كانبرا

Coordinates: 35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694
(تم التحويل من كانبيرا)
هذا المقال هو عن عاصمة أستراليا. إذا كنت تريد الاستخدامات الأخرى، انظر كانبرا (توضيح).

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Canberra
Kanbarra (Ngunawal)
Australian Capital Territory
Canberra viewed from Mount Ainslie
كانبرا كما تبدو من جبل إينسلي
National Carillon
National Carillon
Australian War Memorial
Australian War Memorial
Black Mountain Tower
Telstra Tower
National Library of Australia
National Library of Australia
National Gallery of Australia
National Gallery of Australia
Old Parliament House & New Parliament House
Capital Hill and Old Parliament House
City map plan of Canberra
City map plan of Canberra
Canberra is located in أستراليا
Canberra
Canberra
Coordinates35°17′35″S 149°07′37″E / 35.29306°S 149.12694°E / -35.29306; 149.12694
Population473,855 (June 2024)[1] (8th)
 • Density503٫932/km2 (1،305.18/sq mi)
Established12 March 1913
Elevation578 m (1،896 ft)[2]
Area814٫2 km2 (314٫4 sq mi)[3]
Time zoneAEST (UTC+10:00)
 • Summer (DST)AEDT (UTC+11:00)
Location
Territory electorate(s)
Federal division(s)
Mean max temp Mean min temp Annual rainfall
20.4 °C
69 °F		 7.0 °C
45 °F		 579٫5 mm
22.8 in

كانبرا ( Canberra ؛ []ˈkænbrə[] KAN-brə؛ Ngunawal: Kanbarra)[10])، هي العاصمة الاتحادية القومية لأستراليا. تأسست عقب federation of the colonies of Australia as the seat of government for the new nation, it is Australia's largest inland city, and the eighth-largest Australian city by population. The city is located at the northern end of the Australian Capital Territory[11] at the northern tip of the Australian Alps, the country's highest mountain range. اعتبارا من June 2024 Canberra's estimated population was 473,855.[1]

ويبلغ عدد سكانها ما يزيد عن 332,000 نسمة. وتقع ضمن ولاية نيو ساوث ويلز التي عاصمتها مدينة سيدني.

The area chosen for the capital had been inhabited by Aboriginal Australians for up to 21,000 years,[12] by groups including the Ngunnawal and Ngambri.[13] European settlement commenced in the first half of the 19th century, as evidenced by surviving landmarks such as St John's Anglican Church and Blundells Cottage. On 1 January 1901, federation of the colonies of Australia was achieved. Following a long dispute over whether Sydney or Melbourne should be the national capital,[14] a compromise was reached: the new capital would be built in New South Wales, so long as it was at least 100 mi (160 km) from Sydney. The capital city was founded and formally named as Canberra in 1913. A plan by the American architects Walter Burley Griffin and Marion Mahony Griffin was selected after an international design contest, and construction commenced in 1913.[15][16] Unusual among Australian cities, it is an entirely planned city. The Griffins' plan featured geometric motifs and was centred on axes aligned with significant topographical landmarks such as Black Mountain, Mount Ainslie, Capital Hill and City Hill. Canberra's mountainous location makes it the only mainland Australian city where snow-capped mountains can be seen for much of the winter, although snow in the city itself is uncommon.

As the seat of the Government of Australia, Canberra is home to many important institutions of the federal government, national monuments and museums. These include Parliament House, Government House, the High Court building and the headquarters of numerous government agencies. It is the location of many social and cultural institutions of national significance such as the Australian War Memorial, the Australian National University, the Royal Australian Mint, the Australian Institute of Sport, the National Gallery, the National Museum and the National Library. The city is home to many important institutions of the Australian Defence Force including the Royal Military College Duntroon and the Australian Defence Force Academy. It hosts all foreign embassies in Australia as well as regional headquarters of many international organisations, not-for-profit groups, lobbying groups and professional associations.

