ياكوڤليڤ ياك-28
| Yak-28 | |
|---|---|
 Yak-28 in flight | |
| معلومات عامة | |
| النوع | Medium bomber Reconnaissance Electronic warfare Interceptor |
| الأصل الوطني | Soviet Union |
| الصانع | Yakovlev |
| المستخدم الرئيسي | Soviet Air Forces |
| العدد المنتَج | 1,180[1] |
| التاريخ | |
| تاريخ التقديم | 1964[2] |
| أول رحلة | 5 March 1958 |
| تقاعدت | 1992 (Belarus) |
ياكوفليف ياك-28 (روسية:Яковлева Як-28) (لقب الناتو: بريور، فاير بار، مايسترو Maestro، Firebar، Brewer على التوالي) هي طائرة حربية نفاثة من صنع مكتب ياكوفليف في الإتحاد السوفييتي السابق. صممت في البداية لتكون قاذفة ولكن صنع منها أيضا نسخ استطلاع، حرب إلكترونية، اعتراضية وتدريبية. دخلت الياك-28 الخدمة عام 1960 وطارت لأول مرة في مارس عام 1958.
ظهرت الطائرة لأول مرة بشكل علني في أحد العروض الجوية عام 1961. ظن المحللون الغربيون في البداية أنها طائرة مقاتلة وليست طائرة هجومية. وتبعا لهذا الظن أعطاها الناتو لقب فلاش لايت (Flashlight) لاعتقادهم انها استمرار للطائرة ياكوفليف ياك-25 ثم بعد أن عرفت المهام الحقيقية للطائرة أعطيت اللقب بريور (Brewer).
كان العدد الكلي المنتج للياك-28 1,180 طائرة. خرجت الياك-28 P من الخدمة في أوائل الثمانينات. ولكن النسخة التدريبية والطرازات الأخرى استمرت حتى انهيار الإتحاد السوفييتي وظلت في الخدمة حتى 1992 تقريبا في سلاح الجو الروسي. استبدلت النسخ المعدة للحرب الإلكترونية بالطائرة سوخوي سو-24.
التصميم والتطوير
The Yak-28 was first[3] seen by the West at the Tushino air show in 1961. Western analysts initially believed it to be a fighter rather than an attack aircraft—and a continuation of the Yak-25M—and it was designated "Flashlight". After its actual role was realized, the Yak-28 bomber series was redesignated "Brewer".
The Yak-28 had a large mid-mounted wing, swept at 45 degrees. The tailplane set halfway up the vertical fin (with cutouts to allow rudder movement). Slats were fitted on the leading edges and slotted flaps were mounted on the trailing edges of the wings. The two Tumansky R-11 turbojet engines, initially with 57 kN (12,795 lbf) thrust each, were mounted in pods, similarly to the previous Yak-25. The wing-mounted engines and bicycle-type main landing gear (supplemented by outrigger wheels in fairings near the wingtips) were widely spaced, allowing most of the fuselage to be used for fuel and equipment. It was primarily subsonic, although Mach 1 could be exceeded at high altitude.
Total production of all Yak-28s was 1,180.
تاريخ التشغيل
The aircraft is perhaps best known for the heroic actions of Captain Boris Kapustin and Lieutenant Yuri Yanov after the Yak-28 they were piloting suffered a catastrophic engine malfunction on 6 April 1966. They were ordered to divert to attempt a landing in Soviet zone of Germany, but lost control of the aircraft and strayed into the airspace of West Berlin. The crew managed to avoid a housing estate but crashed into Lake Stößensee without ejecting. Their bodies, along with the wreckage, were raised from the lake by Royal Navy divers (flown in from Portsmouth) and salvage specialists, who also retrieved important top secret material from the plane. This included the engines, which were taken to RAF Gatow to be inspected by RAF and American engineers. The bodies of the two pilots were returned to the USSR with full military honors from both Soviet and British armed service members, and they were both posthumously awarded the Order of the Red Banner. The first engine was recovered on 18 April 1966 and the second a week later; both engines were returned to the Soviets on 2 May 1966.[4]
The Yak-28P was withdrawn in the early 1980s, but trainer and other versions remained in service until after the fall of the Soviet Union, flying until at least 1992. The reconnaissance and ECM aircraft were eventually replaced by variants of the Sukhoi Su-24.
