الإقليم الشمالي (أستراليا)

Coordinates: 20°S 133°E / 20°S 133°E / -20; 133
(تم التحويل من المقاطعة الشمالية)
لمعلومات عن مصطلحات مشابهة، انظر الإقليم الشمالي (توضيح).
Northern Territory
Territory
Flag of Northern Territory
Flag
Official seal of Northern Territory
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): 
  • The Territory
  • The NT
  • The T
  • The Top End
[[File:#تحويل قالب:خريطة ولايات أستراليا|250px]]
Location of Northern Territory in Australia
Coordinates: 20°S 133°E / 20°S 133°E / -20; 133
CountryAustralia
Established by New South Wales1825
Transferred to South Australia1863
Transferred to Commonwealth1911
Responsible government1 July 1978
العاصمة
and largest city
Darwin
12°26′17″S 130°50′28″E / 12.43806°S 130.84111°E / -12.43806; 130.84111
Administration17 local government areas
اللغات الشائعة
صفة المواطن
  • Territorian[أ]
  • Top Ender (northern half only)[1][2]
Centralian (Central Australian Region)
الحكومة
• Monarch
Charles III
Hugh Heggie
Lia Finocchiaro (CLP)
LegislatureNorthern Territory Legislative Assembly
Parliament of Australia
• Senate
2 senators (of 76)
2 seats (of 150)
المساحة
• Land
1،347،791 km2 (520،385 sq mi)
أعلى منسوب1٬531 m (5٬023 ft)
التعداد
• December 2021 estimate
260,400[3] (8th)
• Density
0.19/km2 (0.5/sq mi) (8th)
GDP (nominal)2020 estimate
• Total
AU$26.153 billion[4] (8th)
• Per capita
AU$106,851 (2nd)
HDI (2023)▲ 0.944[5]
very high · 6th (equal)
Time zoneUTC+09:30 (ACST)
Postal abbreviation
NT
ISO 3166 codeAU-NT
رموز
الثدييRed kangaroo
(Macropus rufus)
BirdWedge-tailed eagle
(Aquila audax)
FlowerSturt's desert rose
(Gossypium sturtianum)[6]
اللونBlack, white, and ochre[7]
Websitent.gov.au


الإقليم الشمالي Northern Territory (تختصر NT)، هي أراضي أسترالية اتحادية في المناطق الوسطى والشمالية الوسطى. تتشارك الحدود مع أستراليا الغربية من الغرب، أستراليا الجنوبية من الجنوب، وكوينزلاند من الشرق.

من الشمال، يحدها بحر تيمور، بحر أرافورا وخليج كارپنتاريا. بالرغم من مساحتها الشاسعة، التي تزيد عن 1349129 كم²، مما يجعها ثالث أكبر قسم إتحادي أسترالي - إلا أنها ذات كثافة سكانية منخفضة. بعدد سكان يصل إلى 233.300 نسمة تعتبر أقل الولايات والولايات الأسترالية الثمانية الرئيسية اكتظاظاً بالسكان، حيث يصل عدد سكانها إلى نصف عدد سكان تسمانيا.[8]

يبدأ التاريخ الأصلي للإقليم الشمالي منذ أكثر من 40.000 عندما استوطن السكان الأصليون الأستراليون المنطقة. بدأ التجار المكاسان التجارة مع السكان الأصليين للإقليم الشمالي لشراء خيار البحر منذ القرن الثامن على الأقل فصاعداً، ومن المرجح أنها بدأت قبل ذلك 300 سنة من ذلك التاريخ.

اكتشف الأوروپيون ساحل الإقليم الشمالي لأول مرة في القرن 17. كان البريطانيون هم أول الأوروپيين الذين حاولوا استيطان المناطق الساحلية. بعد ثلاث محاولات فاشلة لتأسيس مستوطنة (1824–1828، 1838–1849، و1864–66)، نجح البريطانيون عام 1869 في تأسيس مستوطنة في ميناء داروين. اليوم، يعتمد اقتصاد المنطقة الشمالية على السياحة، وخاصة منتزه كاكادو الوطني في توپ إند ومنتزه أولورو-كاتا تجوتا الوطنية (أيرز روك) في أستراليا الوسطى، وعلى التعدين.

