ألكوا

(تم التحويل من Alcoa)
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Alcoa Corporation
النوععامة
رمز التداول
ISIN[https://isin.toolforge.org/?language=en&isin=US0138721065 US0138721065]
الصناعةMetals
تأسست1888; 137 years ago (1888
المؤسستشارلز ماترن هل
المقر الرئيسيپتسبرگ، پنسيلڤانيا، الولايات المتحدة (1888)
نطاق الخدمةWorldwide
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
المنتجات
الدخلDecrease US$10٫55 billion (2023)
ربح العملياتDecrease −US$584 million (2023)
Decrease −US$651 million (2023)
إجمالي الأصولDecrease US$14٫16 billion (2023)
إجمالي الأنصبةDecrease US$4٫251 billion (2023)
الموظفون13,600 (2023)
الموقع الإلكترونيalcoa.com
Footnotes / references
Financials اعتبارا من 31 ديسمبر 2023 (2023-12-31).
References: [1]

مؤسسة ألكوا (NYSE: AA) (اختصار: شركة الألومنيوم الأمريكية)، هي ثالث أكبر شركة عالمية لإنتاج الألومنيوم، بعد ريو تنتو ألكان، ورسال.[2] من مقرها التنفيذي في پتسبرگ، پنسلڤانيا، وتباشر عملياتها في 44 بلد.

Alcoa emerged in 1888 as the brainchild of Charles Martin Hall, with the funding of Alfred E. Hunt and Arthur Vining Davis. Alcoa was the first mass producer of aluminum. Before Alcoa's formation, aluminum was difficult to refine and, as a result, was more expensive than silver or gold.[3] In 1886, Hall discovered the Hall–Héroult process, the first inexpensive technique for refining aluminum, drastically reducing the price of aluminum while increasing its availability. Hall approached Hunt and Davis to form a company to bring his process to market; the three founded Alcoa as the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, which expanded quickly. Hunt died in 1898 after fighting in the Spanish–American War. The company changed its name to the Aluminum Company of America in 1907. Alcoa increased production by 40% during World War I and was an essential supplier of aluminum in World War II.

In the 2000s, Alcoa purchased numerous competitors, including Reynolds Group Holdings (makers of Reynolds Wrap). On November 1, 2016, Alcoa Inc. split into two entities: a new one called Alcoa Corporation, which is engaged in the mining and manufacture of raw aluminum, and the renaming of Alcoa Inc. to Arconic Inc., which processes aluminum and other metals.[4] Alcoa has been criticized for its lax environmental record, but it no longer ranks highly as one of the worst polluters in the United States.[بحاجة لمصدر]

التاريخ

Hall's patent

In 1886, Charles Martin Hall, a graduate of Oberlin College, discovered the process of smelting aluminum, almost simultaneously with Paul Héroult in France.[5] He realized that by passing an electric current through a bath of cryolite and aluminum oxide, the then semi-rare metal aluminum remained as a byproduct.[6] This discovery, now called the Hall–Héroult process, along with the Bayer process, are the dominant processes for production of aluminum from bauxite ore.[بحاجة لمصدر]

A tablet marking where, in November 1888, the Pittsburgh Reduction Company, now Aluminum Company of America, produced the first commercial run of aluminum by the Hall Electrolytic Process. Tablet installed by Historical Society of Western Pennsylvania in 1938.

Fewer than ten sites in the United States and Europe produced aluminum at the time.[بحاجة لمصدر] In 1887, Hall agreed to try his process at the Electric Smelting and Aluminum Company plant in Lockport, New York.[بحاجة لمصدر] Still, it was not used, and Hall left after one year, teaming up with Alfred E. Hunt to form a new company.[7]

After graduating from Amherst College in 1888, Arthur Vining Davis joined the new venture because Arthur's father knew Alfred Hunt. At the time, aluminum sold at almost $5 per pound, making it too expensive to be used commercially. They were determined to lower the cost of production using Charles Hall's ideas; Hall, Davis, and others worked 12-hour days together for months on the experiments. Their first commercial aluminum pour was on Thanksgiving Day in 1888.[8]

