شل الولايات المتحدة

(تم التحويل من Shell USA)
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شل الولايات المتحدة
سابقاً
شركة شل للنفط
النوعشركة تابعة
الصناعةالنفط
تأسست1912; 113 years ago (1912 في الولايات المتحدة
المقر الرئيسي
هيوستن، تكساس
،
الولايات المتحدة
الأشخاص الرئيسيون
گرتشن واتكينز (الرئيس)
المنتجاتالوقود، زيوت المحركات
الدخل▼ 37.376 بليون دولار (2013/2016)[2]
الموظفون12.100+ (2021)[3]
الشركة الأمشركة شل
الموقع الإلكترونيshell.us

شل الولايات المتحدة (Shell USA، شركة شل للنفط سابقاً)، هي شركة تابعة مقرها الولايات المتحدة، مملوكة بالكامل لشركة شل، "عملاقة النفط" متعددة الجنسيات ومن أكبر شركات النفط في العالم. يبلغ عدد موظفي شل الولايات المتحدة حوالي 18.000 موظف، ويقع مقرها الرئيسي في هيوستن، تكساس. تعتبر شل الولايات المتحدة، بما في ذلك شركاتها الموحدة وشركات المساهمة المملوكة لها، واحدة من أكبر الشركات المنتجة للنفط والغاز الطبيعي، ومُسوقي الغاز الطبيعي، ومُسوقي الوقود، ومصنعي الپتروكيماويات في أمريكا.


التاريخ

In 1979, Shell purchased Belridge Oil Company for $3.65 billion, which at the time was called the "biggest cash takeover in American history" by US government sources. [4]

In 1997, Shell and Texaco entered into two refining/marketing joint ventures. One combined their Midwestern and Western operations and was known as Equilon. The other, known as Motiva Enterprises, combined the Eastern and Gulf Coast operations of Shell Oil and Star Enterprise, itself a joint venture between Saudi Aramco and Texaco.[5]

After Texaco merged with Chevron in 2001, Shell purchased Texaco's shares in the joint ventures.[6] In 2002, Shell began converting these Texaco stations to the Shell brand, a process that was to be completed by June 2004 and was called "the largest retail re-branding initiative in American business history".[7]

In recent years, The Shell Oil Company's Midstream, and Downstream, in particular, have become limited to petroleum, and chemical products. This has come as a result of Royal Dutch Shell breaking off its Natural Gas and power businesses into a new segment named Integrated Gas. The Shell Oil Company's former Natural Gas, and energy divisions are now Shell Energy North America, a closely integrated, but a distinctive entity that runs across North America and is headquartered out of Houston, Texas.[8]

العمليات

Shell is the market leader through approximately 14,000 Shell-branded fuel stations in the U.S. which also serve as Shell's most visible public presence, and comes closest to serving all 50 states, lacking a presence only in Montana.[9] At its gas stations, Shell provides diesel fuel, fuel and LPG. Shell Oil Company was a 50/50 partner with the Saudi Arabian government-owned oil company Saudi Aramco in Motiva Enterprises, a refining and marketing joint venture which owns and operates three oil refineries on the Gulf Coast of the United States. However, Shell is currently divesting its interest in Motiva.[10]

Shell products include oils, fuels, and car services as well as exploration, production, and refining of petroleum products.[11] The Shell Martinez Refinery in Martinez, California, the first Shell refinery in the United States, supplied Shell and Texaco stations in the West and Midwest[12] until its sale to PBF Energy in 2020. [13]

Shell fuel previously included the RU2000 and SU2000 lines (later there was a SU2000E) but they have been superseded by the V-Power line.[14]

In 2023 Shell USA (North American division of Shell plc) became the Official Fuel of the NTT IndyCar Series they will supply 100% Ethanol-sourced fuel. They are also the Official Fuel of the Indianapolis Motor Speedway.[15][16]

In 2023, the first deliveries of sustainable aviation fuel (SAF) to Shell Trading (US) Company (Shell) from Montana Renewables took place. The companies have entered into a multi-year agreement, with the fuel received being distributed by Shell and subsidiaries across the country to accelerate decarbonization.[17]

Shell is preparing to sell its onshore business in Nigeria's Niger Delta for $2.4 billion (€2.2 billion) to a consortium of companies in 2024. The acquiring consortium is Renaissance, which includes ND Western, Aradel Energy, First E&P, Waltersmith and Petrolin. The assets include 15 onshore leases and three shallow water fields. The deal needs to be approved by the national government before it can be finalized.[18]

علاقتها بشركة شل

The Shell Oil Company Warehouse, built in 1925 and located at 425 S. N. 16th Ave. Phoenix, Arizona. It is listed in the National Register of Historic Places. Reference #85002073

Until the mid-1980s, Shell's business in the United States was substantially independent. Limited direct involvement from the main office in The Hague, Netherlands, and having its stock "Shell Oil" traded on the New York Stock Exchange were factors. However, in 1984, Royal Dutch Shell made a bid to purchase those shares of Shell Oil Company it did not own (around 30%) and despite some opposition from some minority shareholders which led to a court case, Shell completed the buyout for a sum of $5.7 billion.[19]

