أتوليكوس من پيتانه

De sphaera quae movetur liber

أتوليكوس الپيتاني أو أتوليكوس من پيتانه ((باليونانية: Αυτόλυκος ο Πιταναίος)، إنگليزية: Autolycus of Pitane) (ح. 360 ق.م.- ح. 290 ق.م.) عالم فلك ورياضيات وجغرافيا يوناني.

ولد في پيتانه في غرب الأناضول وقد عاصر أرسطو، وقد اُكملت أعماله في أثينا، بين سنوات 335 ق.م. و300 ق.م.. وقد أشار إقليدس لبعض أعماله. وكان معلماً لأركسيلاوس.

 إنجازاته

لأتوليكوس إنجازات فلكية عديدة منها:قوله :إن نظرية الكرات المتحدة المركز التى قال بها يودوكسوس لا تتسق مع الإختلاف الظاهرى لإحجام الشمس والقمر ولا تنسيق أيضا مع إختلاف سطوع الكواكب وله كتاب فلكي تحت عنوان (فى الطلوع والغروب) ويعنى طلوع الكواكب وغروبها وله إنجازات رياضية وفلكية أخرى. They were translated into Arabic in the 9th century, and with the addition of a few additional works became known as the "Middle Books" (sitting between Euclid's Elements and Ptolemy's Almagest). Both were preserved both in Greek and in Arabic, but were unknown in medieval Western Europe. They were translated from Arabic into Latin in the 12th century. Later, remaining Greek copies were also translated into Latin.

 في الكرة المتحركة

On the Moving Sphere (Ancient Greek: Περὶ κινουμένης σφαίρας Perí kinouménis sphaíras) concerns the movements of points and arcs on the sphere as it rotates on an axis. While the obvious application is the diurnal motion of the stars as the celestial sphere appears to rotate about an immobile Earth (as modeled at the time), Autolycus' treatise never explicitly discusses this application: its content consists entirely of elementary theorems about the arcs of great circles and parallel small circles on an abstract sphere. The work is simple and probably derivative of older works, but each theorem includes a clearly enunciated statement, a figure of the construction alongside its proof, and finally a concluding remark.

On the Moving Sphere is believed to be the oldest mathematical treatise from ancient Greece that is completely preserved: All prior Greek mathematical works are taken from later summaries, commentaries, or descriptions of the works. It shows that by Autolycus' day there was a thoroughly established textbook tradition in geometry that is today regarded as typical of classical Greek geometry. Moreover, it gives indications of what theorems were well known in his day (around 320 BC).

Two hundred years later Theodosius wrote the Spherics, a treatise establishing the fundamental definitions and constructions in spherical geometry whose content is believed to have a common origin with On the Moving Sphere in some pre-Euclidean textbook, possibly written by Eudoxus. In contrast to later astronomical analyses by Hipparchus (2nd century BC) and Ptolemy (2nd century AD), but similarly to the planar geometry of Euclid's Elements, both Autolycus's work and Theodosius' does not involve concrete quantification or trigonometry: spherical arcs are compared in size, but not given any numerical measure.

 في الشروق والغروب

In the two-book treatise On Risings and Settings (Ancient Greek: Περὶ ἐπιτολῶν καὶ δύσεων Perí epitolón kaí dýseon), Autolycus studied the relationship between the rising and the setting of the stars throughout the year. The second book is an expansion of the first and of higher quality. He wrote that "any star which rises and sets always rises and sets at the same point in the horizon." Autolycus relied heavily on Eudoxus' astronomy and was a strong supporter of Eudoxus' theory of homocentric spheres.

 انظر أيضا

• يودوكسوس
• كرات يودوكسوس

 المصادر

• مؤمن, عبد الأمير (2006). قاموس دار العلم الفلكي. بيروت، لبنان: دار العلم للملايين. {{cite book}}: Cite has empty unknown parameter: |طبعة أولى coauthors= (help)

• Boyer, Carl B. (1991). A History of Mathematics (Second ed.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc. ISBN 0471543977.
• Huxley, G. L. (1970). "Autolycus of Pitane". Dictionary of Scientific Biography. Vol. 1. New York: Charles Scribner's Sons. pp. 338–339. ISBN 0684101149.

• About.com's "Autolycus of Pitane Biography"

 وصلات خارجية

• O'Connor, John J.; Robertson, Edmund F., "أتوليكوس من پيتانه", MacTutor History of Mathematics archive 
• Autolycus "On The Moving Sphere" from the Million Books Project (Greek with Latin translation)