عاصمة الإقليم هي مدينة داروين. لا يتركز السكان في المناطق الساحلية لكن على إمتداد طريق ستوارت السريع. المستوطنات الرئيسية الأخرى هي (حسب المساحة) پالمرستون، أليس سپرنگز، كاثرين، نولنباي، وتنات كريك.

The Territory's population is concentrated in coastal regions and along the Stuart Highway. Besides the capital of Darwin, the major settlements are (in order of size) Palmerston, Alice Springs, Katherine, Nhulunbuy and Tennant Creek. Residents of the Northern Territory are often known as "Territorians".[9]

التاريخ

Thomas Baines with Aboriginal Australians near the mouth of the Victoria River.
المقالة الرئيسية: History of the Northern Territory

Pre-colonial

للمزيد من المعلومات: Prehistory of Australia, History of Indigenous Australians, and Makassan contact with Australia

Humans have lived in the present area of the Northern Territory since at least 48,400 to 68,700 years ago.[10]

From the 17th or 18th century AD onwards, traders from Sulawesi established extensive seasonal trade links with the Indigenous peoples of Kimberley region, the modern-day Northern Territory, and Arnhem Land.[11] They collected trepang (sea cucumber) for Chinese markets and introduced several goods and technologies to the Indigenous peoples.[11] There is significant evidence of contact with Makassan fishers in examples of Indigenous Australian rock art and bark painting of northern Australia, with the Makassan perahu a prominent feature.[12][13]

Colonial administration

With the coming of the British, there were four early attempts to settle the harsh environment of the northern coast, of which three failed in starvation and despair. The land now occupied by the Northern Territory was part of colonial New South Wales from 1825 to 1863, except for a brief time from February to December 1846, when it was part of the short-lived colony of North Australia. The Northern Territory was part of South Australia from 1863 to 1911, and under its administration the Overland Telegraph Line was constructed between 1870 and 1872.[14]

From its establishment in 1869, the Port Darwin was the major supply point for the Territory for many decades.[بحاجة لمصدر]

A railway was built between Palmerston and Pine Creek between 1883 and 1889 as part of the North Australia Railway. The economic pattern of cattle raising and mining was established so that by 1911 there were 513,000 cattle. Victoria River Downs Station, 686 كيلومتر (426 mi) west of Darwin,[15] was at one time the largest cattle station in the world.

Gold was found at Grove Hill in 1872 and at Pine Creek (in 1871), Brocks Creek, Burundi, and copper was found at Daly River.[16]

Federal territory

On 1 January 1911, a decade after Federation, the Northern Territory was separated from South Australia, alongside the Australian Capital Territory from NSW, and transferred to federal control. Alfred Deakin opined at this time "[t]o me the question has been not so much commercial as national, first, second, third and last. Either we must accomplish the peopling of the northern territory or submit to its transfer to some other nation."[17]

Letters Patent annexing the Northern Territory to South Australia, 1863

In late 1912 there was growing sentiment that the name "Northern Territory" was unsatisfactory.[18][19] The names "Kingsland" (after King George V and to correspond with Queensland), "Centralia" and "Territoria" were proposed with Kingsland becoming the preferred choice in 1913. However, the name change never went ahead.[20][21]

Division into North Australia and Central Australia

انظر أيضاً: List of massacres of Indigenous Australians

For a brief time between 1927 and 1931 the Northern Territory was divided into North Australia and Central Australia at the 20th parallel south. Soon after this time, parts of the Northern Territory were considered in the Kimberley Plan as a possible site for the establishment of a Jewish Homeland, understandably considered the "Unpromised Land".[22][23]

