called chapati occasionally replaces rice, particularly in the Terai, while Dhindo, prepared by boiling corn, millet or buckwheat flour in water, continuously stirring and adding flour until thick, almost solid consistency is reached, is the main substitute in the hills and mountains. Tsampa, flour made from roasted barley or naked barley, is the main staple in the high himalayas. Throughout Nepal, fermented, then sun-dried, leafy greens called Gundruk, are both a delicacy and a vital substitute for fresh vegetables in the winter.

Momo dumplings with chutney

A notable feature of Nepali food is the existence of a number of distinctive vegetarian cuisines, each a feature of the geographical and cultural histories of its adherents. The appearance of ahimsa, or the avoidance of violence toward all forms of life in many religious orders early in South Asian history, especially Upanishadic Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism, is thought to have been a notable factor in the prevalence of vegetarianism among a segment of Nepal's Hindu and Buddhist populations, as well as among Jains. Among these groups, strong discomfort is felt at thoughts of eating meat. Though per capita meat consumption is low in Nepal, the proportion of vegetarianism is not high as in India, due to the prevalence of Shaktism, of which animal sacrifice is a prominent feature.

Samayabaji (Newar cuisine)

Nepali cuisines possess their own distinctive qualities to distinguish these hybrid cuisines from both their northern and southern neighbours. Nepali cuisines, with generally tomato-based, leaner curries, are lighter than their cream-based Indian counterparts, and Nepali momo dumplings are heavily spiced compared to their northern counterparts. Newar cuisine, one of the richest and most influential in Nepal, is more elaborate and diverse than most, as Newar culture developed in the highly fertile and prosperous Kathmandu valley. A typical Newar cuisine can comprise more than a dozen dishes of cereals, meat, vegetable curries, chutneys and pickles. Kwanti (sprouted beans soup), chhwela (ground beef), chatamari (rice flour crepe), bara (fried lentil cake), kachila (marinated raw minced beef), samaybaji (centred around flattened rice), lakhaamari and yomuri are among the more widely recognised. Juju dhau, a sweet yoghurt originating in Bhaktapur, is also famous. Thakali cuisine is another well-known food tradition which seamlessly melds the Tibetan and the Indian with variety in ingredients, especially the herbs and spices. In the Terai, Bagiya is a rice flour dumpling with sweets inside, popular among the Tharu and Maithil people. Various communities in the Terai make sidhara (sun-dried small fish mixed with taro leaves) and biriya (lentil paste mixed with taro leaves) to stock for the monsoon floods. Selroti, kasaar, fini and chaku are among the sweet delicacies. Rice pulau or sweet rice porridge called kheer are usually the main dish in feasts. Tea and buttermilk (fermented milk leftover from churning butter from yoghurt) are common non-alcoholic drinks. Almost all janajati communities have their own traditional methods of brewing alcohol. Raksi (traditional distilled alcohol), jaand (rice beer), tongba (millet beer) and chyaang are the most well-known.

 Sports and recreation

المقالة الرئيسية: Sports in Nepal

Nepali indigenous sports, like dandi biyo and kabaddi which were considered the unofficial national sports until recently, are still popular in rural areas. Despite efforts, standardisation and development of dandi biyo has not been achieved, while Kabaddi, as a professional sport, is still in its infancy in Nepal. Bagh-chal, an ancient board game that is thought to have originated in Nepal, can be played on chalk-drawn boards, with pebbles, and is still popular today. Ludo, snakes and ladders and carrom are popular pastimes. Chess is also played. Volleyball was declared as the national sport of Nepal in 2017. Popular children's games include versions of tag, knucklebones, hopscotch, Duck, duck, goose and lagori, while marbles, top, hoop rolling and gully cricket are also popular among boys. Rubber bands, or ranger bands cut from tubes in bike tyres, make a multi-purpose sporting equipment for Nepali children, which may be bunched or chained together, and used to play dodgeball, cat's cradle, jianzi and a variety of skipping rope games.

Nepali cricket fans are renowned for their exceptionally enthusiastic support of their national team.

Football and cricket are popular professional sports. Nepal is competitive in football in the South Asia region but has never won the SAFF championships, but has had some success in South Asian Games. It usually ranks in the bottom quarter in the FIFA World Rankings. Nepal has had some success in cricket and holds ODI status, consistently ranking in the Top 20 in the ICC ODI and T20I rankings. Nepal has had some success in athletics and martial arts, having won many medals at the South Asian Games and some at the Asian Games. Nepal has never won an Olympic medal. Sports like basketball, volleyball, futsal, wrestling, competitive bodybuilding and badminton are also gaining in popularity. Women in football, cricket, athletics, martial arts, badminton and swimming have found some success. Nepal also fields players and national teams in several tournaments for disabled individuals, most notably in men's as well as women's blind cricket.

The only international stadium in the country is the multi-purpose Dasarath Stadium where the men and women national football teams play their home matches. Since the formation of the national team, Nepal has played its home matches of cricket at Tribhuvan University International Cricket Ground. Nepal police, Armed police force and Nepal army are the most prolific producers of national players, and aspiring players are known to join armed forces, for the better sporting opportunities they can provide. Nepali sports is hindered by a lack of infrastructure, funding, corruption, nepotism and political interference. Very few players are able to make a living as professional sportspeople.

 الرياضة

المقالة الرئيسية: الرياضة في نيپال

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  Dasarath Rangasala Stadium

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  Halchowk Studium

 انظر أيضاً

• موضوعات عن نيپال
• تاريخ علم المياه في نيپال
• حقوق الإنسان في نيپال

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• Jane Wilson-Howarth (2007). A Glimpse of Eternal Snows: a family’s journey of love and loss in Nepal. Pier 9, Australia. p. 432. ISBN 978-1-921259-26-5.
• Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011

 وصلات خارجية

• Official website of the Government of Nepal
• Nepal entry at The World Factbook
• Nepal from UCB Libraries GovPubs
• نـِپال at the Open Directory Project
• About Nepal
• Nepal at Encyclopædia Britannica
• Nepal profile from the BBC News
• Wikimedia Atlas of Nepal
• Planet Nepal Nepal Encyclopedia Project
• Cost of Living Index in Nepal - Statistics & Graphs of Nepalese Citizen's Economic Power
• People missing in connection with the conflict in Nepal database on ICRC's Restoring family links website
• Glacial Lakes and Glacial Lake Outburst Floods in Nepal. – International Centre for Integrated Mountain Development, Kathmandu, March 2011
• World Bank Summary Trade Statistics Nepal