احتجاجات مدغشقر 2025

احتجاجات مدغشقر 2025
جزء من احتجاجات الجيل زد
Madagascar Gen Z protest in Mandrosoa, Antananarivo.jpeg
المحتجون في العاصمة أنتاناناريڤو.
التاريخ25 سبتمبر 2025 (2025-09-25) – الحاضر
المكان
مدغشقر
السببقطع الكهرباء والمياه في أنتاناناريڤو
الأهدافتنحي الرئيس أندري راجولينا[1]
الوضعجارية
  • تخريب مرافق الترام الجوي ،[2] المناطق التجارية والمتاجر الكبرى[3]
  • نهب منازل السياسيين
  • تمرد مدغشقر 2025
  • هروب راجولينا من البلاد [4]
  • البرلمان يسحب الثقة من راجولينا ويعزله من منصبه
التنازلات
أطراف الصراع الأهلي

المحتجون المناهضون للحكومة
القوات المسلحة الملغاشية (الفصائل المؤيدة للمعارضة)

  • وحدة كاپسات (منذ 11 أكتوبر 2025)[5][6]

حكومة مدغشقر

الجماعات الموالية لراجولينا

  • مليشيا راڤاتومانگا[7]
  • اللصوص[8]
الشخصيات الرئيسية
لا توجد قيادة مركزية أندري راجولينا
كريستيان نتساي
مامي راڤاتومانگا[9]
جين هربرت أندريانتاهيانا راكوتومالالا[10]
رتشارد راڤالومانانا
أنجلو راڤلوناريڤو[10]
الضحايا والخسائر
22 قتيل، 100+ جريح[11][أ]
غير معروف

احتجاجات مدغشقر 2025، هي سلسلة من الاحتجاجات اندلعت في جميع أنحاء مدغشقر منذ سبتمبر 2025، وتركزا في العاصمة أنتاناناريڤو. اندلعت الاحتجاجات بسبب انقطاع المياه والكهرباء المتكرر في المدينة. واستُهدفت منازل سياسيين بارزين. كما امتدت الاحتجاجات إلى مدن أخرى في أنحاء مدغشقر.[12]

منذ 25 سبتمبر، قُتل 22 شخصاً، بينهم متظاهرون ومدنيون، إما نتيجة لرد قوات الأمن أو بسبب أعمال النهب والفوضى العامة. وشهدت المناطق التجارية والمرافق العامة في المدن الكبرى أعمال نهب وتخريب. وبعد إقالة وزير الطاقة في 26 سبتمبر، أعلن الرئيس الملغاشي أندري راجولينا حل حكومة رئيس الوزراء كريستيان نتساي في 29 سبتمبر[13][14]. في 6 أكتوبر 2025 عين الجنرال العسكري روبين زافيسامبو رئيساً جديداً للوزراء.[15] في 11 أكتوبر، نفذت وحدات من القوات المسلحة الملغاشية تمرداً دعماً للاحتجاجات.[16]

خلفية

Located off the coast of East Africa in the Indian Ocean, Madagascar has long been one of the poorest countries in the world. The World Bank estimated that in 2022, 75% of the country lived under the poverty line, out of a country of 30 million.[17] Incumbent president Andry Rajoelina, who has dominated the country's politics since its 2009 political crisis and was recently re-elected in 2023[18] in a vote that faced significant boycotts from the opposition, has been blamed for much of the country's recent economic woes.[19][20]

The capital of Antananarivo regularly sees widespread power outages and water cuts that last for up to 12 hours at a time[21] while the government simultaneously invests in high-profile projects, such as the $152 million cable car in Antananarivo spanning 13 kilometers, widely criticized as irrelevant to citizens' basic needs but defended by Andry Rajoelina while referring to the same criticism the Eiffel Tower received at the beginning of the project.[22]

President Andry Rajoelina, who also holds French nationality, has become a focal point of public resentment due to his family's visible wealth and privileges. His daughter Ilona Rajoelina is often seen wearing designer brands, while his son Arena Rajoelina reportedly attends the elite EHL Lausanne hospitality school, opportunities unavailable to the majority of Malagasy citizens due to its high cost of enrollment.[23] Viral TikTok videos by pages such as GasyBaddhie and BasedMerina denounce their luxurious lifestyle, drawing parallels to international examples such as Shrinkhala Khatiwada, former Miss Nepal and daughter of an ex-health minister, whose travels and elite status sparked public backlash.[24]