During the early 20th century, the southern part of the Territory was considered the "last frontier" of Australian settlement, where 'sympathetic whites' hoped that Aboriginal traditions would continue to be practised.[24] Conflicts arose due to the resource scarcity and the fragility of the cattle industry and the area was rife with Indigenous 'bush bandits' who speared cattle for food for want of employment by ranchers. This was exacerbated by a drought between 1925 and 1929 that led to the deaths of 85 per cent of the children at the Hermannsburg Mission in Central Australia. In the meantime, white attitudes towards Aboriginal people were paternalistic, torn between the desire to help them in times of hunger and the fear of "pauperizing" them and reducing their incentives to work.[24]

In the 1928 Coniston massacre, punitive expeditions were carried out by white colonists led by Northern Territory Police constable William George Murray in response to the murder of a dingo hunter, resulting in the deaths of dozens to hundreds of people of the Warlpiri, Anmatyerre, and Kaytetye groups.[25] This was one of many massacres of Aboriginal people in the region.[26]

Post-World War II

During World War II, most of the Top End was placed under military government. This is the only time since Federation that part of an Australian state or territory has been under military control. After the war, control for the entire area was handed back to the Commonwealth. The Bombing of Darwin occurred on 19 February 1942. It was the largest single attack ever mounted by a foreign power on Australia. Evidence of Darwin's World War II history is found at a variety of preserved sites in and around the city, including ammunition bunkers, airstrips, oil tunnels and museums. The port was damaged in the 1942 Japanese air raids. It was subsequently restored.[27]

In the late 1960s improved roads in adjoining States linking with the territory, port delays and rapid economic development led to uncertainty in port and regional infrastructure development. As a result of the Commission of Enquiry established by the Administrator,[28] port working arrangements were changed, berth investment deferred and a port masterplan prepared.[29] Extension of rail transport was then not considered because of low freight volumes.

Indigenous Australians had struggled for rights to fair wages and land. An important event in this struggle was the strike and walk off by the Gurindji people at Wave Hill Cattle Station in 1966. The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights (NTCAR) supported the strikers and provided publicity.[30] The Federal government of Gough Whitlam set up the Woodward Royal Commission in February 1973, to enquire into how land rights might be achieved in the Northern Territory. Justice Woodward's first report in July 1973 recommended that a Central Land Council and a Northern Land Council be established to present to him the views of Aboriginal people. A Land Rights Bill was drafted, and the Aboriginal Land Rights (Northern Territory) Act 1976 was passed by the Fraser government on 16 December 1976 and began operation on 26 January 1977).[31] The Northern Territory Council for Aboriginal Rights was disestablished in 1976.[30]

In 1974, from Christmas Eve to Christmas Day, Darwin was devastated by tropical Cyclone Tracy. Cyclone Tracy killed 71 people, caused A$837 million in damage (approximately A$6.85 billion اعتبارا من 2018)[32] and destroyed more than 70 per cent of Darwin's buildings, including 80 per cent of houses. Tracy left more than 41,000 out of the 47,000 inhabitants of the city homeless. The city was rebuilt with much-improved construction codes and is a modern, landscaped metropolis today.[بحاجة لمصدر]

In 1978 the Territory was granted Self Government with a Legislative Assembly headed by a Chief Minister.[33][34] The Administrator of the Northern Territory is another important position in the government and they act as the King's representative in the Territory and a part of their role is appointing the Chief Minister.[35] The Territory also publishes official notices in its own Government Gazette.[36]

In the 1980s, conservation-oriented areas in the Northern Territory such as Kakadu National Park and Uluru-Kata Tjuta National Park were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List for their mix of natural heritage and Aboriginal culture.

During 1995–96 the Northern Territory was briefly one of the few places in the world with legal voluntary euthanasia, until the Federal Parliament overturned the legislation.[37] Before the over-riding legislation was enacted, four people used the law supported by Dr Philip Nitschke.[38][39][40]

الجغرافيا

Northern Territory towns, settlements and road network.
المقالة الرئيسية: Geography of the Northern Territory
The northern coast of Australia is on the left with Melville Island in the lower right[41]

There are many very small settlements scattered across the Territory, but the larger population centres are located on the single paved road that links Darwin to southern Australia, the Stuart Highway, known to locals simply as "the track".