التنويعات
تنويعة الانتاج الكثيف
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Yak-28B (Izdeliye 28B; NATO reporting name: "Brewer-A")
- Production of Yak-28 with weapon-aiming radar fitted, and various improvements such as fittings for JATO bottles. Production number unknown.[5]
Yak-28L (Izdeliye 28L; NATO reporting name: "Brewer-B")
- Tactical bomber with ground-controlled targeting system using triangulation from ground-based transmitter sites. A total of 111 built.[5]
Yak-28I (Izdeliye 28I; NATO reporting name: "Brewer-C")
- Tactical bomber with the internal targeting system "Initsiativa-2" 360-degree ground-mapping radar. A total of 223 built.[5]
Yak-28U (Izdeliye 28U) (uchebnyy – training) (NATO reporting name – "Maestro")
- It was a dual control trainer with a second cockpit in the nose for student pilots; made as a prototype in 1962.[5] A total of 183 were built.[5]
Yak-28R (Izdeliye 28R; NATO reporting name: "Brewer-D")
- A dedicated tactical reconnaissance version of the Yak-28I, with increased headroom under the pilot´s canopy, increased nose glazing with a sloping rear bulkhead, Initsiativa-2 radar, and five interchangeable pallets containing various mission equipment fittings. Prototype in 1963.[5] A total of 183 built.[5]
Yak-28SR (Izdeliye 28SR) second use of SR.[6]
- Tactical reconnaissance aircraft fitted with an active radio/radar jammer (either SPS-141 or SPS-143). Production was on a very small scale.
Yak-28TARK (televiszionnyy aviatsionnyy razveddyvatel'nyy kompleks)[6]
- Television reconnaissance system to send real-time images to a ground base. Backup provided by a 190 mm focal length still camera.
Yak-28RR (Izdeliye 28RR)
- Radiation intelligence aircraft with RR8311-100 air sampling pods, for gathering samples of nuclear tests. The pods were specially designed for the Yak-28RR but became standard fit for all subsequent radiation intelligence gathering aircraft. Modification of a number of existing Yak-28R aircraft.[5]
Yak-28RL
- Radiation Intelligence aircraft conceived by fitting RR8311-100 air sampling pods, with no other specialist equipment. Modification of a number of existing Yak-28L aircraft.[5]
Yak-28PP (Izeliye 28PP) (NATO reporting name – "Brewer-E")
- Deployed in 1970, it is notable as the first[3] Soviet electronic countermeasures (ECM) aircraft. It was unarmed, with an extensive electronic warfare (EW) suite in the bomb bay[3] and various aerials and dielectric panels for transmitting the jamming signals. Excess heat generated by the jamming equipment was dissipated by heat exchangers under the centre fuselage; it did not include a radome.[3] Produced in the 1970s in unknown numbers.[5]
Yak-28P (Izdeliye 40) (NATO reporting name – "Firebar")
- A dedicated long-range interceptor version, the Yak-28P was developed from 1960 and deployed operationally from 1964.[5] It omitted the internal weapons bay in favor of additional fuselage tanks (its fuel capacity was considerable, limited by weight rather than volume), and added a new 'Oriol-D' interception radar compatible with the R-98 (AA-3 'Anab') air-to-air missile. Late production "upgraded" Yak-28Ps had a longer radome of pure conical shape and enhanced armament. Produced until 1967, with 435 built.[5]
المشغلون
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- Ukrainian Air Force operated 35 aircraft.
- 118th Independent Aviation Regt EW Chortkiv (Yak-28 Brewer E (30), Su-24MP (12)) listed in early 1994 (Air Forces Monthly March 1994)
المواصفات
الصفات العامة
- الطاقم: 2.
- الطول: 21.6 متر.
- المسافة بين الجناحين: 12.5 متر.
- الارتفاع : 3.95 متر.
- مساحة الأجنحة: 37.6 متر².
- الوزن فارغة: 13.150 كجم.
- الوزن محملة: 15.000 كجم.
- أقصى وزن: 20.000 كجم.
- المحرك: محركين نفاثينمن نوع تومانسكي أر-11 (Tumansky R-11) مزود بحارق خلفي يعطي قوة دفع 62 كيلو نيوتن.
الأداء
- السرعة القصوى: ماخ 1.13 (1200 كيلومتر/ساعة).
- المدى: 2,500 كيلومتر.
- أقصى ارتفاع: 16,750 متر.
- معدل الصعود: 225 متر/ثانية
- الحمل على الأجنحة: 531 كيلوجرام/متر².
- النسبة دفع-وزن: 0.62
التسليح
- صاروخين كالينجراد كيه-8 جو-جو (عادة ما يكون أحدهم موجه بالرادار والأخر بالحرارة.
- صاروخين فيمبل أر-3 جو-جو قصير المدى، زودت به أحيانا.
انظر أيضا
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بوابة الطـيـران تصـفح مـقـالات المعرفة المـهـتـمـة بالـطـيـران. |
طائرات ياكوڤليڤ | ||
|---|---|---|
| الطائرات المبكرة |    | |
| المقاتلات | ||
| القاذفات | ||
| النقل | ||
| الاستطلاع | ||
| المروحيات | ||
| التدريب | ||
| التجريبية | ||
- ^ Самолет РЭБ Як-28ПП
- ^ Soviet Strategic Air and Missile Defense, Number 11-3-65, CIA, 18 November 1965, retrieved 18 October 2024.
- ^ أ ب ت ث Taylor 1976, pp. 520–521.
- ^ British FO documents down graded and released to the public in 2017.
- ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح خ د ذ ر ز س Goebel, Greg. "The Yakovlev Yak-25 & Yak-28." AirVectors. Retrieved: 17 July 2012.
- ^ أ ب خطأ استشهاد: وسم
<ref>غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماةG