الهند البريطانية

هذا المقال هو عن the rule of India by the British Crown from 1858 to 1947. إذا كنت تريد the rule of the East India Company from 1757 to 1858، انظر Company rule in India. إذا كنت تريد British directly-ruled administrative divisions in India، انظر Presidencies and provinces of British India.

الهند
1858–1947
Political subdivisions of the British Raj in 1909. British India is shown in two shades of pink; Sikkim, نيپال، بوتان, and the princely states are shown in yellow.
The British Raj in relation to the British Empire in 1909
المكانة	البنية السياسية الإمبراطورية (comprising British India والولايات الأميرية
العاصمة	Calcutta (1858–1911) New Delhi (1911/1931–1947)
اللغات الرسمية	English Hindustani (Urdu) Other Indian languages
صفة المواطن	Indians, British Indians
ملكة/ملكة-إمبراطورة/ملك-إمبراطور
• 1858–1876 (Queen); 1876–1901 (Queen-Empress)	Victoria
• 1901–1910	إدوارد السابع
• 1910–1936	جورج الخامس
• 1936	إدوارد الثامن
• 1936–1947 (الأخير)	جورج السادس
نائب الملك
• 1858–1862 (first)	Charles Canning
• 1947 (الأخير)	Louis Mountbatten
Secretary of State
• 1858–1859 (first)	Edward Stanley
• 1947 (last)	William Hare
التشريع	Imperial Legislative Council
• الغرفة العليا	Council of State
• الغرفة الدنيا	Central Legislative Assembly
التاريخ
• Indian Rebellion	10 May 1857
• Government of India Act	2 August 1858
• Indian Independence Act	18 July 1947
• تقسيم الهند	took effect Midnight, 14–15 August 1947
Area
• Total	4،993،650 km2 (1،928،060 sq mi)
Currency	الروبية الهندية
سبقها تلاها 1858: حكم الشركة في الهند 1857: إمبراطورية المغل 1947: Dominion of India Dominion of Pakistan Persian Gulf Residency 1937: مستعمرة بورما مستعمرة عدن 1898: محمية أرض الصومال 1867: مستوطنات المضائق

الهند البريطانية أو الراج البريطاني هي المرحلة التاريخية التي استعمرت فيها مناطق الهند وباكستان وبنغلاديش وميانمار من قِبل الإمبراطورية البريطانية منذ بداية القرن 19 حتى منتصف القرن 20. في اللغة الهندية، كلمة "راج" تعني "الحكم"، أي فترة الحكم البريطاني في المنطقة. كانت المناطق المستعمرة تمثل دولة واحدة. الحكم البريطاني في الهند انتهى في 15 أغسطس 1947.

بدأ الاستعمار البريطاني في شبه الجزيرة الهندية في عام 1858. معظم الأراضي التي وقعت في منطقة الهند البريطانية لم تحكم بواسطة الإمبراطورية البريطانية بشكل مباشر بل كانت ولايات أميرية مستقلة اسمياً، حكمت بواسطة الماهاراجات والراجا والثاكور والنواب الذين وقعوا معاهدات مع بريطانيا بشأن سيادتهم، وعرف هذا النظام بالحلف الإضافي. كانت مستعمرة عدن جزء من الهند البريطانية أيضاً منذ عام 1839، هذا بالإضافة إلى ميانمار (عرفت سابقاً باسم بورما) منذ عام 1886. استقلت كلتا المستعمرتين من الإمبراطورية البريطانية في عام 1937. حكمت أرض الصومال البريطانية بين عامي 1884 - 1898، وسنغافورة بين عامي 1819 - 1867 كجزء من الهند. بالرغم من أن سريلانكا تقع في شبه الجزيرة الهندية، إلا أنها حكمت مباشرة من لندن بخلاف الهند البريطانية.

 الامتداد الجغرافي

The British Raj extended over almost all present-day India, Pakistan, Bangladesh and Myanmar, except for small holdings by other European nations such as Goa and Pondicherry. This area is very diverse, containing the Himalayan mountains, fertile floodplains, the Indo-Gangetic Plain, a long coastline, tropical dry forests, arid uplands, and the Thar Desert. In addition, at various times, it included Aden (from 1858 to 1937), Lower Burma (from 1858 to 1937), Upper Burma (from 1886 to 1937), British Somaliland (briefly from 1884 to 1898), and the Straits Settlements (briefly from 1858 to 1867). Burma was separated from India and directly administered by the British Crown from 1937 until its independence in 1948. The Trucial States of the Persian Gulf and the other states under the Persian Gulf Residency were theoretically princely states as well as presidencies and provinces of British India until 1947 and used the rupee as their unit of currency.