الأسباب

The protests are rooted in a combination of historical grievances and recent triggers. On 15 September 2025, Transparency International helped organize a small rally known as Democrasia Mainty in Ambohijatovo, Antananarivo.[25]

On 18 September 2025, politicians Clémence Raharinirina and Baba Faniry Rakotoarisoa publicly called for mass protests in front of the Senate in Anosy to denounce chronic power outages, water cuts, and systemic corruption in public utilities.[26] Their movement was named Tsy Manaiky Lembenana ("We Refuse to Be Trampled") and Leo Delestage ("Fed up with load shedding"),[27]

Following this, a Facebook page named Gen Z Madagascar emerged as the primary organizing hub for the movement, rapidly gaining over 100,000 followers in five days.[28] Its logo draws inspiration from the manga One Piece, replacing the traditional straw hat with a Malagasy-style hat.[17][21]

خط زمني

The previous day, September 24, 2025, was marked by the absence of President Andry Rajoelina and his delegation, who were in New York City for the 80th session of the United Nations General Assembly, where he delivered a speech.[29] On the same day, the local government of the capital had banned protests on the grounds that they could lead to unrest. Nevertheless, demonstrations took place in the capital, Antananarivo, as well as in provincial towns such as Toamasina, Antsirabe, Toliara, and Antsiranana on September 25, 2025. Since 5:30 a.m. (EAT) on September 25, a large gendarmerie unit was present in the capital, cordoning off certain areas. Protesters were therefore unable to reach their meeting place.[27][30] Protestors were thus unable to go to their dedicated meeting ground.[31]

25 سبتمبر

Thousands of young people attempted to gather at Ambohijatovo, historically designated as the "Place of Democracy" by Andry Rajoelina himself in 2009. Police blocked all access points, preventing assembly. Protesters then tried to reach the square from multiple neighborhoods, including Antsahabe, Faravohitra, Anosy, and Ambatonakanga, but each route was met with heavy police presence with tear gas bombs and rubber bullets. Despite these obstacles, the city saw widespread marches of students chanting slogans such as "Mitsangana ry Tanora" (a nationalist rally song) and "Andry Rajoelina Masosopory", a parody of Andry Rajoelina's election campaign song in 2018. Protestors flew Malagasy flags as well as flags featuring the Straw Hat Jolly Roger from the One Piece franchise.[31]

At 10:45 (EAT), the first shots of tear gas were used by police, led by Colonel Tojo Raoilijon. Police used tear gas and rubber bullets throughout the day.[31] Protestors set up barricades and burned tires and rocks. Three homes of politicians close to Rajoelina were set ablaze by rioters, including the house of Senator Lalatiana Rakotondrazafy and MP Naivo Raholdina.[32] Looting at various retail, bank, and appliance establishments in Antananarivo began to take place in the afternoon, beginning in Anosibe with the burning of the a train station. Looters set ablaze a hotel, a bank, and stations of the country's cable car system.[31][33] According to a hospital source, five people died, all bearing AK-47 gunfire wounds, and an unknown number were injured.[30] Outside of the city, the offices of Jirama, the national electricity and water provider, were attacked by protestors.[31] The rally in Antsirabe and Toamasina also devolved into looting and vandalism.[27][34]

Most looters were affiliated with the TMH group, led by Fidy, with participants from the districts of Andavamamba and Anosibe. However, videos also showed unaffiliated individuals looting furniture, freezers, and arcade equipment. Antananarivo police prefect Angelo Ravelonarivo announced a curfew lasting from 7 p.m. (EAT), to 5 a.m. the next day.[31] Despite the protests initially dispersing, they spread into various parts of the capital. National Police chief Jean Herbert Andriantahiana Rakotomalala warned that authorities would "take firm preventive...measures against those tempted to break the law."[12][18]

26 سبتمبر

In Antsirabe, protesters gathered at the city's train station at around 10 a.m. before being dispersed with tear gas by police. By noon, looting had began to occur against commercial buildings in the city, with limited police presence as most officers had been redeployed to Antananarivo.[35] Around 4 p.m., the death of Jean-Jacques Rabenirinia, the member of parliament for Betioky from the opposition group Firaisankina and dean of the National Assembly, was announced, after he succumbed to his injuries from an accident. His vehicle had been struck by a truck at a barricade erected by protesters.[36]

