1265
| القرون: | قرن 12 · قرن 13 · قرن 14 |
| العقود: | ع1230 ع1240 ع1250 ع1260 ع1270 ع1280 ع1290 |
| السنوات: | 1262 1263 1264 1265 1266 1267 1268 |
| ألفية: | الألفية 2 |
|---|---|
| قرون: | القرن 12 – القرن 13 – القرن 14 |
| عقود: | عقد 1230 عقد 1240 عقد 1250 – عقد 1260 – عقد 1270 عقد 1280 عقد 1290 |
| سنين: | 1262 1263 1264 – 1265 – 1266 1267 1268 |
الإمبراطورية البيزنطية المستعادة والأراضي المحيطة بها في 1265.
| 1265 حسب الموضوع | |
| السياسة | |
| زعماء الدول – الدول ذات السيادة | |
| تصنيفا المواليد والوفيات | |
| المواليد – الوفيات | |
| تصنيفا التأسيسات والانحلالات | |
| التأسيسات – الانحلالات | |
| الفن والأدب | |
| 1265 في الشعر | |
| التقويم الگريگوري | 1265 MCCLXV |
| آب أوربه كونديتا | 2018 |
| التقويم الأرمني | 714 ԹՎ ՉԺԴ |
| التقويم الآشوري | 6015 |
| التقويم البهائي | −579 – −578 |
| التقويم البنغالي | 672 |
| التقويم الأمازيغي | 2215 |
| سنة العهد الإنگليزي | 49 Hen. 3 – 50 Hen. 3 |
| التقويم البوذي | 1809 |
| التقويم البورمي | 627 |
| التقويم البيزنطي | 6773–6774 |
| التقويم الصيني | 甲子年 (الخشب الفأر) 3961 أو 3901 — إلى — 乙丑年 (الخشب الثور) 3962 أو 3902 |
| التقويم القبطي | 981–982 |
| التقويم الديسكوردي | 2431 |
| التقويم الإثيوپي | 1257–1258 |
| التقويم العبري | 5025–5026 |
| التقاويم الهندوسية | |
| - ڤيكرام سامڤات | 1321–1322 |
| - شاكا سامڤات | 1187–1188 |
| - كالي يوگا | 4366–4367 |
| تقويم الهولوسين | 11265 |
| تقويم الإگبو | 265–266 |
| التقويم الإيراني | 643–644 |
| التقويم الهجري | 663–664 |
| التقويم الياباني | Bun'ei 2 (文永2年) |
| تقويم جوچى | N/A |
| التقويم اليوليوسي | 1265 MCCLXV |
| التقويم الكوري | 3598 |
| تقويم مينگوو | 647 قبل جمهورية الصين 民前647年 |
| التقويم الشمسي التايلندي | 1808 |
Year 1265 (MCCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar.
- الإثنين 12 أكتوبر وافق غرة محرم 664 هـ. (تحويلات تقاويم)
أحداث
حسب المكان
أوروبا
- 20 يناير – في وستمنستر، the first elected English parliament (called Montfort's Parliament) conducts its first meeting in the Palace of Westminster, later to be known as the Houses of Parliament.[1]
- مارس – End of the Hungarian Civil War (1264–1265) – Battle of Isaszeg: Younger King Stephen decisively defeats his father's army.[2]
- 28 مايو – Future King Edward I of England escapes the captivity of Simon de Montfort, 6th Earl of Leicester.[3]
- 18 يونيو – A draft Byzantine–Venetian treaty is concluded between Venetian envoys and Emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos, but is not ratified by Doge Reniero Zeno[4]
- 4 أغسطس – Second Barons' War in England: The Battle of Evesham is fought in Worcestershire, with the army of Edward defeating the forces of rebellious barons led by Simon de Montfort, resulting in the death of Montfort and many of his allies. This is sometimes considered the death of chivalry in England.[5]
- The Isle of Man comes under Scottish rule.[6]
شمال أفريقيا
- The Mamluk Sultanate Bahri dynasty of Egypt captures several cities and towns from Crusader states في الشرق الأوسط، بما في ذلك المدن حيفا وأرسوف وقيصريا ماريتيما؛ these events eventually precipitate the Eighth Crusade في 1267.[7][8]
- حريق يدمر أجزاء من القاهرة القديمة.[9]
آسيا
- 28 مايو - جرمانوس الثالث is elected Patriarch of Constantinople . His predecessor Arsenius is deposed and exiled, causing a religious crisis. He had excommunicated Michael VIII Palaiologos for having his rival John IV Lascaris blinded [ 12 ] .