Pittsburgh Reduction Company

The Pittsburgh Reduction Company began with an experimental smelting plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania with Hunt as president and Hall as vice president. In 1891, the company began production in New Kensington, Pennsylvania. Davis was named general manager and appointed to the board of directors in 1892. In 1895, a third site opened at Niagara Falls.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Hunt's departure

Hunt left the company in 1898 to fight in the Spanish–American War. While in Puerto Rico, he contracted Malaria. Less than a year after his return to the states, he died from complications of the disease at age 44.[9]

By about 1903, after a settlement with Hall's former employer, and while its patents were in force, the company was the only legal supplier of aluminum in the United States.[10][11]

By 1902, New Kensington consisted of 173,000 sq. feet on 15 acres with 276 employees. The company operated hydropower and reduction plants in Niagara Falls, NY (1895), Shawinigan Falls, Quebec (Northern Aluminum Company), mining operations in Bauxite, AR (1901), and reduction facilities in East St. Louis, IL (1902). "The Aluminum Company of America" became the firm's new name on January 1, 1907.[12] Davis was named company president in 1910 when the acronym "Alcoa" was coined. Hall remained a vice president until he died in 1914. It was given as a name to two of the locales where major corporate facilities were located (although one of these has since been changed), and in 1999, was adopted as the official corporate name.[بحاجة لمصدر]

From 1902 until 1915, additional plants in Massena, New York (1903), Alcoa, Tennessee (1911), Edgewater, New Jersey (1915), Badin, North Carolina (1915) came online while New Kensington had 31 buildings in the complex housing six departments (tubes, sheets, rods, bar and wire, extrusion, jobbing, foil) and two subsidiaries (Aluminum Cooking Utensil Company and Aluminum Seal Company). In 1907, it created the "company town" of Pine Grove, New York, for workers outside Massena. In Badin, Alcoa, Maryville and other locations, the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities.[12]

The World Wars

Historian George David Smith notes that "war was good to Alcoa."[13] By the end of World War I Alcoa's New Kensington facility accounted for 3,292 workers—a fifth of the local population—and covered over 1 million square feet of manufacturing space on 75 acres.[12] The war enabled Alcoa to increase production by 40% and to export some ninety million pounds to the Western Allies.[13]

After WWI, Alcoa obtained the rights to Alfred Wilm's duralumin patent, which led to additional research into other aluminum alloys. By 1923, Alcoa's New Kensington, Pennsylvania plant was using horizontal extrusion presses, with preheated billets, for aerospace and construction applications.[14] One of the first industrial uses was for the Navy's Shenandoah, followed ten years later with airplane applications.[15] The Northern Aluminum Company in Quebec was renamed the Aluminum Company of Canada (ALCAN) in 1925. They were responsible for the rapid development of Arvida, Quebec, a remote area 250 km north of Quebec City. Infrastructure was necessary to support the workforce required by the aluminum plant, so the company funded the construction of schools, parks, playgrounds, and medical facilities.[12]

Davis was named chairman of Alcoa's board of directors in 1928 and remained in that role for thirty years until his retirement.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 1938, the Justice Department charged Alcoa with illegal monopolization and demanded that the company be dissolved. The case of United States v. Alcoa was settled six years later.