During his address starting at 7:30 p.m., live from New York City (where he was attending the United Nations General Assembly), Andry Rajoelina announced the dismissal of Jean-Baptiste Olivier, the Minister of Energy and Hydrocarbons, under the pretext that he "was not doing his job".[37] Rajoelina further condemned the violence which occurred after the protests as "acts of destabilisation",[38] and accused opposition politicians of taking advantage of the protests in an attempt to orchestrate a coup.[39]

Six people, including an university student, were reportedly killed in clashes with police across Antsiranana. Thirty people were also injured.[40]

27 سبتمبر

Protesters continued to gather in Antananarivo, with some wearing colored straw hats as a symbol.[38] Rajoelina returned from New York, and summoned a meeting of military and police commanders to deploy military and security forces to secure fuel stations and storage, along with commercial areas.[41]

These protests took on a more specifically student and high school student character, with gatherings organized in six major cities across Madagascar. Student protesters complained of difficult living conditions and demanded the right to equitable study conditions, specifically calling for the same opportunities as the children of Malagasy leaders who study abroad. In Antananarivo, security forces pushed back the protesters using AK-47s and tear gas all along General Charles-de-Gaulle Avenue in Tsiadana, up to the Ankatso campus of the University of Antananarivo. This crackdown sparked additional outrage due to the presence, along this avenue, of the Mpitsabo Mikambanana 24/24 private hospital, one of the most prestigious medical institutions in the country.[42]

Curfews ranging from 7/8 p.m. to 4/5 a.m. were announced outside Antananarivo, Mahajanga, Toamasina, Antsirabe and Toliara.[43]

29 سبتمبر

Student associations called for a general mobilization, and demanded the release of protesters arrested on 27 September on top of their initial denouncement of the water and electricity cuts.[44] As the group of students marched from the University of Antananarivo campus towards the Ambohijatovo neighborhood, they were blocked by security forces who attempted to disperse and push back the protesters with tear gas. Protesters also began demanding the resignation of Rajoelina.[45]

As protests continued, Rajoelina announced that he would dissolve the government (under Prime Minister Christian Ntsay), and provided a three-day period for choosing a new Prime Minister.[13][14] MP Antoine Rajerison (mg) was arrested by security forces.[45] The curfew in Antananarivo was adjusted to 8 p.m. to 4 a.m.[46]

According to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights chairman Volker Türk, 22 people had been killed and 100 injured throughout the course of the protests, including both those killed by security forces and those killed in the looting and general violence by looters and gangs. The Malagasy Ministry of Foreign Affairs rejected this figure.[47]

30 سبتمبر

Protesters called for another rally to be held in Antananarivo starting on 11 a.m. EAT.[48] Thousands of protesters gathered in Antananarivo's Ambohijatovo Square, with some protesters having travelled from provincial towns to join the protest.[49] In one incident, Senate president Richard Ravalomanana's car was accosted by protesters, which led him to disembark from his vehicle and pursue the protesters on foot.[50] There were also reports of violence against journalists including Mendrika Razafindratsima and Leonardjo Andriamparany, brutalized by GSIS forces in the afternoon in Ambohijatovo.[51]

1 أكتوبر

Protests spread to other cities and towns, including Toliara, some 925 كيلومتر (575 mi) south of Antananarivo.[1] The government accused the demonstrators of vandalism and of promoting a coup d'état.[1] Opposition leader Rivo Rakotovao announced that his party and allies will not join any government under the leadership of Rajoelina and asked him to step down.[1][52]

Labour unions began joining protests, and calls were made for a general strike. Protests on 1 October were relatively contained by police forces, and violence was much lower than in the previous days.[53][54] Rajoelina met with foreign diplomats at the presidential palace on 1 October, and presidential spokesperson Lova Ranoromaro claimed that protesters had largely dispersed "without a clear leader emerging".[54] Pro-Rajoelina groups began announcing that they would hold counter-protests.[55]

5 أكتوبر

Counterprotesters only numbered in the hundreds, lower than what Rajoelina hoped for. Barely any had clothing with his portrait.[56]

