كتسيبيوس Ctesibius
كتسيبيوس | |
|---|---|
Ctesibius | |
| وُلِدَ | حوالي 300 ق.م. |
| توفي | حوالي 222 ق.م. الإسكندرية، مصر |
| القومية | يونانيو الإسكندرية |
| السيرة العلمية | |
| المجالات | الرياضيات |
كتسيبيوس ( Ctesibius ؛ Ancient Greek: Κτησίβιος؛ ازدهر 285–222 ق.م.) كان فيزيائي وعالم رياضيات ومخترع يوناني في مصر البطلمية.
الحياة المبكرة والعائلة
كان كتسيبيوس ابنًا لحلاق. يُنسب إليه اكتشاف مرونة الهواء، وكذلك اختراع العديد من الأجهزة التي تستخدم الهواء المضغوط، بما في ذلك مضخات القوة والمنجنيق الهوائي. ومع ذلك، كان اختراعه الأكثر شهرة هو تحسين ساعة الماء، حيث كان الماء المتساقط بمعدل ثابت يرفع عوامة تحمل مؤشرًا لتحديد مرور الساعات. ومن الاختراعات البارزة الأخرى هي الهيدروليس، أو الأرغن المائي، حيث كان الهواء يُدفع عبر أنابيب الأرغن بواسطة وزن الماء بدلاً من سقوط أثقال الرصاص. لم تنجُ كتابات كتسيبيوس، واختراعاته معروفة فقط من خلال إشارات فيتروفيوس وهيرو الإسكندري إليها، لكنه وضع أسس التقليد الهندسي الذي بلغ ذروته في أعمال هيرو الإسكندري وفيلو البيزنطي.[1]
سمعته
According to Diogenes Laërtius, Ctesibius was miserably poor. Laërtius details this by recounting the following concerning the philosopher Arcesilaus:
When he had gone to visit Ctesibius who was ill, seeing him in great distress from want, he secretly slipped his purse under his pillow; and when Ctesibius found it, "This," said he, "is the amusement of Arcesilaus."
Ctesibius's work is chronicled by Vitruvius, Athenaeus, Pliny the Elder, and Philo of Byzantium who repeatedly mention him, adding that the first mechanicians such as Ctesibius had the advantage of being under kings who loved fame and supported the arts. Proclus (the commentator on إقليدس) و هيرون السكندري also mention him.
الاختراعات
Ctesibius was the son of a barber, born ح. 300 BCE, probably – but not certainly – in Alexandria.[أ][4][5] He began his career as a barber, following his father.[4]
During this first career, he invented a counterweight-adjustable mirror. Another of his inventions was the hydraulis, a water organ that is considered the precursor of the modern pipe organ and the first keyboard instrument.[4] He and his wife Thais were reputed to be highly-skilled players of the instrument.[6][7] He improved the water clock or clepsydra ('water thief'), which for more than 1,800 years was the most accurate clock ever constructed, until the Dutch physicist Christiaan Huygens' invention of the pendulum clock in 1656. Ctesibius described one of the first force pumps for producing a jet of water, or for lifting water from wells. Examples have been found at various Roman sites, such as at Silchester in Britain. The principle of the siphon has also been attributed to him.
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التخليد
- In 1976, the crater on the far side of the Moon was named Ctesibius by the International Astronomical Union.[8]
ملاحظات
- ^ There is no direct evidence for the place of birth of Ctesibius. He is given Alexandrinus, حرفياً 'the Alexandrian', as "an ethnic" or "a deme" (the element in traditional Greek onomastic formulae ascribing geographic or ethnic origin),[2] in early mentions and reference to his work, including by Vitruvius (1st century ق.م.) in De Architectura.[3]
المراجع
- ^ "Ctesibius Of Alexandria". britannica. Retrieved 2025-08-22.
- ^ Rizakis, Athanasios (April 2019). "New Identities in the Greco-Roman East: Cultural and Legal Implications of the Use of Roman Names". In Robert Parker (ed.). Changing Names: Tradition and Innovation in Ancient Greek Onomastics (in الإنجليزية). British Academy. pp. 237–257. doi:10.5871/bacad/9780197266540.003.0011. ISBN 978-0-19-188424-5.
- ^ Vitruvius. De Architectura. Book IX, Chapter 8.2.
- ^ أ ب ت Hoffmann, James J. (2001). "Ctesibius of Alexandria". In Neil Schlager (ed.). Science and Its Times: Understanding the Social Significance of Scientific Discovery. Vol. 1 2000 BC to AD 699. Associate editor: Josh Lauer. Gale Group. pp. 400–401.
Ctesibius (also spelled Ktesibios) was a Greek physicist and inventor who was probably born in Alexandria sometime around 300 B.C. He was the first of many Greeks to become part of the great ancient engineering tradition in Alexandria.
- ^ Pollard, Justin; Reid, Howard (2007). "The Clockwork City". The Rise and Fall of Alexandria: Birthplace of the Modern World. Penguin Books. p. 130. ISBN 978-0143112518.
- ^ Athenaeus Deipnosophistae 4.174e
- ^ Leon, Vicki (1995). Uppity Women of Ancient Times. Conari Press. p. 82. ISBN 9781573240109.
- ^ "كتسيبيوس". Gazetteer of Planetary Nomenclature. USGS Astrogeology Research Program.
للاستزادة
- Landels, J. G. (2000) [First published 1978]. Engineering in the ancient world (Revised ed.). Berkeley, California, US: University of California Press. ISBN 0-520-03429-5.
- Lloyd, G. E. R. (1973). Greek science after Aristotle. New York: Norton. ISBN 0-393-04371-1.
- Vitruvius (1914) [1st century BCE]. The Ten Books on Architecture. Translated by Morris Hicky Morgan. Cambridge, Massachusetts, US: Harvard University Press – via Project Gutenberg.