التزلج الراقص على الجليد

التزلج الراقص على الجليد

2007 European champion ice dancers Isabelle Delobel / Olivier Schoenfelder perform a lift in exhibition.
أعلى هيئة حاكمة	International Skating Union
الكـُنـَى	التزلج على الجليد
السمات
أعضاء الفريق	أفراد، ثنائي، ومجموعات
من الجنسين	Yes
المعدات	Figure skates
الحضور
أولمپية	Part of the Summer Olympics in 1908 and 1920; Part of the first Winter Olympics in 1924 to today

التزلج الفني الفردي على الجليد

التزلج الفني على الجليد Figure skating نوع من أنواع الرياضة الشتوية و هي إحدى المسابقات الرئيسية في الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية وفيها يؤدي المتسابقون حركات متناسقة أداءً فنِّيًّا فُرادى أو ثُنائي أو بمجاميع . فتنظم مسابقات التزلج على جليد في ساحات مسقوفة على الأغلب ويكون أداءالحركات مصحوبا بمقطوعات موسيقية من اختيار المتسابقين في بعض الأحيان ومفروضةأحيانا أخرى تفرضها لجنة الإشراف والتحكيم . ويصل نصف قطر الزلاجة المقوسة المثبتة في حذاء الرياضي أو الرياضية إلى مترين.

بالإضافة إلى الألعاب الأولمبية الشتوية تُنظَّم سنويا بطولة العالم للتزلج الفني على الجليد وأقيمت عام 2006 في مدينة كالگري Calgary في كندا من 20 إلى 26 مارس 2006. ظهرت هذه الرياضة في منتصف القرن التاسع عشر ونظمت أول بطولة أوروبية للرجال فقط في 1891 وفي 1902 بدأت السيدات بالمشاركة في البطولات.

توجد أنواع متعددة من التزلج الفني على الجليد منها:

• التزلج الفني الفردي وفيه حركات إجبارية على المتسابق او المتسابقة مع موسيقى باختيار الرياضي او الرياضية.

• التزلج الفني الثنائي على الجليد وفيه يؤدي المتزلجَين بعض الحركات الأختيارية مع حركات إجبارية مثل رفع المتزلجِ شريكتَه فوق رأسه ودوران الأثنين حول محور متغير مع موسيقى باختيار الرياضيين.

• الرقص على الجليد ويكون دائما ثنائيا ويتم التركيز فيه على مدى تناسق الحركات مع إيقاع الموسيقى ولا يحق للمتسابقين اختيار الموسيقى بنفسهم.

 المصطلحات

التزلج في القرن 19، ليثوجراف من 1862

The term "professional" in skating refers not to skill level but competitive status. Figure skaters competing at the highest levels of international competition are not "professional" skaters. They are sometimes referred to as amateurs, even though some earn money. Professional skaters include those who have lost their ISU eligibility and those who perform only in shows. They may also include former Olympic and World champions who have ended their competitive career, as well as skaters with little or no international competitive experience. In addition to performing in ice shows, professional skaters often compete in professional competitions, which are held throughout the world, each with its own format and rules.

The term "figure skating" is an English language term; the sport is called Eiskunstlauf in German and patinage artistique in French.

 الزلاجات

•  مقالة مفصلة: زلاجة الجليد

Close-up of a figure skating blade, showing the toe picks, the hollow (groove) on the bottom of the blade, and screw attachment

The most visible difference from ice hockey skates is that figure skates have a set of large, jagged teeth called toe picks on the front part of the blade. These are used primarily in jumping and should not be used for stroking or spins. If used during a spin, the toe pick will cause the skater to lose momentum, or move away from the center of the spin. Blades are mounted to the sole and heel of the boot with screws. Typically, high-level figure skaters are professionally fitted for their boots and blades at a reputable skate shop. Professionals are also employed to sharpen blades to individual requirements.

Blade sharpening

Figure skates and edges

Blades are about 4.7 ميليمتر (3⁄16 بوصة) thick. When viewed from the side, the blade of a figure skate is not flat, but curved slightly, forming an arc of a circle with a radius of 180–220 سنتيمتر (71–87 بوصات). This curvature is referred to as the rocker of the blade. The "sweet spot" is the part of the blade on which all spins are rotated; this is usually located near the stanchion of the blade, below the ball of the foot. The blade is also "hollow ground"; a groove on the bottom of the blade creates two distinct edges, inside and outside. The inside edge of the blade is on the side closest to the skater; the outside edge of the blade is on the side farthest from the skater. In figure skating, it is always desirable to skate on only one edge of the blade. Skating on both at the same time (which is referred to as a flat) may result in lower skating skills scores. The apparently effortless power and glide across the ice exhibited by elite figure skaters fundamentally derives from efficient use of the edges to generate speed.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Skates used in singles and pair skating have a set of large, jagged teeth called a toepick on the front of each blade. The toepicks are mainly used to help launch the skater into the air for the take-off when performing jumps. Ice dance blades have smaller toepicks than blades used for the other disciplines.

During a spin, skaters use the sweet spot of the blade, which is one of two rockers to be found on a blade and is the roundest portion of the blade. The sweet spot is located just behind the toe pick and near the middle of the blade. The other rocker is the more general curvature of the blade when stroking or gliding.

Ice dancers' blades are about an inch shorter in the rear than those used by skaters in other disciplines, to accommodate the intricate footwork and close partnering in dance. Dancers' blades also have a smaller toepick as they do not require the large toepick used for jumping in the other disciplines. Hard plastic skate guards are used when the skater must walk in his or her skates when not on the ice, to protect the blade from dirt or material on the ground that may dull the blade. Soft blade covers called soakers are used to absorb condensation and protect the blades from rust when the skates are not being worn. In competition, skaters are allowed three minutes to make repairs to their skates.

There are many different types of boots and blades to suit different disciplines and abilities. For example, athletes who are performing advanced multi-rotational jumps often need a stiffer boot that is higher and gives more support. Athletes working on single or double jumps require less support and may use a less stiff boot. Ice dancers may prefer a lower cut boot that is designed to enable more knee bend.^{[بحاجة لمصدر]}

Likewise, blades designed for free and pairs skating have a longer tail to assist landing. The blade profile and picks are designed to assist with spinning, jump entry, take-off, landing, and exit. Modern blade technology increasingly uses carbon fibre and materials other than steel to make blades lighter. These materials may also be more flexible and help cushion jump landings and be protective of young athlete's joints. Ice dance blades have short tails to enable close foot work and reduce the risk of blade clash in close complex moves. They may also be thinner to assist with glide and fast changes of edge.

Off-ice training is the term for physical conditioning that takes place off the ice. Besides regular physical exercise, skaters do walk-throughs of jumps off the ice to practice sufficient rotation and height of their jumps, and to practice consistency in landing on one foot. In 2020/2021 many athletes relied on a variety of off-ice training and conditioning methods due to rinks being closed due to COVID-19.

 حلبات ومعدات التزلج على الجليد

•  مقالة مفصلة: حلبة تزلج على الجليد

 التخصصات

 تخصصات أخرى

Synchronized skating

 العناصر والخطوات

•  مقالة مفصلة: قاموس مصطلحات التزلج على الجليد

 القفزات

•  مقالة مفصلة: قفزات الرقص على الجليد

ISU abbreviations: Jumps
T	Toe loop
S	Salchow
Lo	Loop
F	Flip
Lz	Lutz
A	Axel

 قفزات الحافة

An axel jump

 قفزات أخرى

• 

  Ross Miner sets up for a jump.

• 

  Denis Ten sets up for a jump.

• 

  Kevin van der Perren rotates in the air.

• 

  Jamal Othman lands on the right back outside edge.

• 

  Pairs skaters Marissa Castelli and Simon Shnapir set up for a throw jump

• 

  A pair team after the woman has been thrown: Jessica Miller rotates in the air.

• 

  Anabelle Langlois lands after performing a throw jump with Cody Hay.

 الدوران

•  مقالة مفصلة: الدوران في التزلج على الجليد

• 

  Camel spin

• 

  Sit spin

• 

  Upright spin

• 

  Pair camel spin

• 

  Pair spin with lady in layback and man in sit spin

• 

  Layback spin with catch-foot

• 

  Biellmann spin

• 

  Death drop

 Lifts

•  مقالة مفصلة: Figure skating lifts

 = الاستدارة والخطوات والحركات

Along with other forms of skating, figure skating is one of the only human powered activities where travelling backwards is integral to the discipline. The ability to skate well backwards and forwards are considered to be equally important, as is the ability to transition well between the two.

Step sequences are a required element in all four Olympic disciplines. The pattern can be straight line, circular, or serpentine. The step sequence consists of a combination of turns, steps, hops and edge changes. Additionally, steps and turns can be used as transitions between elements. The various turns, which skaters can incorporate into step sequences, include:

• 

  Three-turn: the blade turns into the curve of the edge or lobe.

• 

  Bracket turn: the blade is turned counter to the curve of the lobe.