7 October

Police used tear gas on hundreds of protesters. A march was stopped by a barricade. One man was hospitalized. The United Nations criticized the police and the usage of live ammunition.[57]

8 أكتوبر

Rajoelina offered talks, but the protesters rejected them as long as protests are being suppressed.[58] Rajoelina called the protests a coup.[59]

9 أكتوبر

Stun grenades, tear gas and rubber bullets were used on protesters.[60]

11 أكتوبر

المقالة الرئيسية: تمرد مدغشقر 2025

A contingent of the Malagasy military (CAPSAT) mutinied and called for the military to back and protect the protestors, encountering little resistance as it took control of central Antananarivo.[61]

13 أكتوبر

وجاء إعلان السيطرة العسكرية بعد دقائق فقط من تصويت الجمعية الوطنية على عزل راجولينا بأغلبية ساحقة بلغت 130 صوتاً من أصل 163 عضواً، وهو عدد يتجاوز النسبة الدستورية المطلوبة لعزله. وأرجع النواب قرارهم إلى ما وصفوه بـ"تقصير الرئيس في أداء واجباته" و"غيابه المتكرر عن البلاد"، في حين قالت الرئاسة إن الجلسة "خالفت الدستور وخالية من أي أساس قانوني". وقبل التصويت بساعات، حاول راجولينا إحباط المساعي البرلمانية بإصدار مرسوم يقضي بحل الجمعية الوطنية، لكن النواب مضوا في جلستهم، معتبرين أن مرسومه "باطل وغير نافذ". واحتفى أعضاء المعارضة بالتصويت وسط هتافات داخل القاعة، في مشهد نادر في السياسة المدغشقرية. وبحسب الدستور، يتعين على المحكمة الدستورية العليا أن تصادق على قرار العزل قبل أن يصبح نافذاً، إلا أن التطورات المتسارعة على الأرض، وتدخل الجيش في المشهد، يجعل مصير الإجراءات القانونية غير واضح.

في الأثناء، يلف الغموض مكان الرئيس المعزول. فقد قال راجولينا، البالغ من العمر 51 عاماً، في بث مباشر على فيسبوك مساء 13 أكتوبر، أنه "يختبئ في مكان آمن" بعد زعمه أنه تعرض لمحاولة اغتيال من قبل "مجموعة من العسكريين والسياسيين". وأكد أنه سيواصل "الدفاع عن الشرعية الدستورية" وأنه يعتبر إجراءات عزله "باطلة من الأساس". ويأتي هذا التصعيد بعد ثلاثة أسابيع من احتجاجات شعبية واسعة بدأت في العاصمة أنتاناناريڤو في 25 سبتمبر 2025، إثر موجة استياء من الانقطاعات المتكررة للمياه والكهرباء، وارتفاع تكاليف المعيشة، وانتشار البطالة والفساد. ومع اتساع رقعة المظاهرات، انضم موظفون حكوميون ونقابيون وطلبة إلى الشوارع، مطالبين برحيل الرئيس وحكومته.

ومع نهاية الأسبوع الماضي، خرج الوضع عن السيطرة، حين غادرت وحدات من الجيش ثكناتها وانضمت إلى المتظاهرين، وعلى رأسها الوحدة العسكرية الخاصة "كاپسَات"، التي أعلنت انحيازها للشعب ودعت إلى "انتقال سلمي وشامل". وأثار ذلك الانشقاق العسكري أكبر تحدٍ لراجولينا منذ توليه الحكم عام 2018.

يُعتبر أندري راجولينا من أبرز الشخصيات السياسية في مدغشقر خلال العقدين الماضيين. ووُلد راجولينا عام 1974، وبدأ حياته المهنية منسقاً موسيقياً (دي جي)، قبل أن يؤسس عدداً من الشركات الإعلامية والإعلانية، ثم انتُخب رئيساً لبلدية أنتاناناريڤو عام 2007. وبعد عامين فقط، أطاح بالرئيس مارك راڤالومانانا في انقلاب مدعوم من الجيش، ليصبح في الـ 34 من عمره أصغر زعيم في القارة الإفريقية آنذاك. لكن شعبيته تراجعت سريعاً وسط اتهامات بالفساد والمحسوبية، وبقي في السلطة حتى 2014، قبل أن يعود بعد فوزه في انتخابات 2018، ثم يُعاد انتخابه في عام 2023 في انتخابات مثيرة للجدل قاطعتها المعارضة. ويرى مراقبون أن جذور الأزمة الحالية تمتد إلى احتقان سياسي مزمن وتراجع الثقة في المؤسسات، فضلاً عن التدهور الاقتصادي الحاد الذي فاقم الغضب الشعبي.

وأعرب الاتحاد الإفريقي عن "قلقه العميق" إزاء التطورات الأخيرة، ودعا القوات المسلحة إلى "الامتناع عن التدخل في الشؤون السياسية"، مؤكداً رفضه "أي محاولة لتغيير السلطة بطرق غير دستورية". أما في پاريس، فقد وصف الرئيس الفرنسي، إيمانويل ماكرون، ما يجري في مدغشقر بأنه "مقلق للغاية"، ورفض التعليق على تقارير إعلامية أفادت بأن الجيش الفرنسي نقل راجولينا بطائرة عسكرية إلى خارج البلاد، وهي معلومات لم تؤكدها أي جهة رسمية. وفي الوقت نفسه، أعلنت الخطوط الجوية الفرنسية تمديد تعليق رحلاتها إلى مدغشقر حتى نهاية الأسبوع "بسبب تدهور الأوضاع الأمنية"، فيما تعهّد قادة الجيش بالحفاظ على النظام العام ومنع أي أعمال عنف أو انتقام سياسي.

وقال أحد كبار الضباط للصحافة المحلية: "القوات المسلحة تعمل بشكل موحّد لضمان أمن المواطنين، ولن نسمح بانزلاق البلاد إلى الفوضى." ومع غياب الرئيس وتدخّل المؤسسة العسكرية، تبدو مدغشقر أمام مفترق طرق جديد في تاريخها السياسي. فبينما يرحب المحتجون بما يعتبرونه "نهاية حقبة راجولينا"، يخشى آخرون أن يؤدي هذا التحوّل المفاجئ إلى فراغ سياسي قد يُغرق البلاد في دوامة جديدة من الانقلابات والانقسامات. ويرى محللون أن تشكيل لجنة عسكرية مؤقتة – كما أعلن العقيد راندريانيرينا – لن يكون كافياً ما لم يترافق مع خطة واضحة للانتقال المدني وجدول زمني لإجراء انتخابات جديدة.


14 أكتوبر

في 14 أكتوبر 2025 أعلنت وحدة النخبة في جيش مدغشقر "سيطرتها على السلطة في البلاد"، بعد أسابيع من الاحتجاجات المناهضة للحكومة. وجاء ذلك بعد تصويت البرلمان على عزل الرئيس أندري راجولينا، بتهمة "التقصير في أداء الواجب"، في خطوة تهزّ المشهد السياسي في البلاد، وتعيد إلى الأذهان انقلاب عام 2009 الذي صعد به راجولينا نفسه إلى الحكم. وصرح الكولونيل مايكل راندريانيرينا، قائد وحدة النخبة المعروفة باسم "كاپسَات"، في بيان أُذيع عبر الإذاعة الوطنية: "لقد تولّينا السلطة". وأوضح راندريانيرينا أن الوحدة ستشكّل لجنة تضمّ ضباطاً من الجيش والدرك والشرطة الوطنية لتولي مهام الرئاسة مؤقتاً، على أن تُنشأ "حكومة مدنية" خلال الأيام المقبلة. وأضاف: "قد تضم اللجنة في وقت لاحق مستشارين مدنيين كباراً، وهي التي ستتولى مهام الرئاسة إلى حين تشكيل حكومة انتقالية تتولى إدارة البلاد بصورة مسؤولة وتجنّبها الفوضى".[62]

تاريخياً، لعبت وحدة "كاپسَات" دوراً محورياً في انقلاب عام 2009 الذي أطاح بالرئيس الأسبق مارك راڤالومانانا، وجاء براجولينا، وكان حينها رئيس بلدية العاصمة أنتاناناريڤو، إلى سدة الحكم بدعم من الجيش. واليوم، وبعد 15 عاماً، تعود الوحدة نفسها إلى واجهة الأحداث، وهذه المرة ضد الرجل ذاته الذي كانت قد دعمته يوماً.