Among other countries in the region, Ceylon (now Sri Lanka), which was referred to coastal regions and northern part of the island at that time, was ceded to Britain in 1802 under the Treaty of Amiens. These coastal regions were temporarily administered under Madras Presidency between 1793 and 1798, but, for later periods, the British governors reported to London, and it was not part of the Raj. The kingdoms of Nepal and Bhutan, having fought wars with the British, subsequently signed treaties with them and were recognised by the British as independent states. The Kingdom of Sikkim was established as a princely state after the Anglo-Sikkimese Treaty of 1861; however, the issue of sovereignty was left undefined. The Maldive Islands were a British protectorate from 1887 to 1965 but not part of British India.

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  The British Raj and surrounding countries are shown in 1909.

 التاريخ

المقالة الرئيسية: تاريخ الراج البريطاني

 1858–1868: أعقاب التمرد وانتقادات وردود أفعال

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  Lakshmibai, Rani of Jhansi, one of the principal leaders of the Great Uprising of 1857, who had lost her kingdom by the Doctrine of lapse

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  The proclamation to the "Princes, Chiefs, and People of India", issued by Queen Victoria on 1 November 1858

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  Sir Syed Ahmed Khan founder of the Muhammadan Anglo-Oriental College, wrote one of the early critiques, The Causes of the Indian Mutiny.

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  An 1887 souvenir portrait of Queen Victoria as Empress of India, 30 years after the Great Uprising

 خط زمني للأحداث والتشريعات والأشغال الرئيسية

• The reigning British monarchs during the period of the British Raj, 1858–1947, on silver one-rupee coins.
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  Two silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing Victoria, Queen, 1862 (left) and Victoria, Empress, 1886 (right)

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  Silver one rupee coins showing Edward VII, King-Emperor, 1903 (left) and 1908 (right)

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  Silver one rupee coins used in India during the British Raj, showing George V, King-Emperor, 1913 (left) and 1919 (right)

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  One rupee coins showing George VI, King-Emperor, 1940 (left) and just before India's independence in 1947 (right)

