هنري-فيكتور رينو
ڤيكتور رينيو | |
|---|---|
 رينيو في ستينيات القرن التاسع عشر | |
| وُلِدَ | هنري ڤيكتور رينيو 21 يوليو 1810 آكس لا شاپل، فرنسا |
| توفي | 19 يناير 1878 (aged 67) باريس، فرنسا |
| المدرسة الأم | المدرسة متعددة التقانات (École Polytechnique) |
| الأنجال | هنري رينيو |
| الجوائز |
|
| السيرة العلمية | |
| المجالات | التحريك الحراري (الديناميكا الحرارية) |
هنري ڤيكتور رينيو ForMemRS (21 يوليو 1810 – 19 يناير 1878) كان كيميائيًا وفيزيائيًا فرنسيًا، اشتهر بقياساته الدقيقة للخواص الحرارية للغازات. كان من أوائل رواد الديناميكا الحرارية، وكان معلمًا لـ ويليام طومسون، البارون كلفن الأول في أواخر أربعينيات القرن التاسع عشر. لم يستخدم اسمه الأول أبدًا وكان معروفًا طوال حياته باسم ڤيكتور رينيو.
سيرته الذاتية
Born in Aix-la-Chapelle in 1810 (modern Aachen, Germany and at that time under French rule), he moved to Paris at the age of eight, following the death of his parents. There, he worked for an upholstery firm until he was eighteen. In 1830, he was admitted to the École Polytechnique, and in 1832 he graduated from the École des mines.
Working under Justus von Liebig at Gießen, Regnault distinguished himself in the nascent field of organic chemistry by synthesizing several chlorinated hydrocarbons (e.g. vinyl chloride in 1835,[1] dichloromethane and perchloroethylene in 1839, 1,1,1-Trichloroethane in 1838 or 1840), and he was appointed professor of chemistry at the University of Lyon. In 1840, he was appointed the chair of chemistry of the École Polytechnique, and in 1841, he became a professor of physics in the Collège de France.
Beginning in 1843, he began compiling extensive numerical tables on the properties of steam. These were published in 1847, and inspired Charles Algernon Parsons to develop the steam turbine.[2] Regnault received the Rumford Medal of the Royal Society of London and appointment as Chief Engineer of Mines. In 1851 he was elected a foreign member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. In 1854 he was appointed director of the porcelain works at Sèvres, the Manufacture nationale de Sèvres. In 1855, he was elected to the American Philosophical Society.[3]
At Sèvres, he continued work on the thermal properties of matter. He designed sensitive thermometers, hygrometers, hypsometers and calorimeters, and measured the specific heats of many substances and the coefficient of thermal expansion of gases. In the course of this work, he discovered that not all gases expand equally when heated and that Boyle's law is only an approximation, especially at temperatures near a substance's boiling point.
Regnault was also an avid amateur photographer. He introduced the use of pyrogallic acid as a developing agent, and was one of the first photographers to use paper negatives. In 1854, he became the founding president of the Société française de photographie.
In 1871, his laboratory at Sèvres was destroyed and his son Alex-Georges-Henri Regnault killed, both as a result of the Franco-Prussian War. He retired from science the next year, never recovering from these losses.
Legacy
The crater Regnault on the Moon is named after Regnault, and his name is one of the 72 names inscribed on the Eiffel Tower. Some have suggested that the symbol R for the ideal gas constant is also named after him.[4]
He was the first president of Société française de photographie.
The French Lagrange-طراز submarine Regnault, built between 1913 and 1924 was named for him.[5]
Works
- Regnault-Strecker's kurzes Lehrbuch der Chemie. Vieweg, Braunschweig 1851 Digital edition by the University and State Library Düsseldorf
References
- ^ Regnault, H.V. (1835) Sur la Composition de la Liqueur des Hollandais et sur une nouvelle Substance éthérée. Annales de Chimie et de Physique, Gay-Lussac & Arago, Vol. 58, Paris, Crochard Libraire, 301–320 https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k6569005x/f307.item.texteImage
- ^ Bill Hammack (8 November 2021). "Reclaiming Engineering in the Minds of the Public" (PDF). p. 14.
- ^ "APS Member History". search.amphilsoc.org. Retrieved 2020-12-16.
- ^ Jensen, William B. (July 2003). "The Universal Gas Constant R" (PDF). Journal of Chemical Education. 80 (7): 731. Bibcode:2003JChEd..80..731J. doi:10.1021/ed080p731.
- ^ Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal (1985). Conway's All the World's Fighting Ships 1906–1921. London: Conway Maritime Press. p. 212. ISBN 978-0-85177-245-5.
- Short description is different from Wikidata
- 1810 births
- 1878 deaths
- 19th-century French chemists
- 19th-century French physicists
- French Roman Catholics
- Thermodynamicists
- Academic staff of the Collège de France
- École Polytechnique alumni
- Mines Paris - PSL alumni
- Corps des mines
- People from Aachen
- Scientists from the Rhine Province
- Foreign members of the Royal Society
- Foreign associates of the National Academy of Sciences
- أعضاء أكاديمية العلوم الفرنسية
- أعضاء أكاديمية العلوم السويدية الملكية
- Corresponding members of the Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences
- Recipients of the Pour le Mérite (civil class)
- Recipients of the Copley Medal
- 19th-century French photographers
- Recipients of the Matteucci Medal
- Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala