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The decay of a kaon (Error no symbol defined) into three pions (2 Error no symbol defined, 1 Error no symbol defined) is a process that involves both weak and strong interactions.

Weak interactions: The strange antiquark (Error no symbol defined) of the kaon transmutes into an up antiquark (Error no symbol defined) by the emission of a Error no symbol defined boson; the Error no symbol defined boson subsequently decays into a down antiquark (Error no symbol defined) and an up quark (Error no symbol defined).

Strong interactions: An up quark (Error no symbol defined) emits a gluon (Error no symbol defined) which decays into a down quark (Error no symbol defined) and a down antiquark (Error no symbol defined).

This list is of all known and predicted scalar, pseudoscalar and vector mesons. See list of particles for a more detailed list of particles found in particle physics.

This article contains a list of mesons, unstable subatomic particles composed of one quark and one antiquark. They are part of the hadron particle family—particles made of quarks. The other members of the hadron family are the baryons—subatomic particles composed of three quarks. The main difference between mesons and baryons is that mesons have integer spin (thus are bosons) while baryons are fermions (half-integer spin). Because mesons are bosons, the Pauli exclusion principle does not apply to them. Because of this, they can act as force mediating particles on short distances, and thus play a part in processes such as the nuclear interaction.

Since mesons are composed of quarks, they participate in both the weak and strong interactions. Mesons with net electric charge also participate in the electromagnetic interaction. They are classified according to their quark content, total angular momentum, parity, and various other properties such as C-parity and G-parity. While no meson is stable, those of lower mass are nonetheless more stable than the most massive mesons, and are easier to observe and study in particle accelerators or in cosmic ray experiments. They are also typically less massive than baryons, meaning that they are more easily produced in experiments, and will exhibit higher-energy phenomena sooner than baryons would. For example, the charm quark was first seen in the J/Psi meson (Error no symbol defined) in 1974, and the bottom quark in the upsilon meson (Error no symbol defined) in 1977. The top quark (the last and heaviest quark to be discovered to date) was first observed at Fermilab in 1995.

Each meson has a corresponding antiparticle (antimeson) where quarks are replaced by their corresponding antiquarks and vice versa. For example, a positive pion (Error no symbol defined) is made of one up quark and one down antiquark; and its corresponding antiparticle, the negative pion (Error no symbol defined), is made of one up antiquark and one down quark. Although tetraquarks with two quarks and two antiquarks can be considered mesons they are not listed here.

The symbols encountered in these lists are: P (parity), C (C-parity), G (G-parity), u (up quark), d (down quark), s (strange quark), c (charm quark), b (bottom quark), I (isospin), J (total angular momentum), Q (charge), B (baryon number), S (strangeness), C (charm), and B′ (bottomness), as well as a wide array of subatomic particles (hover mouse for name).

 Summary table

Because this table was initially derived from published results and many of those results were preliminary, as many as 64 of the mesons in the following table may not exist or have the wrong mass or quantum numbers.

Nomenclature of flavourless mesons

qq content	I	JPC
		0−+, 2−+, 4−+, ...	1+−, 3+−, 5+−, ...	1−−, 2−−, 3−−, ...	0++, 1++, 2++, ...
ud $\mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}}$ du	1	π+ π0 π−	b+ b0 b−	ρ+ ρ0 ρ−	a+ a0 a−
Mix of uu, dd, ss	0	η η′	h h′	ω φ	f f′
cc	0	ηc	hc	ψ	χc
bb	0	ηb	hb	ϒ	χb
tt	0	ηt	ht	θ	χt

Nomenclature of flavoured mesons

Quark	Antiquark
	up	down	charm	strange	top	bottom
up	N/A		D0	K+	T0	B+
down		N/A	D−	K0	T−	B0
charm	D0	D+	N/A	D+s	T0c	B+c
strange	K−	K0	D−s	N/A	T−s	B0s
top	T0	T+	T0c	T+s	N/A	T+b
bottom	B−	B0	B−c	B0s	T−b	N/A