Aluminum products were of crucial use during World War II.[13] A German U-Boat sank the SS Alcoa Puritan in 1942, as it carried a load of bauxite ore.[16]

Alumax

In 1998, Alcoa acquired Alumax in a cash and share deal for $2.8 billion. Alcoa paid $50 a share in cash for half of the shares and 0.6975 Alcoa share for each of the remaining Alumax shares. Alcoa also assumed $1 billion in debt.[17] Alumax's assets included the Eastalco aluminum smelter in Adamstown, Maryland, the Intalco aluminum smelter in Ferndale, Washington, and the Kawneer brand of building construction products.[بحاجة لمصدر]

Reynolds

In 2000, Alcoa acquired Reynolds Metals Co. in an all-share deal for $4.5 billion. To clear anti-competition regulatory hurdles, Alcoa was required to sell Reynolds's 25% interest in a Washington smelter and all of Reynolds's alumina refineries. Reynolds owned a 56% interest in the Worsley alumina refinery in Australia, a 50% interest in a refinery in Germany, and a 100% interest in a Texas refinery. Alcoa also planned to sell Reynolds's construction and distribution business and the company's $400 million transportation business.[18] Alcoa sold its packaging and consumer business, formerly called Reynolds Metals, to the Rank Group for $2.7 billion in 2008.[19]

Cordant

In 2000, Alcoa also purchased Cordant Technologies Inc. for $57 a share in cash, or $2.3 billion, and assumed $685 million of Cordant's debt for a total transaction value of $2.9 billion. Cordant's divisions included Huck Fasteners, Jacobson Mfg. Co., Continental/Midland Group, its 85% interest in Howmet International Inc., and Thiokol Corporation.[20][21][22] In 2001, Alcoa sold Thiokol for $2.9 billion to Alliant Techsystems (ATK).

Chalco

Alcoa purchased an 8% stake of Aluminum Corporation of China (Chalco) in 2001.[23] It tried to form a strategic alliance with China's largest aluminum producer, at its Pingguo facility; however, it was unsuccessful. Alcoa sold their stake in Chalco on September 12, 2007, for around $2 billion.[24][25]

Chemicals

In 2004, Alcoa's specialty chemicals business was sold to two private equity firms led by Rhône Group for an enterprise value of $342 million, which included the assumption of debt and other unfunded obligations.[26] Rhône Group then changed the name to Almatis, Inc.

Corporate relocation

In 2006, Alcoa relocated its top executives from Pittsburgh to New York City while its operational headquarters was still at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh. Alcoa employed approximately 2,000 people at its Corporate Center in Pittsburgh and 60 at its New York office.[27] Alcoa moved its headquarters back to Pittsburgh effective September 1, 2017, as part of a general consolidation of administrative facilities around the world.[28][29] In October 2018, Alcoa announced plans to move from Pittsburgh's North Shore to a downtown Pittsburgh location.[30]

Alcan bid

In May 2007, Alcoa Inc. made a US$27 billion hostile takeover bid for Alcan in an attempt to form the world's largest aluminum producer.[31] The bid was withdrawn when Alcan announced a friendly takeover by Rio Tinto in July 2007.[32]

On May 8, 2008, Klaus Kleinfeld was appointed CEO of Alcoa, succeeding Alain Belda.[33] On April 23, 2010, Alcoa's board of directors selected Kleinfeld to the office of chairman, following Belda's planned retirement.[34]

Recycling

On July 16, 2012, Alcoa announced that it would take over full ownership and operation of Evermore Recycling and make it part of Alcoa's Global Packaging group. Evermore Recycling is a leader in used beverage can recycling, purchasing more recycled cans than any other group worldwide.[35]

In June 2013, Alcoa announced it would permanently close its Fusina primary aluminum smelter in Venice, Italy, where production had been curtailed since June 2010.[36]

On January 9, 2014, Alcoa settled with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission and the U.S. Department of Justice over charges of bribing Bahraini officials. Under the settlement terms, they will pay the SEC $175 million to settle the charges. To resolve the criminal claims with the DoJ, Alcoa World Alumina (AWA, a company within Alcoa World Alumina and Chemicals) is pleading guilty to one count of violating the anti-bribery provisions of the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (FCPA). AWA will pay the DoJ $223 million in five equal installments over the next four years, bringing the company's total bill for the scandal to $384 million.[37]