Canberra has been ranked among the world's best cities to live in and visit.[17][18][19][20][21] Although the Commonwealth Government remains the largest single employer in Canberra, it is no longer the majority employer. Other major industries have developed in the city, including in health care, professional services, education and training, retail, accommodation and food, and construction.[22] Compared to the national averages, the unemployment rate is lower and the average income higher; tertiary education levels are higher, while the population is younger. At the 2021 Census, 28.7% of Canberra's inhabitants were reported as having been born overseas.[23]

Canberra's design is influenced by the garden city movement and incorporates significant areas of natural vegetation. Its design can be viewed from its highest point at the Telstra Tower and the summit of Mount Ainslie. Other notable features include the National Arboretum, born out of the 2003 Canberra bushfires, and Lake Burley Griffin, named for Walter Burley Griffin. Highlights in the annual calendar of cultural events include Floriade, the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere,[24][25] the Enlighten Festival, Skyfire, the National Multicultural Festival and Summernats. Canberra's main sporting venues are Canberra Stadium and Manuka Oval. The city is served with domestic and international flights at Canberra Airport, while interstate train and coach services depart from Canberra railway station and the Jolimont Centre respectively. City Interchange and Alinga Street station form the main hub of Canberra's bus and light rail transport network.

الاسم

The word "Canberra" is derived from the Ngunnawal language of a local Ngunnawal or Ngambri clan who resided in the area and were referred to by the early British colonists as either the Canberry, Kanberri or Nganbra tribe.[26][27] Joshua John Moore, the first European land-owner in the region, named his grant "Canberry" in 1823 after these people. "Canberry Creek" and "Canberry" first appeared on regional maps from 1830, while the derivative name "Canberra" started to appear from around 1857.[28][29][30] Other early recorded variants of the spelling include "Canbury" (potentially influenced by the settlement of the same name in England), "Canburry" and "Kembery".[31]

Numerous local commentators, including the Ngunnawal elder Don Bell, have speculated upon possible meanings of "Canberra" over the years. These include "meeting place", "woman's breasts" and "the hollow between a woman's breasts".[32][33]

Alternative proposals for the name of the city during its planning included Austral, Australville, Aurora, Captain Cook, Caucus City, Cookaburra, Dampier, Eden, Eucalypta, Flinders, Gonebroke, Home, Hopetoun, Kangaremu, Myola, Meladneyperbane, New Era, Olympus, Paradise, Shakespeare, Sydmelperadbrisho, Swindleville, The National City, Union City, Unison, Wattleton, Wheatwoolgold, Yass-Canberra.[34][35][36]

التاريخ

كان سكان أستراليا الأصليون يعيشون في منطقة كانبرا منذ أربعة آلاف سنة على الأقل. وقد اكتشف كهف يحتوي على رسومات حائطية في منطقة جدجنبي جنوبي مدينة كانبرا.

وزار المستكشفون الأوروبيون لأول مرة السهول الجيرية في شهر ديسمبر 1820. وقام جوسف وايلد مع تشارلز ثروزبي سميث، وهو جراح سابق في البحرية البريطانية، ومعهم جيمس نوجان بنصب خيامهم في نفس المكان الذي تقوم عليه المدينة الآن. وفي سنة 1821، زار ثروزبي ووايلد المنطقة مرة أخرى واكتشفا نهر مرمبيجي.[37]

وفي سنة 1824م، أقام جاشوا مور مزرعة لتربية المواشي بالقرب من الموقع الحالي لمستشفى كانبرا، التي أطلق عليها اسم كانبري اعتقادًا منه بأن ذلك هو الاسم الأصلي للمكان. ويعتقد أن كلمة كانبري تعني في لغة السكان الأصليين مكان اللِّقاء. وبعد تسعين عامًا، تحول الاسم مع الاستخدام إلى كانبرا، واختير اسمًا للعاصمة الوطنية.

وفي سنة 1900م، وافق البرلمان البريطاني على قانون دستور الكومنولث الأسترالي الذي نص على أن يكون للحكومة عضوية في المجلس التشريعي الفدرالي.

بعد سنوات من الخلاف والصراع، اختار س. آر. سكريفنز، وهو مسّاح مناطق ولاية نيو ساوث ويلز موقع كانبرا في عام 1908م. وفي 1 يناير 1911م، تمّ ميلاد إقليم أستراليا الأساسي. وفي 1915م، قدمت ولاية نيو ساوث ويلز منطقة تبلغ مساحتها 73 كم² على الساحل عند خليج جافاز لاستخدامها ميناءً للعاصمة الفيدرالية.