The Territory is home to many spectacular natural rock formations, including Uluru / Ayers Rock and Kata Tjuta / The Olgas in the Central Australian region and Kakadu National Park in the north. Each of these sites are sacred to the local Aboriginal people and which have become major International tourist attractions and recognised UNESCO World Heritage sites.[42][43]

The northern portion of the Territory is principally tropical savannas, composed of several distinct ecoregions – Arnhem Land tropical savanna, Carpentaria tropical savanna, Kimberley tropical savanna, Victoria Plains tropical savanna, and Mitchell Grass Downs. The southern portion of the Territory is covered in deserts and xeric shrublands, including the Great Sandy-Tanami desert, Simpson Desert, and Central Ranges xeric scrub.[بحاجة لمصدر]

There are also an extensive series of river systems in the Territory. These rivers include: the Alligator Rivers, Daly River, Finke River, McArthur River, Roper River, Todd River and Victoria River.[بحاجة لمصدر] The Hay River is a river south-west of Alice Springs, with the Marshall River, Arthur Creek, Camel Creek and Bore Creek flowing into it.[44]

المنتزهات الوطنية

المقالة الرئيسية: المناطق المحمية في الإقليم الشمالي (أستراليا)

المناخ

صورة ساتلية لنشاط الحريق في أستراليا الوسطى.
متوسط درجات
الحرارة في الإقليم الشمالي
الشهر داروين أليس سپرنگز
يناير 31.8 °س 36.3 °س
فبراير 31.4 °س 35.1 °س
مارس 31.9 °س 32.7 °س
أبريل 32.7 °س 28.2 °س
مايو 32.0 °س 23.0 °س
يونيو 30.6 °س 19.8 °س
يوليو 30.5 °س 19.7 °س
أغسطس 31.3 °س 22.6 °س
سبتمبر 32.5 °س 27.1 °س
أكتوبر 33.2 °س 30.9 °س
نوفمبر 33.2 °س 33.7 °س
ديسمبر 32.6 °س 35.4 °س
المصدر: مكتب الأرصاد الجوية


على الرغم من أن حوالي 80% من مساحة الإقليم الشمالي تقع في المنطقة المدارية، إلا أن الجزء الشمالي منه، المعروف باسم الطرف العلوي، والذي يمثل 25% فقط من مساحته، وحده يتسم بالخصائص المعروفة عن المناخ الذي يسود المناطق المدارية. وتتميز تلك المنطقة بغابات الساڤانا وتتناثر فيها بعض مناطق من الغابات الممطرة، أما في الجزء الشمال الشرقي منها فترتفع هضبة "أرنهم لاند" بشكل مفاجئ بدءً من السهل حتى تصل إلى خليج كارپنتاريا. وتتكون غالبية المنطقة الجنوبية من الإقليم، والتي تشكل 75% من مساحته الإجمالية، من صحراء أو سهول شبه جافة. المنطقة الجنوبية الغربية من الإقليم هي سلسلة جبال ماكدونل . أما الأنهار في المقاطعة فهي فيكتوريا ودالي وأدليد وروبر، وجميعها تصب في البحار الشمالية.

وتجدر الإشارة إلى أن المناخ السائد في منطقة الطرف العلوي، شأنه في ذلك شأن بقية المناطق الشمالية في أستراليا (في شمال كلا من أستراليا الغربية وكوينزلاند)، يتميز بأنه يجمع بين الجفاف والمطر، حيث يتفاوت الحد الأقصى لدرجات الحرارة بين 30 و34 درجة مئوية والحد الأدنى بين 19 و26 درجة مئوية، أما في وسط المنطقة، فيتميز المناخ بتقلب درجة الحرارة به بشكل كبير، حيث تهبط إلى ما دون درجة التجمد ليلا في فصل الشتاء وترتفع لتزيد عن 40 درجة في فصل الصيف. ولذا فإن أفضل الفترات المناسبة لزيارة كل من منطقة الوسط والجزء العلوي هي شهري يونيو ويوليو، مع إن المناخ يصبح لطيفاً جداً في منطقة الوسط بدءً من شهر أبريل.

ومن مظاهر الجمال التي يتميز بها الطرف العلوي في فصل الأمطار أن كل شيء يكتسي باللون الأخضر، وإن يكن ذلك مصحوبا بالعواصف الرعدية وبالتالي يقل نسبيا عدد زائريه من السياح. وبالنظر إلى أن ارتفاع درجة الحرارة الذي يصاحبه ارتفاع في مستوى الرطوبة النسبية يؤدي في بعض الأحيان إلى نشوء أوضاع مناخية لا يمكن احتمالها، لذلك يتم إغلاق بعض المنتزهات الوطنية بشكل كلي أو جزئي.

الحكومة

المقالة الرئيسية: حكومة الإقليم الشمالي
مبنى المجلس التشريعي في داروين.

البرلمان

المقالة الرئيسية: برلمان الإقليم الشمالي, المجلس التشريعي للإقليم الشمالي, and ولاية الإقليم الشمالي المقترحة

كبير الوزراء ومجلس الوزراء

الاداري

الحكومة الاتحادية

أطفال يلوحون بالأعلام أثناء مسيرة يوم أنزاس في پالمرستون.

الحكومة المحلية

مجالس أراضي السكان الأصليين


الديموغرافيا

انظر أيضاً: ديموغرافيا أستراليا
أعداد المقيمين التقديرية منذ 1981
أعداد السكان
في الإقليم الشمالي
1901 4,765
1956 19,556
1961 44,481
1974 102,924
1976 97,090
1981 122,616
1991 165,493
1996 181,843
2002 200,019
2006 192,900
2011 211,945
Source: Australian Bureau of Statistics
(Est Resident Pop)
أفق داروين.


صورة جوية ليولارا



الترتيب القسم/ المنطقة الإحصائية تعداد السكان 2008–2009 [45]
1 داروين 124,760
2 پالمرستون 30,005
3 أليس سپنگز 27,877
4 كاثرين 10,095
5 نولونباي 5,001
6 تنات كريك 3,558
7 واديه 2,394
8 جابيرو 1,327
9 يولارا 1,205

الدين

التعليم

مبنى الحرم الجامعي لجامعة تشارلز داروين.

المكتبات

الاقتصاد

انظر أيضاً: اقتصاد أستراليا
منجم رانجر ليورانيوم



النقل

انظر أيضاً: النقل في أستراليا
The Lasseter Highway connects Uluru (Ayers Rock) to the Stuart Highway.
The Ghan, which runs across the Territory from north to south, arriving at Alice Springs.


الإعلام

المطبوع

التلفزيون

الإذاعة

تقنيات الاتصالات

الرياضة

المقالة الرئيسية: الرياضة في الإقليم الشمالي

انظر أيضاً

الهوامش

المصادر

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المراجع

  • Hill, Ernestine. 1951. The Territory: The classic saga of Australia's far north. Angus & Robertson. Reprint: 1995. ISBN 0-207-18821-1
  • Govan, A. (2007) Broadband debate key to NT's future. N.T. Business Review, vol. N/A, no. N/A, p. 7
  • Morrison, P. (2000) a pilot implementation of internet access for remote aboriginal communities in the "Top end" Of Australia. Urban Studies, Vol. 37, No.10, pp. 1781–1792.
  • Toyne, P. (2002) Northern Territory Governments Response to the House of Representatives Communications, Information Technology & the Arts Committee inquiry into Wireless Broadband Communications. In N.T. GOVERNMENT (Ed.) (pp. 3). Darwin: Northern Territory Government.
  • Toyne, P. (2003) Remote Areas Telecommunications Strategy 2003–2008. In N. T. GOVERNMENT (Ed.) (pp. 1– 32). Darwin N.T. viewed 6 February 2008, <[2]>

وصلات خارجية

قالب:Energy in the Northern Territory


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