الفترة	نائب الملك	الأحداث والتشريعات والأشغال الرئيسية
1 نوفمبر 1858 – 21 March 1862	Viscount Canning	1858 reorganisation of British Indian Army (contemporaneously and hereafter Indian Army) Construction begins (1860): University of Bombay, University of Madras, and University of Calcutta Indian Penal Code passed into law in 1860. Upper Doab famine of 1860–1861 Indian Councils Act 1861 Establishment of Archaeological Survey of India in 1861 James Wilson, financial member of Council of India, reorganises customs, imposes income tax, creates paper currency. Indian Police Act 1861: creation of the Imperial Police, later known as the Indian Police Service.
21 مارس 1862 – 20 November 1863	Earl of Elgin	Viceroy dies prematurely in Dharamsala in 1863
12 January 1864 – 12 January 1869	Sir John Lawrence, Bt	Anglo-Bhutan Duar War (1864–1865) Orissa famine of 1866 Rajputana famine of 1869 Creation of Department of Irrigation. Creation of the Imperial Forestry Service in 1867 (now the Indian Forest Service). "Nicobar Islands annexed and incorporated into India 1869"
12 January 1869 – 8 February 1872	Earl of Mayo	Creation of Department of Agriculture (now Ministry of Agriculture) Major extension of railways, roads, and canals Indian Councils Act 1870 Creation of Andaman and Nicobar Islands as a Chief Commissionership (1872). Assassination of Lord Mayo in the Andamans.
3 May 1872 – 12 April 1876	Lord Northbrook	Deaths in Bihar famine of 1873–1874 prevented by import of rice from Burma. Gaikwad of Baroda dethroned for misgovernment; dominions passed to a child prince. Indian Councils Act 1874 Visit of the Prince of Wales, the future Edward VII, in 1875–76.
12 April 1876 – 8 June 1880	Lord Lytton	Baluchistan established as a Chief Commissionership Queen Victoria (in absentia) proclaimed Empress of India at Delhi Durbar of 1877. Great Famine of 1876–1878: 5.25 million dead; reduced relief offered at expense of Rs. 80 million. Creation of Famine Commission of 1878–80 under Sir Richard Strachey. Indian Forest Act of 1878 Second Anglo-Afghan War.
8 June 1880 – 13 December 1884	Marquess of Ripon	End of Second Anglo-Afghan War. Repeal of Vernacular Press Act of 1878. Compromise on the Ilbert Bill. Local Government Acts extend self-government from towns to country. University of Punjab established in Lahore in 1882 Famine Code promulgated in 1883 by the Government of India. Creation of the Education Commission. Creation of indigenous schools, especially for Muslims. Repeal of import duties on cotton and of most tariffs. Railway extension.
13 December 1884 – 10 December 1888	Earl of Dufferin	Passage of Bengal Tenancy Bill Third Anglo-Burmese War. Joint Anglo-Russian Boundary Commission appointed for the Afghan frontier. Russian attack on Afghans at Panjdeh (1885). The Great Game in full play. Report of Public Services Commission of 1886–87, creation of the Imperial Civil Service (later the Indian Civil Service (ICS), and today the Indian Administrative Service) University of Allahabad established in 1887 Queen Victoria's Jubilee, 1887.
10 December 1888 – 11 October 1894	Marquess of Lansdowne	Strengthening of NW Frontier defence. Creation of Imperial Service Troops consisting of regiments contributed by the princely states. Gilgit Agency leased in 1899 British Parliament passes Indian Councils Act 1892, opening the Imperial Legislative Council to Indians. Revolution in princely state of Manipur and subsequent reinstatement of ruler. High point of The Great Game. Establishment of the Durand Line between British India and Afghanistan, Railways, roads, and irrigation works begun in Burma. Border between Burma and Siam finalised in 1893. Fall of the rupee, resulting from the steady depreciation of silver currency worldwide (1873–93). Indian Prisons Act of 1894
11 October 1894 – 6 January 1899	Earl of Elgin	Reorganisation of Indian Army (from Presidency System to the four Commands). Pamir agreement Russia, 1895 The Chitral Campaign (1895), the Tirah campaign (1896–97) Indian famine of 1896–1897 beginning in Bundelkhand. Bubonic plague in Bombay (1896), Bubonic plague in Calcutta (1898); riots in wake of plague prevention measures. Establishment of Provincial Legislative Councils in Burma and Punjab; the former a new Lieutenant Governorship.
6 January 1899 – 18 November 1905	Lord Curzon of Kedleston	Creation of the North-West Frontier Province under a Chief Commissioner (1901). Indian famine of 1899–1900. Return of the bubonic plague, 1 million deaths Financial Reform Act of 1899; Gold Reserve Fund created for India. Punjab Land Alienation Act Inauguration of Department (now Ministry) of Commerce and Industry. Death of Queen Victoria (1901); dedication of the Victoria Memorial Hall, Calcutta as a national gallery of Indian antiquities, art, and history. Coronation Durbar in Delhi (1903); Edward VII (in absentia) proclaimed Emperor of India. Francis Younghusband's British expedition to Tibet (1903–04) North-Western Provinces (previously Ceded and Conquered Provinces) and Oudh renamed United Provinces in 1904 Reorganisation of Indian Universities Act (1904). Systemisation of preservation and restoration of ancient monuments by Archaeological Survey of India with the Indian Ancient Monument Preservation Act. Inauguration of agricultural banking with Cooperative Credit Societies Act of 1904 Partition of Bengal; new province of East Bengal and Assam under a Lieutenant-Governor. Census of 1901 gives the total population at 294 million, including 62 million in the princely states and 232 million in British India. About 170,000 are Europeans. 15 million men and 1 million women are literate. Of those school-aged, 25% of the boys and 3% of the girls attend. There are 207 million Hindus, and 63 million Muslims, along with 9 million Buddhists (in Burma), 3 million Christians, 2 million Sikhs, 1 million Jains, and 8.4 million who practise animism.
18 November 1905 – 23 November 1910	Earl of Minto	Creation of the Railway Board Anglo-Russian Convention of 1907 Indian Councils Act 1909 (also Minto–Morley Reforms) Appointment of Indian Factories Commission in 1909. Establishment of Department of Education in 1910 (now Ministry of Education)
23 November 1910 – 4 April 1916	Lord Hardinge of Penshurst	Visit of King George V and Queen Mary in 1911: commemoration as Emperor and Empress of India at last Delhi Durbar King George V announces creation of new city of New Delhi to replace Calcutta as capital of India. Indian High Courts Act 1911 Indian Factories Act of 1911 Construction of New Delhi, 1912–1929 World War I, Indian Army in: Western Front, Belgium, 1914; German East Africa (Battle of Tanga, 1914); Mesopotamian campaign (Battle of Ctesiphon, 1915; Siege of Kut, 1915–16); Battle of Galliopoli, 1915–16 Passage of Defence of India Act 1915
4 April 1916 – 2 April 1921	Lord Chelmsford	Indian Army in: Mesopotamian campaign (Fall of Baghdad, 1917); Sinai and Palestine campaign (Battle of Megiddo, 1918) Passage of Rowlatt Act, 1919 Government of India Act 1919 (also Montagu–Chelmsford Reforms) Jallianwala Bagh massacre, 1919 Third Anglo-Afghan War, 1919 University of Rangoon established in 1920. Indian Passport Act of 1920: British Indian passport introduced
2 April 1921 – 3 April 1926	Earl of Reading	University of Delhi established in 1922. Indian Workers Compensation Act of 1923
3 April 1926 – 18 April 1931	Lord Irwin	Indian Trade Unions Act of 1926, Indian Forest Act, 1927 Appointment of Royal Commission of Indian Labour, 1929 Indian Constitutional Round Table Conferences, London, 1930–32, Gandhi–Irwin Pact, 1931.
18 April 1931 – 18 April 1936	Earl of Willingdon	New Delhi inaugurated as capital of India, 1931. Indian Workmen's Compensation Act of 1933 Indian Factories Act of 1934 Royal Indian Air Force created in 1932. Indian Military Academy established in 1932. Government of India Act 1935 Creation of Reserve Bank of India
18 April 1936 – 1 October 1943	Marquess of Linlithgow	Indian Payment of Wages Act of 1936 Burma administered independently after 1937 with creation of new cabinet position Secretary of State for India and Burma, and with the Burma Office separated off from the India Office Indian Provincial Elections of 1937 Cripps' mission to India, 1942. Indian Army in Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II (North African campaign): (Operation Compass, Operation Crusader, First Battle of El Alamein, Second Battle of El Alamein. East African campaign, 1940, Anglo-Iraqi War, 1941, Syria–Lebanon campaign, 1941, Anglo-Soviet invasion of Iran, 1941) Indian Army in Battle of Hong Kong, Battle of Malaya, Battle of Singapore Burma campaign of World War II begins in 1942.
1 October 1943 – 21 February 1947	Viscount Wavell	Indian Army becomes, at 2.5 million men, the largest all-volunteer force in history. World War II: Burma Campaign, 1943–45 (Battle of Kohima, Battle of Imphal) Bengal famine of 1943 Indian Army in Italian campaign (Battle of Monte Cassino) British Labour Party wins UK General Election of 1945 with Clement Attlee becoming prime minister. 1946 Cabinet Mission to India Indian Elections of 1946.
21 February 1947 – 15 August 1947	Viscount Mountbatten of Burma	Indian Independence Act 1947 of the British Parliament enacted on 18 July 1947. Radcliffe Award, August 1947 Partition of India, August 1947 India Office and position of Secretary of State for India abolished; ministerial responsibility within the United Kingdom for British relations with India and Pakistan transferred to the Commonwealth Relations Office.