أعلنت الحكومة الفدرالية في 1911 عن مسابقة عالمية لتصميم العاصمة الوطنية، ومن بين العروض المقدمة والتي بلغ عددها 137 عرضًا، تم منح المهندس المعماري الأمريكي والتر برلي گريفن Walter Burley Griffin وهو مهندس مناظر معماري من مدينة شيكاغو الجائزة الأولى وقدرها 1,750 جنيهًا أستراليًا، وقامت لجنة وزارية عينتها الحكومة بتغيير خطة جريفين واقترحت أخرى خاصة بها، تبنتها الحكومة في 10 يناير 1913. وشرع وزير الشؤون الداخلية كينج أومالي في الشهر التالي في أعمال البناء. وفي يوم 12 مارس 1913، أطلقت السيدة زوجة الحاكم العام حينئذ، دينمان ، اسم كانبرا رسميًا على العاصمة الوطنية.[37]

وفي نهاية عام 1913، وصل والتر بيرلي جريفين إلى أستراليا وقبل وظيفة مدير العاصمة الفيدرالية للتصميم والتعمير. وأعيد قبول خطته وأُسْقِطَت الخطة الوزارية. وفي عام 1920م، قطع والتر بيرلي جريفين صلته بتخطيط كانبرا إلا أنه كان قد أكمل بالفعل قواعد خطته وأقامت الحكومة عندئذ اللجنة الاستشارية للعاصمة الوطنية تحت رئاسة المعماري السير جون سولمان. وفي عام 1925، عينت الحكومة جهازًا آخر للتخطيط، وهي لجنة العاصمة الفدرالية والتي رأسها المهندس السير جون بتارز. ونمت مدينة كانبرا بسرعة.

وبدأت الحكومة في نقل الموظفين الحكوميين من ملبورن. وفي عام 1930، تم حل لجنة العاصمة الفيدرالية، ومع الكساد توقفت تقريبًا أعمال البناء.

في عام 1941، تم الانتهاء من إقامة النصب التذكاري الحربي الأسترالي. وبدأت الحكومة عام 1948 في نقل المزيد من الموظفين الحكوميين من ملبورن وتم إنشاء لجنة تنمية العاصمة الوطنية عام 1958، التي قررت بناء البحيرات على نهر مولونجلو، التي كانت من معالم خطة والتر بيرلي جريفين. وقد تم بناء بحيرة بيرلي جريفين في أوائل الستينيات وتبعتها بحيرة جينْيندار في السبعينيات من القرن العشرين.

وفي عام 1980، قام ستة من القضاة باختيار تصميم ريتشارد ثورب لمبنى البرلمان الجديد الذي يقع على تل مرتفع خلف مبنى البرلمان القديم. وقامت الملكة إليزابيث الثانية بافتتاح مبنى البرلمان الجديد يوم 9 مايو عام 1988، في أثناء احتفالات الذكرى المائتين لأستراليا.

Two of Canberra's best-known landmarks, Parliament House and Old Parliament House (foreground). Commonwealth Place runs alongside the lake and includes the International Flag Display. Questacon is on the right

الجغرافيا

تقع كانبرا شمال أستراليا، 300 كم جنوب غرب سيدني و 650 كم شمال شرق ملبورن. وقد تمّ اختيارها عاصمة لأستراليا في 1908 وذلك نظرا لموقعها بين أكبر مدينتين، سيدني وملبورن.

تقع كانبرا على ارتفاع 600م فوق مستوى سطح البحر، فوق المنحدرات الدنيا من المرتفعات الشرقية الأسترالية، وتبعد عن شاطئ المحيط الهادئ غرباً نحو 145كم. وعن سدني نحو 306 كم، وتبعد عن ملبورن نحو 600 كم. يمرّ فيها خط العرض 20 َ 30 ْ جنوب خط الاستواء، وخط طول 143 ْ شرق گرينتش. وتشغل المدينة مساحة نحو 600كم²، في حين يغطي إقليم العاصمة الاسترالية نحو 2359كم²،ممتداً على المدن المجاورة الملاصقة لها.

The location of Canberra within the ACT, Canberra's seven districts are shown in yellow, they are North Canberra, South Canberra, Woden Valley, Belconnen, Weston Creek, Tuggeranong, and Gungahlin

المناخ

Autumn foliage في كانبرا

يسود كانبرا مناخ حار صيفاً معتدل مائل للبرودة شتاء، إذ إن متوسط حرارة أبرد شهور السنة تموز/يوليو يبلغ نحو 5.4 ْم، ويبلغ متوسط حرارة أحر الشهور فبراير نحو 20°م. والهطل في المدينة دائم طوال السنة، مع تركيز معظمه في نصف السنة الصيفي نوفمبر - أبريل الذي يكون على شكل أمطار تسببها الرياح البحرية الرطبة القادمة من الضغط المرتفع فوق المحيط الهادي، في حين تهطل أمطار الشتاء بفعل المنخفضات الجوية المدفوعة بالرياح الغربية، ولا تزيد نسبتها على 35%، لوقوع كانبرا في ظل الجبال. يهطل الثلج شتاء مرات عدة، ويبلغ معدل الهطل السنوي نحو 640مم، وتغطي الثلوج الجبال غربي كانبرا شتاء مما يعطي منظراً غربياً جميلاً، يضاف إلى منظر الغابات الجبلية، بعد تحرر الأرض من ثلوجها.

تتمتع كانبرا بفصول السنة الأربعة وذلك لقربها من الشاطئ ، مثلها مثل معظم المدن الأسترالية الساحلية. والطقس بصفة عامة طقس معتدل بارد في الشتاء ، حار جاف صيفا. ونادرا ما يسقط بعض الثلوج في الشتاء. [38]

Under the Köppen-Geiger classification, Canberra has an oceanic climate (Cfb).[39] In January, the warmest month, the average high is approximately 29 °C (84 °F); in July, the coldest month, the average high drops to approximately 12 °C (54 °F).

Frost is common in the winter months. Snow is rare in the CBD (central business district) due to being on the leeward (eastern) side of the dividing range, but the surrounding areas get annual snowfall through winter and often the snow-capped Brindabella Range can be seen from the CBD. The last significant snowfall in the city centre was in 1968.[40] Canberra is often affected by foehn winds, especially in winter and spring, evident by its anomalously warm maxima relative to altitude.

The highest recorded maximum temperature was 44.0 °C (111.2 °F) on 4 January 2020.[41] Winter 2011 was Canberra's warmest winter on record, approximately 2 °C (4 °F) above the average temperature.[42]

Long-term temperature increase in Canberra

The lowest recorded minimum temperature was −10.0 °C (14.0 °F) on the morning of 11 July 1971.[40] Light snow falls only once in every few years, and is usually not widespread and quickly dissipates.[40]

Canberra is protected from the west by the Brindabellas which create a strong rain shadow in Canberra's valleys.[40] Canberra gets 100.4 clear days annually.[43] Annual rainfall is the third lowest of the capital cities (after Adelaide and Hobart)[44] and is spread fairly evenly over the seasons, with late spring bringing the highest rainfall.[45] Thunderstorms occur mostly between October and April,[40] owing to the effect of summer and the mountains. The area is generally sheltered from a westerly wind, though strong northwesterlies can develop. A cool, vigorous afternoon easterly change, colloquially referred to as a 'sea-breeze' or the 'Braidwood Butcher',[46][47] is common during the summer months[48] and often exceeds 40 km/h in the city. Canberra is also less humid than the nearby coastal areas.[40]

Canberra was severely affected by smoke haze during the 2019/2020 bushfires. On 1 January 2020, Canberra had the worst air quality of any major city in the world, with an AQI of 7700 (USAQI 949).[49]