- 19 يونيو - أباقا يرتقي عرش إلخانات إيران (حكم حتى 1282 ) [ 5 ] . He has just married Maria ( Maria Palaiologina ), the illegitimate daughter of the Byzantine emperor Michael VIII Palaiologos . He does not abandon the friendly policy towards Christians, despite his preference for Buddhism [ 13 ] .
- قوبلاي خان sends a delegation to Japan, which loots islands along the way.[10]
- الهند، سلطنة دلهي: غياث الدين بلبن يصل للعرش ويصلي سجدة شكر.[11]
- Mongol armies, led by Nogai Khan, raid Thrace.[12]
- In the first major battle in five years (since the Song dynasty Chinese pushed the forces of قوبلاي خان back across the Yangzi River, after Möngke Khan's failed invasion in 1259), Kublai Khan engages the Chinese in Sichuan province. Kublai gains a preliminary victory, and war booty of 146 captured Song dynasty naval ships.[13]
حسب الموضوع
الثقافة
- The Book of Aneirin, a Welsh manuscript of poetry, is penned.[14]
- The brewing of Budweiser Budvar beer begins in Bohemia; Budweiser Budvar has been produced continuously there to this day.[15]
- Correspondence from Pope Clement IV contains the first known mention of the ring of the Fisherman, an item of papal regalia then used to seal personal correspondence from the pope, and later for papal bulls.[16][17]
- February 5 – Pope Clement IV succeeds Pope Urban IV, as the 183rd pope.[18]
مواليد
- 10 مايو – الإمبراطور فوشيمي من اليابان (ت. 1317)[19][20]
- 17 ديسمبر – الإمبراطور گو-أودا من اليابان (ت. 1324)[21][22]
- الملك ألفونسو الثالث من أراگون[23]
- تاريخ تقريبي – دانتى أليگييري، شاعر إيطالي (ت. 1321)[24]
- تاريخ تقريبي – Maria de Molina, الوصية على عرض قشتالة (ت. 1321)[25]
- تاريخ تقريبي – Beatrice Portinari, Dante Alighieri's beloved and guide through Heaven in The Divine Comedy (d. 1290)[26][27]
وفيات
- January 20 – John Maunsell, Lord Chancellor of England[28]
- 8 فبراير - هولاكو خان من الإمبراطورية المنغولية. (و. 1217)[29]
- May 16 – Simon Stock, English prior, canonized (b. c. 1165)[30]
- June 26 – Anne of Bohemia, Duchess of Silesia (b. 1203 or 1204)[31]
- August 4 (Killed in the Battle Of Evesham)
- November 24 – Magnús Óláfsson, King of Mann and the Isles[34]
- December 3 – Odofredus, Italian jurist[35][36]
- Al-Abharī, Persian philosopher and mathematician (b. 1200)[37]
المراجع
- ^ Lehmberg, Stanford (2002). A History of the Peoples of the British Isles: From Prehistoric Times to 1688 (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Routledge. p. 77. ISBN 9781134415281.
- ^ Zsoldos, Attila (2007). Családi ügy: IV. Béla és István ifjabb király viszálya az 1260-as években [A family affair: The Conflict between Béla IV and Junior King Stephen in the 1260s] (in الهنغارية). História, MTA Történettudományi Intézete. p. 141. ISBN 978-963-9627-15-4.
- ^ Grossman, Mark (2007). World Military Leaders: A Biographical Dictionary. Facts on File Library of World History (in الإنجليزية). New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 97–98. ISBN 9780816074778.
- ^ Setton, Kenneth Meyer (1976). The Papacy and the Levant, 1204–1571: The thirteenth and fourteenth centuries. Memoirs of the American Philosophical Society 114 (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: The Thirteenth and Fourteenth Centuries. Philadelphia, PA: American Philosophical Society. p. 100. ISBN 9780871691149.