 التعليم

The University of Lucknow, founded by the British in 1867

The University of Calcutta, established in 1857, is one of the three oldest modern state universities in India.

Universities in Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras were established in 1857, just before the Rebellion. By 1890 some 60,000 Indians had matriculated, chiefly in the liberal arts or law. About a third entered public administration, and another third became lawyers. The result was a very well educated professional state bureaucracy. By 1887 of 21,000 mid-level civil services appointments, 45% were held by Hindus, 7% by Muslims, 19% by Eurasians (European father and Indian mother), and 29% by Europeans. Of the 1000 top-level civil services positions, almost all were held by Britons, typically with an Oxbridge degree. The government, often working with local philanthropists, opened 186 universities and colleges of higher education by 1911; they enrolled 36,000 students (over 90% men). By 1939 the number of institutions had doubled and enrolment reached 145,000. The curriculum followed classical British standards of the sort set by Oxford and Cambridge and stressed English literature and European history. Nevertheless, by the 1920s the student bodies had become hotbeds of Indian nationalism.

 انظر أيضاً

مستعمرة الهند
الهند الپرتغالية	1505–1961
كازا دا إنديا	1434–1833
شركة الهند الشرقية البرتغالية	1628–1633
الهند الهولندية	1605–1825
الهند الدنماركية	1696–1869
الهند الفرنسية	1759–1954
الإمبراطورية البريطانية في الهند
شركة الهند الشرقية	1612–1757
حكم الشركة في الهند	1757–1857
الراج البريطاني	1858–1947
الحكم البريطاني في بورما	1826–1948
الهند البريطانية	1612–1947
الولايات الأميرية	1765–1947
تقسيم الهند	1947