بيانات المناخ لـ مقارنة مطار كانبرا (1991–2010 averages, extremes 1939–2023); 578 m AMSL; 35.30° S, 149.20° E
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 44.0
(111.2) 		42.7
(108.9) 		37.5
(99.5) 		32.6
(90.7) 		24.5
(76.1) 		20.1
(68.2) 		19.7
(67.5) 		24.0
(75.2) 		30.2
(86.4) 		32.7
(90.9) 		39.9
(103.8) 		41.6
(106.9) 		44.0
(111.2)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 28.8
(83.8) 		27.8
(82.0) 		24.9
(76.8) 		20.7
(69.3) 		16.6
(61.9) 		12.9
(55.2) 		12.1
(53.8) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.8
(62.2) 		20.1
(68.2) 		23.4
(74.1) 		26.5
(79.7) 		20.4
(68.7)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 21.4
(70.5) 		20.8
(69.4) 		17.9
(64.2) 		13.7
(56.7) 		10.0
(50.0) 		7.3
(45.1) 		6.2
(43.2) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.4
(56.1) 		16.5
(61.7) 		19.3
(66.7) 		13.7
(56.7)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 14.0
(57.2) 		13.8
(56.8) 		10.9
(51.6) 		6.6
(43.9) 		3.4
(38.1) 		1.6
(34.9) 		0.3
(32.5) 		1.2
(34.2) 		4.0
(39.2) 		6.7
(44.1) 		9.6
(49.3) 		12.1
(53.8) 		7.0
(44.6)
متوسط الدنيا °س (°ف) 7.7
(45.9) 		7.7
(45.9) 		4.1
(39.4) 		−0.3
(31.5) 		−3.1
(26.4) 		−5.0
(23.0) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−4.7
(23.5) 		−2.2
(28.0) 		−0.1
(31.8) 		2.2
(36.0) 		5.3
(41.5) 		−5.9
(21.4)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) 1.6
(34.9) 		2.8
(37.0) 		−1.1
(30.0) 		−3.7
(25.3) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−10.0
(14.0) 		−8.5
(16.7) 		−6.9
(19.6) 		−3.4
(25.9) 		−1.8
(28.8) 		0.3
(32.5) 		−10.0
(14.0)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 61.3
(2.41) 		55.2
(2.17) 		37.6
(1.48) 		27.3
(1.07) 		31.5
(1.24) 		50.0
(1.97) 		44.3
(1.74) 		43.1
(1.70) 		55.8
(2.20) 		50.9
(2.00) 		68.4
(2.69) 		54.1
(2.13) 		579.5
(22.81)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.2 mm) 6.8 6.7 5.7 5.4 6.3 9.7 10.0 8.5 9.8 9.1 10.2 7.2 95.4
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية بعد الظهر (%) 37 40 42 46 54 60 58 52 49 47 41 37 47
متوسط نقطة الندى °س (°ف) 8.6
(47.5) 		9.8
(49.6) 		8.5
(47.3) 		6.4
(43.5) 		5.0
(41.0) 		3.5
(38.3) 		2.3
(36.1) 		2.1
(35.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		5.4
(41.7) 		6.3
(43.3) 		6.9
(44.4) 		5.7
(42.3)
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 294.5 254.3 251.1 219.0 186.0 156.0 179.8 217.0 231.0 266.6 267.0 291.4 2٬813٫7
Source 1: Climate averages for Canberra Airport Comparison (1939–2010); averages given are for 1991–2010[43][50][51]
Source 2: Records from Canberra Airport for more recent extremes[52]

البنية الحضرية

المقالة الرئيسية: ضواحي كانبرا
Inner Canberra demonstrates some aspects of the Griffin plan, in particular the Parliamentary Triangle.
An aerial view of the Civic Centre from Mount Ainslie

Canberra is a planned city and the inner-city area was originally designed by Walter Burley Griffin, a major 20th-century American architect.[53] Within the central area of the city near Lake Burley Griffin, major roads follow a wheel-and-spoke pattern rather than a grid.[54] Griffin's proposal had an abundance of geometric patterns, including concentric hexagonal and octagonal streets emanating from several radii.[54] However, the outer areas of the city, built later, are not laid out geometrically.[55]

Lake Burley Griffin was deliberately designed so that the orientation of the components was related to various topographical landmarks in Canberra.[56][57] The lakes stretch from east to west and divided the city in two; a land axis perpendicular to the central basin stretches from Capital Hill—the eventual location of the new Parliament House on a mound on the southern side—north northeast across the central basin to the northern banks along Anzac Parade to the Australian War Memorial.[58] This was designed so that looking from Capital Hill, the War Memorial stood directly at the foot of Mount Ainslie. At the southwestern end of the land axis was Bimberi Peak,[57] the highest mountain in the ACT, approximately 52 km (32 mi) south west of Canberra.[59]

The straight edge of the circular segment that formed the central basin of Lake Burley Griffin was perpendicular to the land axis and designated the water axis, and it extended northwest towards Black Mountain.[57] A line parallel to the water axis, on the northern side of the city, was designated the municipal axis.[60] The municipal axis became the location of Constitution Avenue, which links City Hill in Civic Centre and both Market Centre and the Defence precinct on Russell Hill. Commonwealth Avenue and Kings Avenue were to run from the southern side from Capital Hill to City Hill and Market Centre on the north respectively, and they formed the western and eastern edges of the central basin. The area enclosed by the three avenues was known as the Parliamentary Triangle, and formed the centrepiece of Griffin's work.[57][60]

Black Mountain with the landmark Telstra Tower on the right and the National Arboretum in the foreground

The Griffins assigned spiritual values to Mount Ainslie, Black Mountain, and Red Hill and originally planned to cover each of these in flowers. That way each hill would be covered with a single, primary colour which represented its spiritual value.[61] This part of their plan never came to fruition, as World War I slowed construction and planning disputes led to Griffin's dismissal by Prime Minister Billy Hughes after the war ended.[62][63][64]

