أوجاين

(تم التحويل من يوجين)
هذا المقال هو عن البلدية في ماديا پرادش، الهند. إذا كنت تريد المنطقة التي تحمل اسمها، انظر منطقة اوجاين.
أوجاين
उज्जैन
Ujjain ، Avantika
Metropolis
المدينة المقدسة اوجاين
Ram Ghat
Mahakaleshwar Temple
Tower Chowk
Shipra River
Deepmalika
الكنية: 
Mahakal Ki Nagri ، مدينة المعابد
أوجاين is located in ماديا پرادش
أوجاين
أوجاين
الموقع في الهند
أوجاين is located in الهند
أوجاين
أوجاين
أوجاين (الهند)
الإحداثيات: 23°10′58″N 75°46′38″E / 23.182778°N 75.777222°E / 23.182778; 75.777222
البلد الهند
الولايةماديا پرادش
المنطقةملوة
الضلعأوجاين
الحكومة
 • الكيانUjjain Municipal Corporation
 • العمدةParas Chandra Jain (BJP)
 • مفتش البلديةSonu Gehlot
المساحة
 • الإجمالي152 كم² (59 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2011)
 • الإجمالي515٬215
 • الكثافة3٬400/km2 (8٬800/sq mi)
اللغات
 • الرسميةهندي،
 • غيرهاملڤي
منطقة التوقيتUTC+5:30 (IST)
PIN
456001
Telephone code0734
لوحة السيارةMP-13
المناخCfa (كوپن)
الأمطار900 ميليمتر (35 in)
متوسط درجة الحرارة بالسنة24.0 °C (75.2 °F)
متوسط درجة حرارة الصيف31 °C (88 °F)
متوسط درجة حرارة الشتاء17 °C (63 °F)
الموقع الإلكترونيujjain.nic.in

أوجاين (إنگليزية: Ujjain؛ pronunciation (المساعدة·معلومات) وتُعرف أيضاً بالأسماء Ujain, Ujjayini, أڤانتي، أڤانتي‌كا, أڤانتي‌كاپوري)، هي مدينة قديمة في منطقة ملوة في وسط الهند، على الضفة الشرقية لنهر كشيپرا (بالهندي: क्षिप्रा)، وهي اليوم جزء من ولاية ماديا پرادش. وهي المركز الاداري لضلع أوجاين وقسم أوجاين.

في الأزمنة القديمة، كانت المدينة تسمى أوجـّاييني Ujjayini. وكما هو مذكور في ملحمة مهابهاراتا، فإن اوجاين كانت عاصمة مملكة أڤانتي، وكانت خط الطول المرجعي للجغرافيين الهندوس منذ القرن الرابع ق.م.. وتعتبر اوجاين واحدة من سبع مدن مقدسة (ساپتا پوري) للهندوس. وهي أحد أربع مواقع تستضيف كوم ميلا (ويسمى أيضاً سيمهاستا ميلا)، وهو حج جماعي يجتذب ملايين الهندوس من أرجاء الهند. كما أنها مقر Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga، واحد من اثنتي معبد جيوتيرلنگا للإله شيڤا. المركز العلمي القديم، اوجاين، هو المكان الذي تلقى فيه الإله كريشنا، مع بالاراما و سوداما، تعليمه من مهارشي سانديپاني.

There is an interesting tale behind the sanctity of the city. Its origin is ascribed to the myth of Sagar Manthan (churning of the primordial ocean to discover the pot of nectar). The story goes that after the nectar was discovered, there was competition between the gods and the demons to have the nectar first so as to attain immortality. During this chase a drop of nectar spilled and fell on Ujjain, thus making the city sacred. وحسب الأسطورة، the river Kshipra that flows across Ujjain is regarded to have originated due to the churning of the gods and goddesses.[1]

Apart from the myths, the city has a long and distinguished history: it has witnessed legendary rulers including the renowned king چاندراگوپتا الثاني, great scholars such as براهماگوپتا وBhaskaracharya, and literary gems like كالي‌داسا.

إلا أن أوجاين اليوم تمثل مزيجاً مثيراً من an age-old legacy and the modern-day lifestyle: even as the city and its people move forward on the path of rapid change and development, they are faced with the intriguing challenge of not losing touch with the cultural heritage of this ancient city and its unique place في تاريخ الحضارة الهندية.