• 

  Mohawk: the two-foot equivalent

• 

  Rocker: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction

• 

  Counter: one-foot turn involving a change of lobe as well as direction

• 

  Twizzles: traveling multi-rotation turns on one foot

Choctaws are the two-foot equivalents of rockers and counters. Other movements that may be incorporated into step sequences or used as connecting elements include lunges and spread eagles. An Ina Bauer is similar to a spread eagle performed with one knee bent and typically an arched back. Hydroblading refers to a deep edge performed with the body as low as possible to the ice in a near-horizontal position.

Moves in the field is a pre-determined required sequence that demonstrated basic skating skills and edge control. In the context of a competitive program, they include sequences that may include spirals, spread eagles, Ina Bauers, hydroblading, and similar extended edge moves, along with loops, twizzles, and different kinds of turns.

A spiral is an element in which the skater moves across the ice on a specific edge with the free leg held at hip level or above. Spirals are distinguished by the edge of the blade used (inside or outside), the direction of motion (forward or backward), and the skater's position. A spiral sequence is one or more spiral positions and edges done in sequence. Judges look at the depth, stability, and control of the skating edge, speed and ice coverage, extension, and other factors. Some skaters can change edges during a spiral, i.e. from inside to outside edge. Spirals performed on a "flat" are generally not considered as true spirals. Spiral sequences were required in women's and pair skating prior to the 2012–13 season, but from the 2012–13 season onward, they were replaced by the choreographic sequence. The choreographic sequence consists of moves in the field, unlisted jumps, spinning movements, etc. and is required for the men's, women's and pair free program.

A death spiral is a required element of pair skating. There are four varieties distinguished by the lady's edge and direction of motion. The man performs a pivot, one toe anchored in the ice, while holding the hand of his partner, who circles him on a deep edge with her body almost parallel to the ice. As of 2011, the woman's head must at some time reach her skating knee. The man must also be in a full pivot position and the death spiral must be held for a minimum amount of rotation, depending on the level.

• 

  A basic outside edge spiral position with the free leg held unsupported behind the body

• 

  A pair outside edge spiral in a catch-foot position

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  Back inside death spiral

• 

  Parallel mirror spread eagles with the man on an inside edge and the woman on an outside edge

• 

  Ina Bauer

• 

  Canadian Championships Dance

• 

  Hydroblading

• 

  Male ice dancer in Besti squat while lifting his partner

• 

  Spread eagle

 صيغ المنافسات وحساب الدرجات

Pair performing crossovers

تاكاهيكو كوزوكا والمدرب نوبوو ساتو wait for Kozuka's marks in the Kiss and cry, the area beside the rink at competitions where skaters wait to receive their scores.

•  مقالة مفصلة: منافسة التزلج على الجليد

 نظام 6.0

•  مقالة مفصلة: نظام 6.0

 نظام التحكيم ISU

درجات إڤگني پلوشنكو في الألعاب الأولمپية الشتوية 2006، والتي حُسِبت حسب نظام التحكيم ISU.

المقالة الرئيسية: نظام التحكيم ISU

 الموسيقى والملابس

An example of ice dancing costumes

 التاريخ

•  مقالة مفصلة: تاريخ التزلج على الجليد

Jackson Haines, considered to be the father of modern figure skating.

 بدايات 1900

Special figures by Nikolai Panin at the 1908 Olympics

 صعود الاتحاد السوڤييتي

Ludmila Belousova and Oleg Protopopov in 1968

 المصادر

 مراجع عامة

• Evaluation of Errors in Figures, 6th edition. USFSA, 1964.
• Figure Skating: Championship Techniques. John Misha Petkevich, 1989. ISBN 0-452-26209-7.
• Single Figure Skating. Josef Dĕdič, 1974.
• Benjamin T. Wright, Skating in America.
• Michael Boo, The Story of Figure Skating. ISBN 0-688-15821-8.
• Johnson, Susan A.: "And Then There Were None". Skating, March/April 1991.
• Smith, Beverley. Figure Skating: A Celebration. ISBN 0-7710-2819-9.
• Robert S. Ogilvie, Competitive Figure Skating:A Parent's Guide. ISBN 0-06-015375-X.
• Rossano, George. Mechanics of Lifts.
• ISU Regulations
• ISU Crystal Reports official skaters' bios.
• Washington Post: All You Need to Know About Figure Skating
• ISU Judging System Summary
• ISU Judging Systems
• How the ISU Judging System Works
• History of ice skates
• Figure skating firsts
• U.S. Figure Skating – Glossary of Terms
• History on Ice!, a video about the history of figure skating produced by the Minnesota Historical Society

 وصلات خارجية

• International Skating Union
• Official Site World Skating Museum and Hall of Fame