The urban areas of Canberra are organised into a hierarchy of districts, town centres, group centres, local suburbs as well as other industrial areas and villages. There are seven residential districts, each of which is divided into smaller suburbs, and most of which have a town centre which is the focus of commercial and social activities.[65] The districts were settled in the following chronological order:

The Canberra Central district is substantially based on Walter Burley Griffin's designs.[57][60][70] In 1967 the then National Capital Development Commission adopted the "Y Plan" which laid out future urban development in Canberra around a series of central shopping and commercial area known as the 'town centres' linked by freeways, the layout of which roughly resembled the shape of the letter Y,[71] with Tuggeranong at the base of the Y and Belconnen and Gungahlin located at the ends of the arms of the Y.[71]

Development in Canberra has been closely regulated by government,[72][73] both through planning processes and the use of crown lease terms that have tightly limited the use of parcels of land. Land in the ACT is held on 99-year crown leases from the national government, although most leases are now administered by the Territory government.[74] There have been persistent calls for constraints on development to be liberalised,[73] but also voices in support of planning consistent with the original 'bush capital' and 'urban forest' ideals that underpin Canberra's design.[75]

Many of Canberra's suburbs are named after former Prime Ministers, famous Australians, early settlers, or use Aboriginal words for their title.[76] Street names typically follow a particular theme; for example, the streets of Duffy are named after Australian dams and reservoirs, the streets of Dunlop are named after Australian inventions, inventors and artists and the streets of Page are named after biologists and naturalists.[76] Most diplomatic missions are located in the suburbs of Yarralumla, Deakin, and O'Malley.[77] There are three light industrial areas: the suburbs of Fyshwick, Mitchell, and Hume.[78]

Panorama of Canberra and Lake Burley Griffin set against the backdrop of distant New South Wales, taken from the Telstra Tower
المعالم، متجهين جنوباً من جبل إينسلي
War Memorial
Anzac Parade
Old Parliament House
New Parliament House
National Gallery
High Court
Questacon
National Library
Edmund Barton Building
Brindabella Ranges
Lovett Tower
Ben Chifley Building
Lake Burley Griffin
Limestone Avenue
Fairbairn Avenue
Parkes Way
R G Casey Building
John Gorton Building
19
King Edward Terrace
20
Presbyterian Church of Saint Andrew
St John's Anglican Church

الاستدامة والبيئة

Floriade is held in Commonwealth Park every spring. It is the largest flower festival in the Southern Hemisphere, employing and encouraging environmental practises, including the use of green energy.[79]

The average Canberran was responsible for 13.7 tonnes of greenhouse gases in 2005.[80] In 2012, the ACT Government legislated greenhouse gas targets to reduce its emissions by 40 per cent from 1990 levels by 2020, 80 per cent by 2050, with no net emissions by 2060.[81] The government announced in 2013 a target for 90% of electricity consumed in the ACT to be supplied from renewable sources by 2020,[82] and in 2016 set an ambitious target of 100% by 2020.[83][84]

In 1996, Canberra became the first city in the world to set a vision of no waste, proposing an ambitious target of 2010 for completion.[85] The strategy aimed to achieve a waste-free society by 2010, through the combined efforts of industry, government and community.[86] By early 2010, it was apparent that though it had reduced waste going to landfill, the ACT initiative's original 2010 target for absolutely zero landfill waste would be delayed or revised to meet the reality.[87][88]

Plastic bags made of polyethylene polymer with a thickness of less than 35 μm were banned from retail distribution in the ACT from November 2011.[89][90][91] The ban was introduced by the ACT Government in an effort to make Canberra more sustainable.[90]

Of all waste produced in the ACT, 75 per cent is recycled.[92] Average household food waste in the ACT remains above the Australian average, costing an average $641 per household per annum.[93]

Canberra's annual Floriade festival features a large display of flowers every Spring in Commonwealth Park. The organisers of the event have a strong environmental standpoint, promoting and using green energy, "green catering", sustainable paper, the conservation and saving of water.[79] The event is also smoke-free.[79]

الحكومة والسياسة

الحكومة الإقليمية

انظر أيضاً: Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly and Electoral systems of the Australian states and territories
ACT Legislative Assembly
and the statue Ethos (Tom Bass, 1961)

There is no local council or city government for the city of Canberra. The Australian Capital Territory Legislative Assembly performs the roles of both a city council for the city and a territory government for the rest of the Australian Capital Territory.[94] However, the vast majority of the population of the Territory reside in Canberra and the city is therefore the primary focus of the ACT Government.