Despite the acquisition, however, Shell Oil remained a fairly independent business. This was due in part to complex legal reasons, as Royal Dutch Shell feared that there could be onerous liability problems if closer control of Shell Oil's affairs was exercised by the "parent company". One consequence of this independence was that the Shell logo used in the U.S. was slightly different from that used in the rest of the world. In the 1980s, Shell Oil's independence began to gradually erode as the "parent company" took a more hands-on approach to running the business. The logo used in the United States is the same as that used elsewhere since June 1, 1998.[20]

A Shell gas station near Lost Hills, California.
A Shell station in Columbus, Ohio in 2020. The building, which formerly housed a service station, was converted into a convenience store.

In January 2018, Royal Dutch Shell acquired a 44% interest in solar energy company Silicon Ranch, run by CEO Matt Kisber. The takeover was part of the global New Energies project, with the aim of bringing solar renewable options to U.S. customers.[21] The company paid up to an estimated $217 million to take over from former minority shareholders Partners Group.[22]

The Shell Martinez Refinery, which operated in Martinez, California, for over 100 years before being sold to PBF Energy in 2020.

In October 2018, the company installed a 285-foot-high quench tower at the Shell Chemical Appalachia L.L.C. Pittsburgh plant, which transfers heat absorbed by the water circulation process to use across other areas of the site.[23]

الشركات التابعة

قضايا قانونية

القضايا البيئية

Storage tanks and towers at Shell Puget Sound Refinery, Anacortes, Washington.

Shell Puget Sound Refinery, Anacortes, Washington, was fined $291,000 from 2006 to 2010 for violations of the Clean Air Act making it the second most-fined violator in the Pacific Northwest. اعتبارا من 2011, it has been listed as a "high-priority violator" since 2008.[26][27]

In 2008, a lawsuit was filed against Shell Oil Company for alleged Clean Air Act violation. Shell Deer Park Refinery 20 miles east of Houston, was the nation's eighth-largest oil refinery and one of the world's largest petrochemical producers. The facility was also the second-largest source of air pollution in Harris County, which ranked among the lowest in the nation in several measures of air quality.[28] According to Sierra Club and Environment Texas, analysis of Shell's reports to the Texas Commission on Environmental Quality, air pollutants released at Deer Park since 2003 exceeded the EPA's emissions limits.[29]

Will Oremus from Slate magazine states, "The company's business depends on being able to anticipate and respond quickly to seismic shifts in the energy market. So it employs a team of big-thinking futurists, called scenario planners, to keep it a step ahead. In 2008, the company released a fresh pair of scenarios for how the world might respond to climate change over the coming decades. Both were predicated on what the company called 'three hard truths': that global energy demand is rising, that the supply of conventional energy will not be able to keep up, and that climate change is both real and dangerous."[30]

دعوى الپولي‌بوتيلين

Between 1978 and 1995, Shell Oil produced polybutylene pipes, which corrode when exposed to chlorine. A class action lawsuit was filed in 1995 against Shell Oil when the polybutylene pipes caused flooding in many households in the U.S. and Canada.[31] The settlement required Shell Oil to pay for the re-installation of piping for millions of houses for claims filed through May 2009.[32]

انتهاكات الحملات الانتخابية

About 6,000 Shell workers and contractors were instructed to attend a Donald Trump speech held on August 13, 2019, or take the day off without pay, losing about $700 from overtime and per diem. During his address, Trump called out specific union leaders to declare their voting loyalty. Many of the union leaders present were not consulted before the event, and memos sent to contractor management forbade any protest.[33][34] Federal law prohibits a corporation from making a contribution.[35]

القيادة

الرؤساء

  1. Avery D. Andrews, 1922–
  2. William H. Allen, 1922–
  3. Henri W. A. Deterding, 1922–
  4. Jan Carel van Panthaleon van Eck, 1924–1933
  5. R. G. A. van der Woude, 1933–1947
  6. Alexander Fraser, 1947–1949
  7. H. S. M. Burns, 1949–1961
  8. Monroe Edward Spaght, 1961–1966
  9. Richard C. McCurdy, 1966–1971
  10. Denis B. Kemball-Cook, 1971–1976
  11. John Frank Bookout Jr., 1976–

رؤساء مجلس الإدارة

  1. Henri W. A. Deterding, 1924–1937
  2. Frederick Godber, 1937–1946
  3. Sir George Legh-Jones, 1946–1951
  4. Sir Francis Hopwood, 1951–1958
  5. John Hugo Loudon, 1958–1965
  6. David H. Barran, 1971–1972
  7. G. A. Wagner, 1972–1977
  8. Dirk De Bruyne, 1977–1985
  9. Lodewijk Christiaan van Wachem, 1985–