ردود الفعل

The Council of Christian Churches in Madagascar (FFKM) issued a statement calling for an end to violence, looting, and destruction of property, while also noting that "the population must enjoy its most basic rights, those of having electricity and drinking water".[63] African Union Chairperson Mahamoud Ali Youssouf called for restraint and calm.[64] Pope Leo XIV released a statement decrying violence and asking for social harmony, the promotion of justice and the common good.[1]

Reporters Without Borders denounced "police violence against at least three journalists" on 25 September,[65] and Amnesty International condemned the "unlawful and excessive force used by state security officials" and called for investigations into the deaths.[66] The United Nations secretary general expressed sadness at the violence.[67]

As of 13 October 2025, Emmanuel Macron has expressed his deep concerné over the political crisis in Madagascar, emphasizing the need to respect the constitutional order and institutional continuity, supporting the actions of the African Union and SADC, and warning against any use of youth for political or military purposes.

He commented on reports that President Andry Rajoelina had boarded a French military plane to Réunion on Sunday before leaving for another destination with his family, stating, "I cannot confirm anything today," while speaking to the press from Sharm El-Sheikh, Egypt, during a summit on the Gaza peace agreement.[68][69]

التبعات

On 26 September, school officials in Antananarivo announced that schools in the city would be closed until order was restored. In much of the city, schools were closed early on 25 September when tear gas began to seep into the schools.[70] Gas stations were also closed in Antananarivo after a surge of panic buying by drivers.[71] Supermarkets and modern retail stores were also closed in fear of looters for several days, resulting in shortages of packaged products such as diapers and bottled water. Losses due to looting at retail stores were projected in the billions of ariary.[72] Local newspaper Midi Madagasikara warned of potential mass layoffs due to losses caused by the looting.[73]

A large number of flights to and from Antananarivo's Ivato International Airport were cancelled, leaving many international tourists stranded.[74] Air France has suspended flights between Paris and Antananarivo from October 11 to October 13, inclusive.[75]

انظر أيضاً

المصادر

  1. ^ Including non-protesters and those killed by rioters and looters.