The assembly consists of 25 members elected from five districts using proportional representation. The five districts are Brindabella, Ginninderra, Kurrajong, Murrumbidgee and Yerrabi, which each elect five members.[95] The Chief Minister is elected by the Members of the Legislative Assembly (MLA) and selects colleagues to serve as ministers alongside him or her in the Executive, known informally as the cabinet.[94]

Whereas the ACT has federally been dominated by Labor,[96][97] the Liberals have been able to gain some footing in the ACT Legislative Assembly and were in government during a period of 6+1⁄2 years from 1995 and 2001. Labor took back control of the Assembly in 2001.[98] At the 2004 election, Chief Minister Jon Stanhope and the Labor Party won 9 of the 17 seats allowing them to form the ACT's first majority government.[98] Since 2008, the ACT has been governed by a coalition of Labor and the Greens.[98][99][100] اعتبارا من 2022, the Chief Minister was Andrew Barr from the Australian Labor Party.

The Australian federal government retains some influence over the ACT government. In the administrative sphere, most frequently this is through the actions of the National Capital Authority which is responsible for planning and development in areas of Canberra which are considered to be of national importance or which are central to Griffin's plan for the city,[101] such as the Parliamentary Triangle, Lake Burley Griffin, major approach and processional roads, areas where the Commonwealth retains ownership of the land or undeveloped hills and ridge-lines (which form part of the Canberra Nature Park).[101][102][103] The national government also retains a level of control over the Territory Assembly through the provisions of the Australian Capital Territory (Self-Government) Act 1988.[104] This federal act defines the legislative power of the ACT assembly.[105]

التمثيل الاتحادي

The ACT was given its first federal parliamentary representation in 1949 when it gained a seat in the House of Representatives, the Division of Australian Capital Territory.[106][107] However, until 1966, the ACT member could only vote on matters directly affecting the territory and did not count for purposes of forming government.[107] In 1974, the ACT was allocated two Senate seats and the House of Representatives seat was divided into two.[106] A third was created in 1996, but was abolished in 1998 because of changes to the regional demographic distribution.[96] At the 2019 election, the third seat has been reintroduced as the Division of Bean.

The House of Representatives seats have mostly been held by Labor and usually by comfortable margins.[96][97] The Labor Party has polled at least seven percentage points more than the Liberal Party at every federal election since 1990 and their average lead since then has been 15 percentage points.[98] The ALP and the Liberal Party held one Senate seat each until the 2022 election when Independent candidate David Pocock unseated the Liberal candidate Zed Seselja.[108]

القضاء والشرطة

المقالة الرئيسية: Magistrates Court of the Australian Capital Territory, Supreme Court of the Australian Capital Territory, and ACT Policing
انظر أيضاً: Crime in the Australian Capital Territory
High Court of Australia

The Australian Federal Police (AFP) provides all of the constabulary services in the territory in a manner similar to state police forces, under a contractual agreement with the ACT Government.[109] The AFP does so through its community policing arm ACT Policing.[110]

People who have been charged with offences are tried either in the ACT Magistrates Court or, for more severe offences, the ACT Supreme Court.[111] Prior to its closure in 2009, prisoners were held in remand at the Belconnen Remand Centre in the ACT but usually imprisoned in New South Wales.[112] The Alexander Maconochie Centre was officially opened on 11 September 2008 by then Chief Minister Jon Stanhope. The total cost for construction was $130 million.[113] The ACT Civil and Administrative Tribunal deal with minor civil law actions and other various legal matters.[114][115]

Canberra has the lowest rate of crime of any capital city in Australia اعتبارا من 2019.[116] اعتبارا من 2016, the most common crimes in the ACT were property related crimes, unlawful entry with intent and motor vehicle theft. They affected 2,304 and 966 people (580 and 243 per 100,000 persons respectively). Homicide and related offences—murder, attempted murder and manslaughter, but excluding driving causing death and conspiracy to murder—affect 1.0 per 100,000 persons, which is below the national average of 1.9 per 100,000. Rates of sexual assault (64.4 per 100,000 persons) are also below the national average (98.5 per 100,000).[117][118][119] However the 2017 crime statistics showed a rise in some types of personal crime, notably burglaries, thefts and assaults.