- ^ أ ب Mackintosh, James; Wallace, William (1836). The history of England, by sir J. Mackintosh (continued by W. Wallace, R. Bell) (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: England. London: Longman and John Taylor. pp. 237–238.
- ^ Bullock, H. A. (1816). History of the Isle of Man: With a Comparative View of the Past and Present State of Society and Manners, Containing Also Biographical Anecdotes of Eminent Persons Connected with that Island (in الإنجليزية). London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 23.
1265 isle of man.
- ^ Stanton, Charles D. (2015). Medieval Maritime Warfare (in الإنجليزية). Barnsley, UK: Pen and Sword. p. 104. ISBN 9781473856431.
- ^ Slack, Corliss K. (2013). Historical Dictionary of the Crusades (in الإنجليزية). Lanham, Toronto, Plymouth, UK: Scarecrow Press. pp. xxxii. ISBN 9780810878310.
- ^ Goitein, S. D. (1999). A Mediterranean Society: The Jewish Communities of the Arab World as Portrayed in the Documents of the Cairo Geniza (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: Economic Foundations. Berkeley, CA, Los Angeles, CA and London: University of California Press. p. 19. ISBN 9780520221581.
- ^ Okazaki, Hisahiko (1986). A grand strategy for Japanese defense (in الإنجليزية). Lanham, MD: University Press of America. p. 4. ISBN 9780819153258.
- ^ Dwivedi, Rakesh (2010). Gs In 60 Days (in الإنجليزية). New Delhi: Tata McGraw-Hill Education. p. 1.49. ISBN 9780070670785.
- ^ Howorth, Henry Hoyle (2008). History of the Mongols from the 9th to the 19th Century (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Part 2: The So-Called Tartars of Russia and Central Asia. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 123. ISBN 9781605201344.
- ^ Powell, John (2001). Magill's Guide to Military History (in الإنجليزية). Vol. 3: Jap-Pel. Pasadena, CA: Salem Press. p. 854. ISBN 9780893560171.
- ^ Strabone, Jeff (2018). Poetry and British Nationalisms in the Bardic Eighteenth Century: Imagined Antiquities. Palgrave Studies in the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Cultures of Print (in الإنجليزية). Cham, Switzerland: Springer. pp. 126–127. ISBN 9783319952550.
- ^ Corte-Real, Antonio (2005). "The Conflict Between Trade Marks and Geographical Indications - The Case of Budweiser in Portugal". In Heath, Christopher; Sanders, Anselm Kamperman (eds.). New Frontiers of Intellectual Property Law: IP and Cultural Heritage – Geographical Indications – Enforcement – Overprotection (in الإنجليزية). Oxford and Portland, OR: Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 155. ISBN 9781847312563.
- ^ Aavitsland, Kristin B. (2012). Imagining the Human Condition in Medieval Rome: The Cistercian Fresco Cycle at Abbazia Delle Tre Fontane (in الإنجليزية). Surrey and Burlington, VT: Ashgate Publishing, Ltd. p. 174. ISBN 9781409438182.
- ^ Kunz, George Frederick (1973) [1917]. Rings for the Finger: From the Earliest Known Times to the Present, with Full Descriptions of the Origin, Early Making, Materials, the Archaeology, History, for Affection, for Love, for Engagement, for Wedding, Commemorative, Mourning, etc (in الإنجليزية). New York: Dover Publications. p. 263. ISBN 9780486144245.
- ^ Izbicki, Thomas M. (2016) [1995]. "Clement IV". In Kibler, William W.; Zinn, Grover A. (eds.). Routledge Revivals: Medieval France (1995): An Encyclopedia (in الإنجليزية). New York and London: Taylor & Francis. p. 230. ISBN 9781351665667.
- ^ Mostow, Joshua S. (2014). Courtly Visions: The Ise Stories and the Politics of Cultural Appropriation (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 99. ISBN 9789004249431.
- ^ Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna (in الإنجليزية). Translated by Steven D. Carter. New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.
- ^ Tonʼa (2003). Just Living: Poems and Prose by the Japanese Monk Tonna (in الإنجليزية). New York and Chichester, UK: Columbia University Press. p. 232. ISBN 9780231125536.