المراجع

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Rabary, Lovasoa (1 October 2025). "Madagascar protesters demand president's resignation in fifth day of rallies". Reuters. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  2. ^ Hardelain, Céline (30 September 2025). "Madagascar : un téléphérique flambant neuf qui fait polémique (Podcast)". Free Dom. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  3. ^ "« Leo Délestage » dégénère en pillages : la préfecture instaure un couvre-feu". NewsMada. 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  4. ^ Rabary, Lovasoa; Cocks, Tim; Paravicini, Giulia (2025-10-13). "Madagascar's president has left the country after Gen Z protests, officials say". Reuters. Retrieved 2025-10-13.
  5. ^ Kappès-Grangé, Anne (11 October 2025). "Appel à la mutinerie à Madagascar : ce que l'on sait de la situation". Jeune Afrique. Retrieved 4 August 2025.
  6. ^ "Madagascar army contingent calls on security forces to 'refuse orders'". TRTAfrika. Retrieved 4 August 2025.
  7. ^ "Video. « Mamy Ravatomanga et Andry Rajoelina ont chacun une milice », selon un politologue français". Koolsaina. 1 October 2025. Retrieved 3 August 2025.
  8. ^ "La Gen Z Madagascar présente au pouvoir la facture de son arrogance". Madagascar-Tribune. 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 3 October 2025.
  9. ^ "Madagascar's president dismisses cabinet as blackout protests turn deadly". Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  10. ^ أ ب Rabary, Lova (26 September 2025). "Curfew declared in Madagascar capital after violent protests". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  11. ^ "Madagascar: UN Human Rights Chief shocked by violent response to electricity and water protests". Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  12. ^ أ ب "Curfew Declared in Madagascar Capital After Violent Protests". Archived from the original on 28 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  13. ^ أ ب "Madagascar president sacks government over deadly protests". Le Monde (in الإنجليزية). 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  14. ^ أ ب Kyekyeku, Kofi Oppong (30 September 2025). "Deadly youth-led protests force Madagascar's president to fire the prime minister and his government". Face2Face Africa (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  15. ^ "Madagascar president names military general as new prime minister". Reuters (in الإنجليزية). 6 October 2025. Retrieved 6 October 2025.
  16. ^ "France evacuates Madagascar president amid protests and army revolt". RFI. Oct 13, 2025.
  17. ^ أ ب Najjar, Farah. "Madagascar imposes curfew after violent protests against water, power cuts". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  18. ^ أ ب "Curfew declared in Madagascar capital after violent protests over water, power shortages". The Straits Times (in الإنجليزية). 26 September 2025. ISSN 0585-3923. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  19. ^ "Madagascar Police Fire Tear Gas At Protest Over Power, Water Cuts". Barron's (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). AFP. Archived from the original on 28 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  20. ^ "A Madagascar, des gaz lacrymogènes envoyés sur des manifestants dénonçant les coupures d'eau et d'électricité" (in الفرنسية). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  21. ^ أ ب "Madagascar imposes nighttime curfew after violent protests over water and power cuts". SFGATE.
  22. ^ "Madagascar's capital launches cable cars to ease traffic jam". Africanews (in الإنجليزية). 23 June 2024. Archived from the original on 21 May 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  23. ^ "VIDEO. La polémique Arena Rajoelina et les frais exorbitants de sa scolarité". KoolSaina.com (in الفرنسية). 10 February 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  24. ^ "Ex-Miss Nepal Shrinkhala Khatiwada loses nearly 100,000 Instagram followers amid 'nepo baby' fury". Hindustan Times (in الإنجليزية). 10 September 2025. Archived from the original on 10 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  25. ^ "Transparency International Madagascar : Appel à une mobilisation citoyenne pour une démocratie vivante". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 16 September 2025. Archived from the original on 16 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  26. ^ "Madagascar: vague d'indignation après l'arrestation de deux conseillers municipaux d'Antananarivo". RFI (in الفرنسية). 20 September 2025. Archived from the original on 21 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  27. ^ أ ب ت "Mouvement « Leo délestage » : Vague de manifestations dans les grandes villes". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  28. ^ "Why is Gen Z protesting in Madagascar?". BBC (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  29. ^ "Madagascar - President Addresses General Debate, 80th Session | UN Audiovisual Library" (in الإنجليزية). 2025-09-24. Retrieved 2025-10-13.
  30. ^ أ ب "Madagascar: les Tananariviens défient l'interdiction et manifestent contre les coupures d'eau et d'électricité". RFI (in الفرنسية). 25 September 2025. Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  31. ^ أ ب ت ث ج ح Tétaud, Sarah (25 September 2025). "Madagascar imposes nighttime curfew after violent protests over water and power cuts". AP News (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 25 September 2025. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  32. ^ "Manifestations anti-délestage à Antananarivo : arrestations et affrontements avec les forces de l'ordre". Linfo.re. Retrieved 25 September 2025.
  33. ^ "Manifestation Dans La Capitale – De la contestation au pillage". L'Express de Madagascar (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  34. ^ "Grève Dans la Capitale – Fermeture en chaîne des commerces l'après-midi". L'Express de Madagascar (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  35. ^ "Antsirabe : Les magasins des Karana pris pour cible par les manifestants". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  36. ^ "Necrologie – le député Jean Jacques Rabenirina décède dans un accident de circulation".