تاريخ اوجاين

أوجـّاين

Prehistoric era

Excavations at Kayatha (around 26 km from Ujjain) have revealed Chalcolithic agricultural settlements dating to around 2000 BCE.[2] Chalcolithic sites have also been discovered at other areas around Ujjain, including Nagda, but excavations at Ujjain itself have not revealed any Chalcolithic settlements. Archaeologist H. D. Sankalia theorised that the Chalcolithic settlements at Ujjain were probably destroyed by the Iron Age settlers.[3]

According to Hermann Kulke and Dietmar Rothermund, Avanti, whose capital was Ujjain, "was one of the earliest outposts in central India" and showed signs of early incipient urbanisation around 700 BCE.[4] Around 600 BCE, Ujjain emerged as the political, Commercial, and cultural centre of Malwa plateau.[5]

The ancient walled city of Ujjain was located around the Garh Kalika hill on the bank of the river Kshipra, in the present-day suburban areas of the Ujjain city. This city covered an irregular pentagonal area of 0.875 km2. It was surrounded by a 12 m high mud rampart. The archaeological investigations have also indicated the presence of a 45 meter wide and 6.6 m deep moat around the city.[6] According to F. R. Allchin and George Erdosy, these city defences were constructed between the 6th and 4th centuries BCE.[7] Dieter Schlingloff believes that these were built before 600 BCE.[6] This period is characterised by structures made of stone and burnt-brick, tools and weapons made of iron, and black and red burnished ware.[7]

According to the Puranic texts, a branch of the legendary Haihaya dynasty ruled over Ujjain.[8]

Ancient period

The Mahavira Tapo Bhumi.

In the 4th century BCE, the Mauryan emperor Chandragupta annexed Avanti to his empire.[9] Mauryan founded the City of Ujjain. The edicts of his grandson Ashoka mention four provinces of the Mauryan empire, of which Ujjain was the capital of the Western province.[10] During the reign of his father Bindusara, Ashoka served as the viceroy of Ujjain,[11] which highlights the importance of the town.[5] As the viceroy of Ujjain, Ashoka married Devi, the daughter of a merchant from Vedisagiri (Vidisha).[12] According to the Sinhalese Buddhist tradition, their children, Mahendra and Sanghamitra, who preached Buddhism in modern Sri Lanka, were born in Ujjain.[13]

From the Mauryan period, Northern Black Polished Ware, copper coins, terracotta ring wells, and ivory seals with Brahmi text have been excavated at Ujjain.[7] Ujjain emerged as an important commercial centre, partially because it lay on the trade route connecting north India to the Deccan, starting from Mathura. It also emerged as an important center for intellectual learning among Jain, Buddhist, and Hindu traditions.[5]

In the Post-Mauryan period, the Sungas and the Satavahanas ruled the city consecutively. The Satavahanas and the Ror Sakas, known as Western Satraps, contested for control of the city for a period. Following the end of the Satavahana dynasty, the Rors retained Ujjain from the second to the twelfth century C.E.[14] After the Mauryans, Ujjain was controlled by a number of empires and dynasties, including local dynasties, the Shungas, the Western Satraps, the Satavahanas, and the Guptas.[5]

Ujjain remained as an important city of the Guptas during the 4th and the 5th centuries. Kalidasa, the great Indian classical poet of the 5th century who lived in the times of the Gupta king Vikramaditya wrote his epic work Meghadūta in which he describes the richness of Ujjain and its people.[15] In the 6th century CE the Chinese pilgrim Xuanzang visited India. He describes the ruler of Avanti as a king who was generous to the poor and presented them with gifts.[16]

The famed historical Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga temple is in Ujjain

Bhartṛhari is said to have written his great epics, Virat Katha, Neeti Sataka, the love story of Pradyot Princess Vasavadatta and Udayan in Ujjayini, as the city was called during his times. The writings of Bhasa are set in Ujjain, and he probably lived in the city.[17] Kalidasa also refers to Ujjain multiple times, and it appears that he spent at least a part of his life in Ujjain.[18] Mrichchhakatika by Shudraka is also set in Ujjain.[19] Ujjain also appears in several stories as the capital of the legendary emperor Vikramaditya of the Parmar dynasty. Somadeva's Kathasaritsagara (11th century) mentions that the city was created by Vishwakarma, and describes it as invincible, prosperous and full of wonderful sights.[20] Ujjain was sacked several times by the Arabs of the Umayyad Caliphate in the 8th century CE. The Arabs called the city Uzayn.[21]

Medieval period

The Jantar Mantar at Ujjain was commissioned by Jai Singh II (1688-1743) of Jaipur.