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ "Namesake tenant departing One Shell Plaza". September 20, 2016. Retrieved April 29, 2017.
  2. ^ "Revenue and Financial Reports". www.vault.com.
  3. ^ "2022 Fact Sheet Shell in The United States" (PDF). www.shell.us.
  4. ^ "Shell to Purchase Calif. Oil Land For $3.65 Billion". The Washington Post. سبتمبر 29, 1979. Archived from the original on أغسطس 18, 2020. Retrieved فبراير 22, 2024.
  5. ^ "Aspects of the Refining/Marketing Joint Ventures of Shell Oil, Star Enterprises, and Texaco". U.S. Energy Information Administration. يوليو 23, 2001. Archived from the original on يونيو 15, 2010. Retrieved فبراير 27, 2012.
  6. ^ "Shell to brand new U.S. gas stations". Houston Business Journal. bizjournals.com. February 8, 2002.
  7. ^ "Trust Your Car to the Man who Wears the... Shell". WCCB-TV. مايو 8, 2002. Archived from the original on فبراير 24, 2012. Retrieved فبراير 27, 2012.
  8. ^ "Annual Report and Form 20-F 2016". Shell. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  9. ^ "Shell gas station locations in the USA". Archived from the original on 2021-11-19.
  10. ^ "Shell expects to split Motiva assets with Saudi Aramco in the second-quarter". Reuters. March 7, 2017. Retrieved 29 April 2017.
  11. ^ "Products and Services". Shell Oil Company. Archived from the original on يوليو 24, 2011. Retrieved فبراير 27, 2012.
  12. ^ "About Shell Martinez Refinery". Shell Oil Company. Retrieved August 27, 2016.
  13. ^ "PBF Energy Completes Acquisition of Martinez Refinery, Creates West Coast System". investors.pbfenergy.com (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2023-04-11.
  14. ^ Holusha, John (April 12, 1990). "Shell Offers a New Gasoline In 10 Cities to Aid Air Quality". The New York Times. Retrieved May 23, 2010.
  15. ^ Ayello, Jim. "IndyCar, IMS land Speedway as official fuel partner". The Indianapolis Star.
  16. ^ Sports, IndyStar. "IndyCar Series switching to Shell fuel from Speedway". The Indianapolis Star.
  17. ^ "Montana Renewables Begins Sustainable Aviation Fuel Deliveries to Shell". PRN (Press release) (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 2024-02-03. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  18. ^ "Shell to sell big piece of Nigeria oil business, but activists want pollution cleaned up". Euronews.Business (in الإنجليزية). January 17, 2024. Archived from the original on 2024-01-24. Retrieved 2024-02-07.
  19. ^ Thomas C. Hayes (December 13, 1990). "Shell Oil Shareholders Awarded $110 Million". The New York Times. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  20. ^ Tyler Priest (2007). The Offshore Imperative: Shell Oil's Search for Petroleum in Postwar America. Texas A&M University Press. p. 272. ISBN 978-1-58544-568-4.
  21. ^ "Shell takes big stake in Silicon Ranch". Nashville Post (in الإنجليزية). January 15, 2018. Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  22. ^ "Bredesen's Silicon Ranch solar company gains Shell investment of up to $217M". The Tennessean (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2019-04-29.
  23. ^ Gough, Paul (8 October 2018). "First Look: Shell raises tallest structure at Beaver County plant". Biz Journals.
  24. ^ "Shell completes sale of interest in Deer Park refinery to partner Pemex". www.shell.com (in الإنجليزية). January 20, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
  25. ^ Weintraub, Seth (22 October 2021). "Interview: Shell Greenlots COO Tannaz Banisadre talks Plug and Charge, bringing 500,000 charging stations online". Electrek. Archived from the original on 22 October 2021. Retrieved 22 October 2021.
  26. ^ Robert McClure and Lisa Stiffler (November 7, 2011). "EPA's 'High Priority Violators' Scattered Across the Northwest". NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  27. ^ Hsu, Nelson. "Poisoned Places Map". NPR. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  28. ^ Donovan, John (September 6, 2011). "Reporter". ABC News. Royal Dutch Shell. Retrieved September 6, 2011.
  29. ^ Seba, Erwin (April 23, 2009). "Shell agrees to settle TX refinery pollution suit". Reuters. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  30. ^ Wynne, Robert. "The Public Relations Debate About Global Warming Heats Up". Forbes.
  31. ^ "$20 million Settlement Announced in Class Action with Shell" (PDF) (Press release). Siskinds Law Firm. يونيو 11, 2004. Archived from the original (PDF) on يوليو 15, 2014. Retrieved فبراير 27, 2012.
  32. ^ "Shell, Hoechst Agree to Pay $850 Million". Los Angeles Times. October 4, 2005. Retrieved February 27, 2012.
  33. ^ Mary Papenfuss (August 17, 2019). "Shell Workers Had To Attend Trump Speech To Be Paid, Were Ordered Not To Protest: Report". HuffPost. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  34. ^ Anya Litvak (August 16, 2019). "Trump's large union crowd at Shell was given the option of not showing up — and not getting paid". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette. Retrieved October 13, 2020.
  35. ^ "Who can and can't contribute". Retrieved August 18, 2019.

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