  37. ^ "Madagascar sacks energy minister after repeated power cuts spark protests". France 24 (in الإنجليزية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  38. ^ أ ب "Protesters gather again in Madagascar". RFI (in الإنجليزية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  39. ^ "Délestage et coupures d'eau : Andry Rajoelina annonce le limogeage du ministre de l'Energie". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  40. ^ "Manifestations à Antsiranana : Six morts, une trentaine de personnes blessées". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  41. ^ "Forces armées : Andry Rajoelina remobilise les troupes". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  42. ^ "Madagascar: nouvelle journée de mobilisation après les violences". RFI (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  43. ^ "Mahajanga, Toamasina, Antsirabe ,Toliara et Antananarivo : Couvre-feu étendu dans plusieurs grandes villes". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  44. ^ "Association des étudiants et Gen Z : Appel à une mobilisation générale, ce jour". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  45. ^ أ ب "Ankatso – Tsiadana : Face-à-face étudiants-forces de l'ordre hier". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  46. ^ "OMC-NAT : Antananarivo ville : Couvre-feu de 20h à 4h du matin". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  47. ^ "Madagascar's president dissolves government after 'Gen Z' protests". BBC News. 29 September 2025. Archived from the original on 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  48. ^ "Madagascar protesters mobilise despite firing of government". France 24 (in الإنجليزية). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  49. ^ "Ambohijatovo : Investi par des milliers de manifestants". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  50. ^ "Tension politique : Le président du Sénat conspué à Ambatonakanga". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  51. ^ "Agression de journalistes: l'OJM condamne et exige des sanctions". Newsmada (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  52. ^ "Madagascar, Maroc : Gen Z en quête de justice et d'un meilleur partage des richesses" (Video). Radio France (in الفرنسية). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  53. ^ "Une accalmie dans le mouvement de contestation". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 2 October 2025. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  54. ^ أ ب "Mass protests and strikes grip Madagascar amid calls for president to resign". France 24 (in الإنجليزية). 1 October 2025. Archived from the original on 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  55. ^ "Manifestation publique : Les partisans d'Andry Rajoelina préparent une contre-offensive". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  56. ^ "Madagascar's President Andry Rajoelina loses the battle for the streets". Le Monde (in الإنجليزية). 2025-10-05. Archived from the original on 5 October 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  57. ^ "Madagascar president appoints army general as PM to defuse protests". France 24 (in الإنجليزية). 2025-10-06. Archived from the original on 7 October 2025. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  58. ^ Rabary, Lovasoa (8 October 2025). "Madagascar president holds talks spurned by protesters". Reuters. Retrieved 8 October 2025.
  59. ^ "How Gen Z protesters brought down Madagascar's government and now want the president out". Boston Herald (in الإنجليزية الأمريكية). 2025-10-08. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  60. ^ Rogers, Abby. "Police fire tear gas, rubber bullets as Madagascar protesters rally". Al Jazeera (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  61. ^ "Madagascar : l'armée se mutine, le président Rajoelina a quitté Antananarivo". JeuneAfrique (in الفرنسية). Retrieved 2025-10-11.
  62. ^ "وحدة النخبة في جيش مدغشقر تعلن "توليها السلطة"، والتظاهرات "الغاضبة" تتحول إلى "مؤيدة" للجيش". بي بي سي. 2025-10-14. Retrieved 2025-10-14.
  63. ^ "Manifestation du 25 septembre : Le FFKM appelle au dialogue – À lire". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  64. ^ "AUC Chairperson Calls for Restraint and Dialogue in Madagascar". African Union. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 29 September 2025.
  65. ^ "Madagascar: incendies, gaz lacrymogènes et foule en colère contre le pouvoir dans la capitale". TV5 Monde (in الفرنسية). 25 September 2025. Retrieved 27 September 2025.
  66. ^ "Madagascar: Authorities must launch investigations into deadly force used against Gen Z protesters". Amnesty International. 2 October 2025. Retrieved 2 October 2025.
  67. ^ "UN chief 'deeply saddened' by deadly protests in Madagascar". UN News (in الإنجليزية). 2025-10-08. Retrieved 2025-10-09.
  68. ^ "Crise politique à Madagascar : le président contesté dans la rue se trouve "en lieu sûr", Macron exprime sa "grande préoccupation"". TF1 Info. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  69. ^ "Emmanuel Macron exprime sa « grande préoccupation » sur la situation à Madagascar". CNEWS. 14 October 2025. Retrieved 14 October 2025.
  70. ^ "Manifestations : Fermeture de nombreux établissements scolaires à Tana". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 26 September 2025. Archived from the original on 26 September 2025. Retrieved 26 September 2025.
  71. ^ "Carburant : Fermeture des stations-service dans la capitale – Economie". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 27 September 2025. Archived from the original on 27 September 2025. Retrieved 28 September 2025.
  72. ^ "Fermeture des grandes surfaces : Les consommateurs se rabattent sur les marchés de quartier". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 30 September 2025. Archived from the original on 30 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  73. ^ "Emploi : Risque de licenciement massif à Antananarivo". Midi Madagasikara (in الفرنسية). 1 October 2025. Retrieved 1 October 2025.
  74. ^ "'Ga niet naar Madagaskar op vakantie', Nederland past reisadvies aan na dodelijke rellen in hoofdstad". ad.nl (in الهولندية). 29 September 2025. Retrieved 30 September 2025.
  75. ^ "Air France suspends flights to Madagascar amid security concerns". Reuters. 12 October 2025.
?
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=احتجاجات_مدغشقر_2025&oldid=4182613"