The Paramaras (9th-14th century CE) built the City of Ujjain and shifted the region's capital from Ujjain to Dhar.[5] Mahmud of Ghazni sacked the city and forced it to pay tribute during his invasion in India. In 1235 CE, Iltutmish of the Delhi Sultanate plundered the city.[5] With the decline of the Paramara kingdom, Ujjain ultimately came under Islamic rule, like other parts of north-central India. The city continued to be an important city of central India. As late as the time of the Mughal vassal Jai Singh II (1688-1743), who constructed a Jantar Mantar in the city, Ujjain was the largest city and capital of the Malwa Subah. The city continued to be developed during Muslim rule, especially under the Delhi Sultanate and the Mughal Empire. It was used as an important military headquarters.[22]

Modern period

انظر أيضاً: Dewas Junior, Dewas Senior, Dhar State, Indore State, and Gwalior State

During the 18th century, the city briefly became the capital of Scindia state of the Maratha Empire, when Ranoji Scindia established his capital at Ujjain in 1731. Mahadji Scindia constructed a grand palace with a hundred rooms around which the Maratha sardars constructed their own mansions. Ruined and destroyed temples were restored and newer ones were built.[23] But his successors moved to Gwalior, where they ruled the Gwalior State in the latter half of the 18th century. The struggle of supremacy between the Holkars of Indore and Scindias (who ruled Ujjain) led to rivalry between the merchants of the two cities.[24][25][26][27] On 18 July 1801, the Holkars defeated the Scindias at the Battle of Ujjain. On 1 September, Yashwantrao Holkar entered the city, and demanded a sum of 15 lakh rupees from the city. He received only 1/8th of this amount; the rest was pocketed by his officers. A force sent by Daulatrao Scindia later regained control of Ujjain.[28] After both Holkar and Scindias accepted the British suzerainty, the British colonial administrators decided to develop Indore as an alternative to Ujjain, because the merchants of Ujjain had supported certain anti-British people. John Malcolm, the British administrator of Central India, decided to reduce the importance of Ujjain "by transferring a great part of that consequence it now enjoys to the Towns of Indore and Rutlam cities, which are and will continue more under our control."[24]

After Indian independence, Ujjain was placed in Madhya Bharat state, which in turn was fused into Madhya Pradesh in 1956.[29][30][31][32]

المعالم القديمة والهامة في اوجاين

مندير Mahakaleshwar Jyotirlinga في أوجاين


الأسماء المختلفة لأوجاين

لما كانت اوجاين واحدة من أقدم المدن في الهند، فإنها تُعرف بأسماء عديدة:[33]

It is said that to the Western astronomers it was known as "Arin".[بحاجة لمصدر]

الديمغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: قائمة المدن في ماديا پرادش
الديانات في أوجاين
الديانة النسبة
الهندوس
  
 76%
المسلمون
  
 20%
الجاين
  
 2%
آخرون†
  
 1.50%
المسيحيون
  
 .50%
توزيع الديانات
†تضم السيخ (1%)، البوذيون (<0.5%).

الجغرافيا

Ujjain is located in the west-central part of India, and is north of the upper limit of the Vindhya mountain ranges. Located on the Malwa plateau, it is higher than the north Indian plains and the land rises towards the Vindhya Range to the south. Ujjain's coordinates are 23°10′N 75°46′E / 23.167°N 75.767°E / 23.167; 75.767 with an average elevation of 494 m (1620 ft).[34] The region is an extension of the Deccan Traps, formed between 60 and 68 million years ago[35][36] at the end of the Cretaceous period. The city is on the bank of the river Shipra which flows into the nearby Chambal.

المناخ

أوجاين
جدول طقس (التفسير)
يفمأمييأسأند
 
 
19
 
25
5
 
 
4
 
28
9
 
 
6
 
33
14
 
 
2
 
39
18
 
 
14
 
40
23
 
 
144
 
36
24
 
 
274
 
30
23
 
 
223
 
29
22
 
 
146
 
31
19
 
 
29
 
33
15
 
 
4
 
30
11
 
 
14
 
26
8
متوسطات درجات الحرارة القصوى والدنيا - °س
إجمالي الهطل - مم


أشخاص بارزون

Notable people who were born or lived in Ujjian include:

الهامش

  1. ^ UjjainTourism - Ujjain
  2. ^ P. K. Basant (2012). The City and the Country in Early India: A Study of Malwa. Primus. pp. 78–81. ISBN 9789380607153.
  3. ^ Pranab Kumar Bhattacharyya 1977, pp. 1-2.
  4. ^ Kulke, Hermann; Rothermund, Dietmar (2004). A History of India. Psychology Press. pp. 50–51. ISBN 978-0-41532-920-0.
  5. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Trudy Ring; Noelle Watson; Paul Schellinger, eds. (2012). Asia and Oceania: International Dictionary of Historic Places. Routledge. pp. 835–837. ISBN 9781136639791.
  6. ^ أ ب Dieter Schlingloff (2014). Fortified Cities of Ancient India: A Comparative Study. Anthem. pp. 21–22. ISBN 9781783083497.
  7. ^ أ ب ت F. R. Allchin and George Erdosy (1995). The Archaeology of Early Historic South Asia: The Emergence of Cities and States. Cambridge University Press. pp. 134–136. ISBN 9780521376952.
  8. ^ Kailash Chand Jain (1972). "Malwa Through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D". Motilal Banarsidass. p. 90. ISBN 9788120808249.
  9. ^ "Avanti | Gupta Dynasty, Ujjain & Malwa | Britannica". www.britannica.com.
  10. ^ Abraham Eraly (23 January 2002). Gem In The Lotus. Penguin. p. 494. ISBN 978-93-5118-014-2.
  11. ^ William Woodthorpe Tarn (2010). The Greeks in Bactria and India. Cambridge University Press. p. 152. ISBN 9781108009416.
  12. ^ Mookerji Radhakumud (1962). Asoka. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 8. ISBN 978-81-208-0582-8.
  13. ^ Klaus Schlichtmann (2016). A Peace History of India: From Ashoka Maurya to Mahatma Gandhi. Vij Books. p. 26. ISBN 978-93-85563-52-2.
  14. ^ "History of Ujjain". Ujjain District Court. 4 September 2024. Retrieved 4 September 2024.
  15. ^ Subramani, Dr.Vijaya (September 2018). "Ujjain, a brilliant sliver of heaven on earth". Tattvaloka. Sringeri: Sri Abhinava Vidyatheertha Mahaswamigal Educational Trust. XLI (6): 40–3. ISSN 0970-8901.
  16. ^ Sen, Sailendra Nath (1999). Ancient Indian History and Civilization (in الإنجليزية). New Age International. ISBN 9788122411980.
  17. ^ Martin Banham (1995). The Cambridge Guide to Theatre. Cambridge University Press. p. 103. ISBN 9780521434379.
  18. ^ Arthur W. Ryder (2014). Translations of Shakuntala: And Other Works. The Floating Press. ISBN 9781776535132.
  19. ^ Farley P. Richmond (1993). Indian Theatre: Traditions of Performance. Motilal Banarsidass. pp. 55–57. ISBN 9788120809819.
  20. ^ N. M. Penzer, ed. (1924). "Book XVIII: Vishamasila". The ocean of story. Vol. IX. Translated by C. H. Tawney. Chas J. Sawyer. p. 2.
  21. ^ Jain, Kailash Chand (1972). Malwa through the Ages, from the Earliest Times to 1305 A.D. Motilal Banarsidas. p. 10. ISBN 9788120808249.
  22. ^ Virendra Nath Sharma (1995). Sawai Jai Singh and His Astronomy. Motilal Banarsidass. p. 212. ISBN 9788120812567.
  23. ^ Vijayaraje Scindia, Princess - The Autobiography of Dowager Maharani of Gwalior, P.73
  24. ^ أ ب Amar Farooqui (1998). Smuggling as Subversion: Colonialism, Indian Merchants, and the Politics of Opium, 1790-1843. Lexington. pp. 62–63. ISBN 9780739108864.
  25. ^ "Ujjain: राम घाट पर सिंधिया ने किया महाकाल की पालकी का पूजन, उमा भारती भी पहुंचीं". Navbharat Times (in الهندية). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  26. ^ "उज्जैन पहुंचकर बोले सिंधिया- यह मेरा गृह नगर जैसा, कांग्रेस नेताओं ने दिखाए काले झंडे". Navbharat Times (in الهندية). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  27. ^ "उज्जैन में मिले 21 नए कोरोना पॉजिटीव – AV News" (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). Archived from the original on 26 March 2023. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  28. ^ R.S. Chaurasia (2004). History of the Marathas. Atlantic. p. 61. ISBN 9788126903948.
  29. ^ "उज्जैन में महाकालेश्वर की धूमधाम से निकली शाही सवारी". Hindustan (in الهندية). Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  30. ^ "उज्जैन में बाल-बाल बचे सिंधिया, समर्थकों की धक्का-मुक्की में गिरी रेलिंग". aajtak.intoday.in (in الهندية). 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  31. ^ "उज्जैन: महाकाल की शाही सवारी के दौरान बड़ा हादसा टला, बाल-बाल बचे Scindia". Zee News Hindi. 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  32. ^ "सिंधिया ने कहा: भले ही उज्जैन में उप चुनाव नहीं लेकिन उज्जैन आसपास होने वाले चुनाव का केंद्र बिंदु बना रहेगा". Dainik Bhaskar (in الهندية). 18 August 2020. Retrieved 18 August 2020.
  33. ^ Room A. Placenames of the world: origins and meanings, p. 12.
  34. ^ "Geographic coordinates of Ujjain. Latitude, longitude, and elevation above sea level of Ujjain, India". dateandtime.info.
  35. ^ "Geochronological Study of the Deccan Volcanism by the 40Ar-39Ar Method". Archived from the original on 25 February 2006.
  36. ^ "Deccan Traps". www.mantleplumes.org.

وصلات خارجية

قالب:City of Ujjain قالب:Hindu inscriptions and arts

قالب:Ujjain Division

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