Company split

In June 2016, Alcoa Inc. announced plans to split itself into two companies: Alcoa Inc would be renamed as Arconic and would take over the business of designing and building processed metal parts, primarily for the automotive and aerospace industries; a new company, Alcoa Corporation, would be set up and spun out of the remainder of Alcoa Inc. and retain the Alcoa name. Alcoa Corp. would continue the mining, smelting, and refining of raw aluminum.[38] The split was completed on November 1, 2016.[4]

السجل البيئي

ألكوا في غانا

ألكوا في آيسلندا

ألكوا في المملكة المتحدة

ألكوا في أستراليا

ألكوا في المملكة المتحدة

ألكوا العالمية للألومنيوم والكيماويات

ألكوا تمتلك وتشغل مصافي الألومنيوم بنسبة 60% من شركة ألكوا العالمية للألمنيوم والكيماويات.


مصاهر الألومنيوم الرئيسية لألكوا

لدى ألكوا 25 مصهر رئيسي في 8 بلدان.

مصاهر ألكو[39][40]
البلد الموقع ملكية الأسهم الطاقة الإسمية الإجمالية
(كيلو طن/السنة)		 طاقة ألكوا
(كيلو طن/سنة)
أسترالياأستراليا Point Henry 100% 190 190
أسترالياأستراليا Portland 55% 358 197
البرازيلالبرازيل Poços de Caldas 100% 96 96
البرازيلالبرازيل São Luís (Alumar) 60% 447 268
كنداكندا Baie Comeau* 100% 385 385
كنداكندا Bécancour 75% 413 310
كنداكندا Deschambault 100% 260 260
آيسلنداآيسلندا Fjarðaál 100% 344 344
إيطالياايطاليا Fusina 100% 44 44
إيطالياايطاليا Portovesme 100% 150 150
النرويجالنرويج Lista 100% 150 150
النرويجالنرويج Mosjøen 100% 188 188
إسپانيااسبانيا Avilés 100% 93 93
إسپانيااسبانيا La Coruña 100% 87 87
إسپانيااسبانيا San Cibrao 100% 228 228
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Alcoa, TN** 100% 215 215
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Badin, NC** 100% 60 60
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Evansville, IN (Warrick)* 100% 309 309
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Ferndale, WA (Intalco)* 100% 279 279
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Frederick, MD (Eastalco)** 100% 195 195
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Massena (East Plant), NY** 100% 125 125
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Massena (West Plant), NY 100% 130 130
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Mount Holly, SC 50% 229 115
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Rockdale, TX** 100% 267 267
الولايات المتحدةالولايات المتحدة Wenatchee, WA*** 100% 184 184

*One idle potline
**Temporarily curtailed
***Two idle potlines

انظر أيضا

المصادر

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  21. ^ "ACQUISITION: Alcoa to Acquire Cordant/Huck". globalfastenernews.com. Retrieved May 15, 2020.
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  34. ^ "Alcoa, Form 8-K, Current Report, Filing Date Apr 27, 2010". secdatabase.com. Archived from the original on May 16, 2013. Retrieved January 3, 2013.
  35. ^ "Alcoa Takes Full Ownership of Evermore Recycling". BrightWire. Archived from the original on 2013-01-18.
  36. ^ Alcoa permanently closes Italian aluminum smelter, South Africa, June 28, 2013, http://www.miningweekly.com/article/alcoa-permanently-closes-italian-aluminum-smelter-2013-06-28 
  37. ^ McGrath, Maggie. "Alcoa Reaches Settlement With SEC And DOJ Over Bahraini Bribery Scandal". Forbes (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on January 10, 2014. Retrieved 2023-09-11.
  38. ^ Miller, John W. (June 29, 2016). "Alcoa Details Plans to Split into Two Companies". The Wall Street Journal. Archived from the original on May 7, 2018. Retrieved April 19, 2017.
  39. ^ "Alcoa smelting capacity". Retrieved 2009-10-29.
  40. ^ "Alcoa: Worldwide: Markets: Aluminum Ingot Products: Global Capacity". Retrieved 2007-08-28.

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