تاريخ جنوب آسيا (شبه القارة الهندية)
العصر الحجري	70,000–3300 ق.م.
• ثقافة مهرگره	• 7000–3300 ق.م.
حضارة وادي الإندوس	3300–1700 ق.م.
ثقافة هرپـّان المتأخرة	1700–1300 ق.م.
الفترة الڤيدية	1500–500 ق.م.
العصر الحديدي	1200–300 ق.م.
• مهاجناپادا	• 700–300 ق.م.
• امبراطورية ماگادا	• 545 ق.م. - 550
• امبراطورية موريا	• 321–184 ق.م.
الممالك الوسيطة	250 ق.م.–1279 م
• امبراطورية چولا	• 250 ق.م.–1070 م
• ساتاڤاهانا	• 230 ق.م.–220 م
• امبراطورية كوشان	• 60–240
• امبراطورية گوپتا	• 280–550
• امبراطورية پالا	• 750–1174
• أسرة چالوكيا	• 543–753
• راشتراكوتا	• 753–982
• امبراطورية چالوكيا الغربية	• 973–1189
• مملكة هويسالا	1040–1346
• امبراطورية كاكاتيا	1083–1323
السلطنات الإسلامية	1206–1596
• سلطنة دلهي	• 1206–1526
• سلطنات الدكن	• 1490–1596
مملكة أهوم	1228–1826
امبراطورية ڤيجايانگرا	1336–1646
سلطنة المغول	1526–1858
امبراطورية ماراثا	1674–1818
سلطنة دراني	1747–1823
اتحاد السيخ	1716–1799
امبراطورية السيخ	1801–1849
الممالك الإقليمية 1100–1800 مملكة كوتشين 1102–1949 م مملكة تراڤانكوره 1102–1949 م مملكة أهوم 1228–1826 مملكة چيترادورگا 1300–1779 م مملكة گره‌وال 1358–1803 م مملكة ميسور 1399–1947 مملكة كلادي 1499–1763 م مملكة ثوندايمان 1650–1948 م مملكة مدوراي 1559–1736 م مملكة ثنجاڤور 1572–1918 م مملكة ماراڤا 1600–1750 م
شركة الهند الشرقية البريطانية	1757–1858
الراج البريطاني	1858–1947
الدول المعاصرة	1947–الحاضر
تواريخ الأمم بنگلادش • بوتان • جمهورية الهند المالديڤ • نيپال • پاكستان • سري لانكا
تواريخ إقليمية أسام • بلوشستان • البنغال هيماچال پرادش • اوريسا • المناطق الپاكستانية شمال الهند • جنوب الهند • التبت
تآريخ متخصصة العملات • الأسرات • الاقتصاد علم الهنديات • اللغة • الأدب • البحري العسكري • العلم والتكنولوجيا • خط زمني

• Colonial India
• Direct colonial rule
• Glossary of the British Raj (Hindi-Urdu words)
• Historiography of the British Empire
• Legislatures of British India
• List of governors-general of India
• Subsidiary alliance, the status of princely states
• Star of India flag used during the British Raj
• British North America
• Flags of British India

 ببليوجرافيا

 مسوح

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• Thompson, Edward, and G.T. Garratt. Rise and Fulfilment of British Rule in India (1934) 690 pages; scholarly survey, 1599–1933 excerpt and text search
• Wolpert, Stanley (2004), A New History of India (7th ed.), Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-516677-4 .
• Wolpert, Stanley, ed. Encyclopedia of India (4 vol. 2005) comprehensive coverage by scholars
• Wolpert, Stanley A. (2006), Shameful Flight: The Last Years of the British Empire in India, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-539394-1 