الاقتصاد

Just under a third of Canberrans are employed in the public sector, working in government departments such as the ACT Government

In February 2020, the unemployment rate in Canberra was 2.9% which was lower than the national unemployment rate of 5.1%.[120] As a result of low unemployment and substantial levels of public sector and commercial employment, Canberra has the highest average level of disposable income of any Australian capital city.[121] The gross average weekly wage in Canberra is $1827 compared with the national average of $1658 (November 2019).[122]

The Civic is home to various administrative departments, such as the Department of Education, Skills and Employment

The median house price in Canberra as of February 2020 was $745,000, lower than only Sydney among capital cities of more than 100,000 people, having surpassed Melbourne and Perth since 2005.[122][123][124] The median weekly rent paid by Canberra residents is higher than rents in all other states and territories.[125] As of January 2014 the median unit rent in Canberra was $410 per week and median housing rent was $460, making the city the third most expensive in the country.[126] Factors contributing to this higher weekly rental market include; higher average weekly incomes, restricted land supply,[127] and inflationary clauses in the ACT Residential Tenancies Act.[128]

Bunda Street in Canberra's shopping district; tourism, retail and hospitality are also major employers.

The city's main industry is public administration and safety, which accounted for 27.1% of Gross Territory Product in 2018-19 and employed 32.49% of Canberra's workforce.[129][22] The headquarters of many Australian Public Service agencies are located in Canberra, and Canberra is also host to several Australian Defence Force establishments, most notably the Australian Defence Force headquarters and إتش‌إم‌إيه‌إس Harman, which is a naval communications centre that is being converted into a tri-service, multi-user depot.[130] Other major sectors by employment include Health Care (10.54%), Professional Services (9.77%), Education and Training (9.64%), Retail (7.27%), Accommodation & Food (6.39%) and Construction (5.80%).

[22]

A growing number of Canberrans work in the science and technology sector, such as at the Canberra Deep Space Communication Complex.

The former RAAF Fairbairn, adjacent to the Canberra Airport was sold to the operators of the airport,[131] but the base continues to be used for RAAF VIP flights.[132][133] A growing number of software vendors have based themselves in Canberra, to capitalise on the concentration of government customers; these include Tower Software and RuleBurst.[134][135] A consortium of private and government investors is making plans for a billion-dollar data hub, with the aim of making Canberra a leading centre of such activity in the Asia-Pacific region.[136] A Canberra Cyber Security Innovation Node was established in 2019 to grow the ACT's cyber security sector and related space, defence and education industries.[137]

السكان

Blundells' Cottage, built around 1860, is one of the few remaining buildings built by the first European settlers of Canberra
Opening of Parliament House in May 1927

يبلغ عدد سكان مدينة كانبرا نحو 300 ألف نسمة، في حين يصل عدد سكان إقليمها إلى 500 ألف نسمة تقريباً لعام 2004. وتعدّ كانبرا مدينة الشباب، إذ يشكل السكان الذين تقل أعمارهم على 18 سنة نحو 40% من إجمالي سكانها، والذين تزيد أعمارهم على 65 سنة يشكّلون نحو 3% فقط. ويسجل معدل النمو السنوي للسكان في مدينة كانبرا أكبر معدل في أستراليا، بسبب تيار الهجرة الكبيرة من الريف والمدن الأخرى نحوها، ولغلبة من هم في سن الشباب. ويحمل ما يقارب من 15% من السكان الذين أعمارهم فوق 25 سنة، شهادات جامعية. يعمل نحو ثلث القوة العاملة من السكان موظفين في الإدارات العامة والدفاع، والخمس في الخدمات الاجتماعية، ونحو 38% في وظائف غير حكومية. وربع الطلاب يتعلّمون في مدارس خاصة تديرها الكنيسة الكاثوليكية. وفي كانبرا الجامعة الوطنية الأسترالية، والعديد من الكليات والمعاهد المتخصصة.

المعالم

تضم كانبرا القاعة الوطنية الأسترالية للفنون، ومكتبة وطنية تحتوي ما يقارب من مليوني كتاب، والمتحف الحربي الذي يعدّ من أشهر معالمها السياحية، وحديقة للحيوان ودار صك العملة الملكية الأسترالية، ومعرض تخطيط المدينة، ودارَ الحكومة الذي شيد عام 1891م كبيت ريفي آنذاك، وفيها الكلية الحربية الملكية والبرلمان ومجموعة من الحدائق النباتية ومتحف وطني للأعشاب.

انظر أيضا

A rugby league match at Canberra Stadium

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