- ^ Mass, Jeffrey P. (1997). The Origins of Japan's Medieval World: Courtiers, Clerics, Warriors, and Peasants in the Fourteenth Century (in الإنجليزية). Stanford, CA: Stanford University Press. p. 274. ISBN 9780804743792.
- ^ Thomas, Joseph (2009). The Universal Dictionary of Biography and Mythology (in الإنجليزية). Vol. I: A - CLU. New York: Cosimo, Inc. p. 91. ISBN 9781616400699.
- ^ Toynbee, Paget (2005). "Part II: Dante in Florence". Dante Alighieri: His Life and Works (in الإنجليزية). Mineola, NY: Courier Corporation. p. 36. ISBN 9780486146423.
- ^ Martin, Therese (2012). Reassessing the Roles of Women as 'Makers' of Medieval Art and Architecture. Visualising the Middle Ages (in الإنجليزية). Vol. Two. Leiden, Boston: BRILL. p. 1083. ISBN 9789004185555.
- ^ Roberson, Gloria G. (2003). The World of Toni Morrison: A Guide to Characters and Places in Her Novels (in الإنجليزية). Wesport, CT and London: Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 13. ISBN 9780313323805.
1265 Beatrice Portinari.
- ^ Dyer, Ray (2016). Lady Muriel: The Victorian Romance by Lewis Carroll (in الإنجليزية). Kibworth Beauchamp, UK: Troubador Publishing Ltd. pp. l. ISBN 9781785890314.
- ^ The Chetham Society (1890). Remains, Historical and Literary, Connected with the Palatine Counties of Lancaster and Chester (in الإنجليزية). Manchester, UK: Chetham Society. pp. 721.
1265 John maunsell.
- ^ Browne, Edward G. (2013) [1920]. A History of Persian Literature under Tartar Dominion (AD 1265–1502) (in الإنجليزية). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. p. 17. ISBN 9781107682412.
- ^ Guiley, Rosemary (2001). The Encyclopedia of Saints (in الإنجليزية). New York: Infobase Publishing. pp. 305–306. ISBN 9781438130262.
- ^ Bartlett, Robert (2013). Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?: Saints and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation (in الإنجليزية). Princeton and Oxford: Princeton University Press. p. 218. ISBN 9781400848782.
- ^ Crabb, George (1825). Universal Historical Dictionary: Or, Explanation of the Names of Persons and Places in the Departments of Biblical, Political, and Ecclesiastical History, Mythology, Heraldry, Biography, Bibliography, Geography, and Numismatics. Illustrated by Portraits and Medallic Cuts (in الإنجليزية). Vol. II. London: Baldwin, Cradock, and Joy.
- ^ أ ب Wilkinson, Louise J. (2012). Eleanor de Montfort: A Rebel Countess in Medieval England (in الإنجليزية). London and New York: A&C Black. p. 208. ISBN 9781441182197.
- ^ Imsen, Steinar (2010). The Norwegian Domination and the Norse World, C.1100-c.1400. "Norgesveldet", Occasional Papers No. 1 (in الإنجليزية). Trondheim, Norway: Tapir Academic Press. p. 104. ISBN 9788251925631.
- ^ Dongen, Emanuel van (2014). Contributory Negligence: A Historical and Comparative Study (in الإنجليزية). Leiden, Boston: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers. p. 120. ISBN 9789004278721.
- ^ Kadens, Emily (2019). "Convergence and the colonization of customs in pre-modern Europe". In Moréteau, Olivier; Masferrer, Aniceto; Modéer, Kjell A. (eds.). Comparative Legal History (in الإنجليزية). Cheltenham, UK and Northampton, MA: Edward Elgar Publishing. p. 178. ISBN 9781781955222.
- ^ Eichner, Heidrun (2011). "Essence and Existence. Thirteenth-Century Perspectives in Arabic-Islamic Philosophy and Theology". In Hasse, Dag Nikolaus; Bertolacci, Amos (eds.). The Arabic, Hebrew and Latin Reception of Avicenna's Metaphysics (in الإنجليزية). Berlin and Boston: Walter de Gruyter. p. 125. ISBN 9783110215762.
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