 مواضع متخصصة

• Baker, David (1993), Colonialism in an Indian Hinterland: The Central Provinces, 1820–1920, Delhi: Oxford University Press. pp. xiii, 374, ISBN 978-0-19-563049-7 
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• Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2005), Forgotten Armies: The Fall of British Asia, 1941–1945, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-01748-1, https://books.google.com/books?id=qXH9xGCWjYUC, retrieved on 22 September 2013 
• Bayly, Christopher; Harper, Timothy (2007), Forgotten Wars: Freedom and Revolution in Southeast Asia, Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-02153-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=0M4Pl_VCExgC, retrieved on 21 September 2013 
• Bayly, Christopher Alan. Imperial Meridian: The British Empire and the World 1780–1830. (Routledge, 2016).
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• Copland, Ian (2002), Princes of India in the Endgame of Empire, 1917–1947, (Cambridge Studies in Indian History & Society). Cambridge University Press. pp. 316, ISBN 978-0-521-89436-4 .
• Das, Manmath Nath (1964). India under Morley and Minto: politics behind revolution, repression and reforms. G. Allen and Unwin. OCLC 411335.
• Davis, Mike (2001), Late Victorian Holocausts, Verso Books, ISBN 978-1-85984-739-8 
• Dewey, Clive. Anglo-Indian Attitudes: The Mind of the Indian Civil Service (2003)
• Ewing, Ann. "Administering India: The Indian Civil Service", History Today, June 1982, 32#6 pp. 43–48, covers 1858–1947
• Fieldhouse, David (1996), "For Richer, for Poorer?", in Marshall, P. J., The Cambridge Illustrated History of the British Empire, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 400, pp. 108–146, ISBN 978-0-521-00254-7 
• Gilmartin, David. 1988. Empire and Islam: Punjab and the Making of Pakistan. University of California Press. 258 pages. ISBN 978-0-520-06249-8.
• Gilmour, David. Curzon: Imperial Statesman (2006) excerpt and text search
• Gopal, Sarvepalli. British Policy in India 1858–1905 (2008)
• Gopal, Sarvepalli (1976), Jawaharlal Nehru: A Biography, Harvard U. Press, ISBN 978-0-674-47310-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=Jj-4zmBLXq0C, retrieved on 21 February 2012 
• Gopal, Sarvepalli. Viceroyalty of Lord Irwin 1926–1931 (1957)
• Gopal, Sarvepalli (1953), The Viceroyalty of Lord Ripon, 1880–1884, Oxford U. Press, https://books.google.com/books?id=eKE9AAAAIAAJ, retrieved on 21 February 2012 
• Gould, William (2004), Hindu Nationalism and the Language of Politics in Late Colonial India, Cambridge U. Press. pp. 320, ISBN 978-1-139-45195-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=XNsganXnq-oC .
• Grove, Richard H. (2007), "The Great El Nino of 1789–93 and its Global Consequences: Reconstructing an Extreme Climate Even in World Environmental History", The Medieval History Journal 10 (1&2): 75–98, doi:10.1177/097194580701000203 
• Hall-Matthews, David (November 2008), "Inaccurate Conceptions: Disputed Measures of Nutritional Needs and Famine Deaths in Colonial India", Modern Asian Studies 42 (6): 1189–1212, doi:10.1017/S0026749X07002892 
• Headrick, Daniel R. (1988), The tentacles of progress: technology transfer in the age of imperialism, 1850–1940, Oxford University Press, ISBN 0-19-505115-7 
• Hyam, Ronald (2007), Britain's Declining Empire: The Road to Decolonisation, 1918–1968, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-86649-1 
• Imperial Gazetteer of India vol. III (1907), The Indian Empire, Economic (Chapter X: Famine), pp. 475–502, Published under the authority of His Majesty's Secretary of State for India in Council, Oxford at the Clarendon Press. pp. xxx, 1 map, 552. 
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India, IV, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1909, https://archive.org/details/imperialgazettee04grea 
• Jalal, Ayesha (1993), The Sole Spokesman: Jinnah, the Muslim League and the Demand for Pakistan, Cambridge U. Press, 334 pages .
• Kaminsky, Arnold P. The India Office, 1880–1910 (1986) excerpt and text search, focus on officials in London
• Khan, Yasmin (2007), The Great Partition: The Making of India and Pakistan, Yale U. Press, 250 pages, ISBN 978-0-300-12078-3, https://archive.org/details/greatpartitionma00khan 
• Khan, Yasmin. India At War: The Subcontinent and the Second World War (2015), wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt; also published as Khan, Yasmin. The Raj at War: A People's History Of India's Second World War (2015) a major, comprehensive scholarly study
• Klein, Ira (July 2000), "Materialism, Mutiny and Modernization in British India", Modern Asian Studies 34 (3): 545–580, doi:10.1017/S0026749X00003656 
• Koomar, Roy Basanta (2009), The Labor Revolt in India, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 13–14, ISBN 978-1-113-34966-8 
• Kumar, Deepak. Science and the Raj: A Study of British India (2006)
• Lipsett, Chaldwell. Lord Curzon in India 1898–1903 (1903) excerpt and text search 128 pp
• Low, D. A. (2002), Britain and Indian Nationalism: The Imprint of Ambiguity 1929–1942, Cambridge University Press. pp. 374, ISBN 978-0-521-89261-2 .
• MacMillan, Margaret. Women of the Raj: The Mothers, Wives, and Daughters of the British Empire in India (2007)
• Metcalf, Thomas R. (1991), The Aftermath of Revolt: India, 1857–1870, Riverdale Co. Pub. pp. 352, ISBN 978-81-85054-99-5 
• Metcalf, Thomas R. (1997), Ideologies of the Raj, Cambridge University Press, pp. 256, ISBN 978-0-521-58937-6, https://books.google.com/books?id=TRcMoGSkRtIC&pg=PR8 
• Moore, Robin J. (2001a), "Imperial India, 1858–1914", in Porter, Andrew N., Oxford History of the British Empire, III, Oxford University Press, pp. 422–446, ISBN 978-0-19-924678-6 
• Moore, Robin J. "India in the 1940s", in Robin Winks, ed. Oxford History of the British Empire: Historiography, (2001b), pp. 231–242
• Nehru, Jawaharlal (1946), Discovery of India, Delhi: Oxford University Press, https://archive.org/details/DiscoveryOfIndia 
• Porter, Andrew, ed. (2001), Oxford History of the British Empire: Nineteenth Century, Oxford University Press. pp. 800, ISBN 978-0-19-924678-6 
• Raghavan, Srinath. India's War: World War II and the Making of Modern South Asia (2016). wide-ranging scholarly survey excerpt Archived 23 سبتمبر 2023 at the Wayback Machine
• Rai, Lajpat (2008), England's Debt to India: A Historical Narrative of Britain's Fiscal Policy in India, BiblioBazaar, LLC, pp. 263–281, ISBN 978-0-559-80001-6 
• Raja, Masood Ashraf (2010), Constructing Pakistan: Foundational Texts and the Rise of Muslim National Identity, 1857–1947, Oxford University Press, ISBN 978-0-19-547811-2 
• Ramusack, Barbara (2004), The Indian Princes and their States (The New Cambridge History of India), Cambridge University Press. pp. 324, ISBN 978-0-521-03989-5 
• Read, Anthony, and David Fisher; The Proudest Day: India's Long Road to Independence (W. W. Norton, 1999) Archive.org, borrowable
• Riddick, John F. The History of British India: A Chronology (2006) excerpt Archived 23 سبتمبر 2023 at the Wayback Machine
• Riddick, John F. Who Was Who in British India (1998); 5000 entries excerpt
• Satya, Laxman D. (2008). "British Imperial Railways in Nineteenth Century South Asia". Economic and Political Weekly. 43 (47): 69–77. ISSN 0012-9976. JSTOR 40278213.
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 التاريخ الاقتصادي والاجتماعي

• Anstey, Vera. The economic development of India (4th ed. 1952), 677 pp. thorough scholarly coverage; focus on 20th century down to 1939
• Ballhatchet, Kenneth. Race, Sex, and Class under the Raj: Imperial Attitudes and Policies and Their Critics, 1793–1905 (1980).
• Chaudhary, Latika, et al. eds. A New Economic History of Colonial India (2015)
• Derbyshire, I. D. (1987), "Economic Change and the Railways in North India, 1860–1914", Population Studies 21 (3): 521–545, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00009197 
• Chaudhuri, Nupur. "Imperialism and Gender." in Encyclopedia of European Social History, edited by Peter N. Stearns, (vol. 1, 2001), pp. 515–521. online emphasis on Raj.
• Dutt, Romesh C. The Economic History of India under early British Rule (1901); The Economic History of India in the Victorian Age (1906) online
• Gupta, Charu, ed. Gendering Colonial India: Reforms, Print, Caste and Communalism (2012)
• Hyam, Ronald. Empire and Sexuality: The British Experience (1990).
• Kumar, Dharma; Desai, Meghnad (1983), The Cambridge Economic History of India, 2, Cambridge University Press, ISBN 978-0-521-22802-2, https://books.google.com/books?id=9ew8AAAAIAAJ, retrieved on 15 September 2018 
• Lockwood, David. The Indian Bourgeoisie: A Political History of the Indian Capitalist Class in the Early Twentieth Century (I.B. Tauris, 2012) 315 pages; focus on Indian entrepreneurs who benefited from the Raj, but ultimately sided with the Indian National Congress.
• O'Dell, Benjamin D (2014). "Beyond Bengal: Gender, Education, And The Writing Of Colonial Indian History". Victorian Literature and Culture. 42 (3): 535–551. doi:10.1017/S1060150314000138. S2CID 96476257.
• Roy, Tirthankar (Summer 2002), "Economic History and Modern India: Redefining the Link", The Journal of Economic Perspectives 16 (3): 109–130, doi:10.1257/089533002760278749 
• Sarkar, J. (2013, reprint). Economics of British India ... 3rd ed. Calcutta: M.C. Sarkar & Sons.
• Simmons, Colin (1985), "'De-Industrialization', Industrialization and the Indian Economy, c. 1850–1947", Modern Asian Studies 19 (3): 593–622, doi:10.1017/s0026749x00007745 
• Sinha, Mrinalini. Colonial Masculinity: The 'Manly Englishman' and the 'Effeminate Bengali' in the Late Nineteenth Century (1995).
• Strobel, Margaret. European Women and the Second British Empire (1991).
• Tirthankar, Roy (2014), "Financing the Raj: the City of London and colonial India 1858–1940", Business History 56 (6): 1024–1026, doi:10.1080/00076791.2013.828424 
• Tomlinson, Brian Roger (1993), The Economy of Modern India, 1860–1970, New Cambridge History of India, III.3, Cambridge University Press, p. 109, ISBN 978-0-521-36230-6 
• Tomlinson, Brian Roger (October 1975), "India and the British Empire, 1880–1935", Indian Economic and Social History Review 12 (4): 337–380, doi:10.1177/001946467501200401 

 تأريخ وذاكرة

• Andrews, C.F. (2017). India and the Simon Report. Routledge reprint of 1930 first edition. p. 11. ISBN 978-1-315-44498-7.
• Durant, Will (2011, reprint). The case for India. New York: Simon and Schuster.
• Ellis, Catriona (2009). "Education for All: Reassessing the Historiography of Education in Colonial India". History Compass. 7 (2): 363–375. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2008.00564.x.
• Gilmartin, David (2015). "The Historiography of India's Partition: Between Civilization and Modernity". The Journal of Asian Studies. 74 (1): 23–41. doi:10.1017/s0021911814001685. S2CID 67841003.
• Major, Andrea (2011). "Tall tales and true: India, historiography and British imperial imaginings". Contemporary South Asia. 19 (3): 331–332. doi:10.1080/09584935.2011.594257. S2CID 145802033.
• Mantena, Rama Sundari. The Origins of Modern Historiography in India: Antiquarianism and Philology (2012).
• Moor-Gilbert, Bart. Writing India, 1757–1990: The Literature of British India (1996) on fiction written in English.
• Mukherjee, Soumyen. "Origins of Indian Nationalism: Some Questions on the Historiography of Modern India". Sydney Studies in Society and Culture 13 (2014). online.
• Nawaz, Rafida, and Syed Hussain Murtaza. "Impact of Imperial Discourses on Changing Subjectivities in Core and Periphery: A Study of British India and British Nigeria". Perennial Journal of History 2.2 (2021): 114–130. online.
• Nayak, Bhabani Shankar. "Colonial world of postcolonial historians: reification, theoreticism, and the neoliberal reinvention of tribal identity in India". Journal of Asian and African Studies 56.3 (2021): 511–532. online.
• Parkash, Jai. "Major trends of historiography of revolutionary movement in India – Phase II". (PhD dissertation, Maharshi Dayanand University, 2013). online.
• Philips, Cyril H. ed. Historians of India, Pakistan and Ceylon (1961), reviews the older scholarship.
• Stern, Philip J (2009). "History and Historiography of the English East India Company: Past, Present, and Future". History Compass. 7 (4): 1146–1180. doi:10.1111/j.1478-0542.2009.00617.x.
• Stern, Philip J. "Early Eighteenth-Century British India: Antimeridian or antemeridiem?". Journal of Colonialism and Colonial History 21.2 (2020), pp. 1–26, focus on C.A. Bayly, Imperial Meridian online.
• Whitehead, Clive (2005). "The historiography of British imperial education policy, Part I: India". History of Education. 34 (3): 315–329. doi:10.1080/00467600500065340. S2CID 144515505.
• Winks, Robin, ed. Historiography (1999), vol. 5 in William Roger Louis, eds. The Oxford History of the British Empire.
• Winks, Robin W. The Historiography of the British Empire-Commonwealth: Trends, Interpretations and Resources (1966).
• Young, Richard Fox, ed. (2009). Indian Christian Historiography from Below, from Above, and in Between India and the Indianness of Christianity: Essays on Understanding – Historical, Theological, and Bibliographical – in Honor of Robert Eric Frykenberg.

 متفرقات

• Steinberg, S. H. (1947). The Statesman's Year-Book: Statistical and Historical Annual of the States of the World for the Year 1947 (in الإنجليزية). Springer. ISSN 0081-4601.

 للاستزادة

• Media related to الهند البريطانية at Wikimedia Commons

• Quotations related to الهند البريطانية at Wikiquote

• The Wiktionary definition of الهند البريطانية
• Judd, Denis. The lion and the tiger: the rise and fall of the British Raj, 1600–1947 (Oxford University Press, 2005). online
• Malone, David M., C. Raja Mohan, and Srinath Raghavan, eds. The Oxford handbook of Indian foreign policy (2015) excerpt pp 55–79.
• Simon Report (1930) vol 1, wide-ranging survey of conditions
• Editors, Charles Rivers (2016). The British Raj: The History and Legacy of Great Britain's Imperialism in India and the Indian subcontinent.
• Keith, Arthur Berriedale (1912). Responsible government in the dominions. The Clarendon press., major primary source

 Year books and statistical records

• Indian Year-book for 1862: A review of social, intellectual, and religious progress in India and Ceylon (1863), ed. by John Murdoch online edition 1861 edition
• The Year-book of the Imperial Institute of the United Kingdom, the colonies and India: a statistical record of the resources and trade of the colonial and Indian possessions of the British Empire (2nd ed.). 1893. pp. 375–462.
• The Imperial Gazetteer of India (26 vol, 1908–31), highly detailed description of all of India in 1901. online edition
• Statistical abstract relating to British India, from 1895 to 1896 to 1904–05 (London, 1906) full text online,
• The Cyclopedia of India: biographical, historical, administrative, commercial (1908) business history, biographies, illustrations
• The Indian Year Book: 1914 (1914)
• The Indian Annual Register: A digest of public affairs of India regarding the nation's activities in the matters, political, economic, industrial, educational, etc. during the period 1919–1947 online
  • 1930 edition
  • 1921 edition
  • 1919–1947 editions