Meson summary table

Light unflavoured (S = C = B = 0)				Strange (S = ±1, C = B = 0)		Charmed, strange (C = S = ±1)		cc
	IG(JPC)		IG(JPC)		I(JP)		I(JP)		IG(JPC)
π±	1−(0−)	Φ(1680)	0−(1−−)	K±	1/2(0−)	D± s	0(0−)	η c(1S)	0+(0−+)
π0	1−(0−+)	ρ 3(1690)	1+(3−−)	K0	1/2(0−)	D*± s	0(1−)	J/ψ(1S)	0−(1−−)
η	0+(0−+)	ρ(1700)	1+(1−−)	K0 S	1/2(0−)	D* s0(2317)±	0(0+)	χ c0(1P)	0+(0++)
f 0(500)	0+(0++)	a 2(1700)	1−(2++)	K0 L	1/2(0−)	D s1(2460)±	0(1+)	χ c1(1P)	0+(1++)
ρ(770)	1+(1−−)	f0(1710)	0+(0++)	K* 0(800)	1/2(0+)	D s1(2536)±	0(1+)	h c(1P)	0−(1+−)
ω(782)	0−(1−−)	η(1760)	0+(0−+)	K*(892)	1/2(1−)	D* s2(2573)	0(2+)	χ c2(1P)	0+(2++)
η′ (958)	0+(0−+)	π(1800)	1−(0−+)	K 1(1270)	1/2(1+)	D* s1(2700)±	0(1−)	η c(2S)	0+(0−+)
f 0(980)	0+(0++)	f 2(1810)	0+(2++)	K 1(1400)	1/2(1+)	D* s3(2860)±	0(3−)	ψ(2S)	0−(1−−)
a 0(980)	1−(0++)	X(1835)	0+(0−+)	K*(1410)	1/2(1−)	D sJ(3040)±	0(??)	ψ(3770)	0−(1−−)
φ(1020)	0−(1−−)	φ 3(1850)	0−(3−−)	K* 0(1430)	1/2(0+)	Bottom (B = ±1)		ψ 2(3823)	0−(2−−)
h 1(1170)	0−(1+−)	η 1(1855)	0+(2−+)	K* 2(1430)	1/2(2+)			χ c1(3872)	0+(1++)
b 1(1235)	1+(1+−)	η 2(1870)	0+(2−+)	K(1460)	1/2(0−)	B±	1/2(0−)	X(3900)±	?(1+)
a 1(1260)	1−(1++)	π 2(1880)	1−(2−+)	K 2(1580)	1/2(2−)	B0	1/2(0−)	X(3900)0	?(??)
f 2(1270)	0+(2++)	ρ(1900)	1+(1−−)	K(1630)	1/2(??)	B±/B0 Admixture		χ c0(2P)	0+(0++)
f 1(1285)	0+(1++)	f 2(1910)	0+(2++)	K 1(1650)	1/2(1+)	B±/B0/B0 s/b-baryon Admixture		χ c2(2P)	0+(2++)
η(1295)	0+(0−+)	f 2(1950)	0+(2++)	K*(1680)	1/2(1−)			X(3940)	??(???)
π(1300)	1−(0−+)	ρ 3(1990)	1+(3−−)	K 2(1770)	1/2(2−)	Vcb and Vub CKM Matrix Admixture		X(4020)±	?(??)
a 2(1320)	1−(2++)	f 2(2010)	0+(2++)	K* 3(1780)	1/2(3−)			ψ(4040)	0−(1−−)
f 0(1370)	0+(0++)	f 0(2020)	0+(0++)	K 2(1820)	1/2(2−)	B*	1/2(1−)	X(4050)±	?(??)
h 1(1415)	0−(1+−)	a 4(1970)	1−(4++)	K(1830)	1/2(0−)	B* J(5732)	?(??)	X(4140)	0+(??+)
π 1(1400)	1−(1−+)	f 4(2050)	0+(4++)	K* 0(1950)	1/2(0+)	B 1(5721)0	1/2(1+)	ψ(4160)	0−(1−−)
η(1405)	0+(0−+)	π 2(2100)	1−(2−+)	K* 2(1980)	1/2(2+)	B* 1(5721)0	1/2(2+)	X(4160)	??(???)
f 1(1420)	0+(1++)	f 0(2100)	0+(0++)	K* 0(2045)	1/2(4+)	Bottom, strange (B = ±1, S = ∓1)		X(4250)±	?(??)
ω(1420)	0−(1−−)	f 2(2150)	0+(2++)	K 2(2250)	1/2(2−)			X(4260)	??(1−−)
f 2(1430)	0+(2++)	ρ(2150)	1+(1−−)	K 3(2320)	1/2(3+)	B0 s	0(0−)	X(4350)	0+(??+)
a 0(1450)	1−(0++)	φ(2170)	0−(1−−)	K* 5(2380)	1/2(5−)	B* s	0(1−)	ψ(4360)	0−(1−−)
ρ(1450)	1+(1−−)	f 0(2200)	0+(0++)	K 4(2500)	1/2(4−)	B s1(5830)0	0(1+)	ψ(4415)	0−(1−−)
η(1475)	0+(0−+)	fJ(2220)	0+(2++ or 4++)	K(3100)	??(???)	B* s2(5840)0	0(2+)	X(4430)±	?(1+)
f 0(1500)	0+(0++)			Charmed (C = ±1)		B* sJ(5850)	?(??)	ψ(4660)	0−(1−−)
f 1(1510)	0+(1++)	η(2225)	0+(0−+)			Bottom, charmed (B = C = ±1)		bb
f′ 2(1525)	0+(2++)	ρ 3(2250)	1+(3−−)	D±	1/2(0−)			η b(1S)	0+(0−+)
f 2(1565)	0+(2++)	f2(2300)	0+(2++)	D0	1/2(0−)	B+ c	0(0−)	Υ(1S)	0−(1−−)
ρ(1570)	1+(1−−)	f 4(2300)	0+(4++)	D*(2007)0	1/2(1−)	B c(2S)±	0(0−)	χ b0(1P)	0+(0++)
h 1(1595)	0−(1+−)	f 0(2330)	0+(0++)	D*(2010)±	1/2(1−)			χ b1(1P)	0+(1++)
π 1(1600)	1−(1−+)	f 2(2340)	0+(2++)	D* 0(2400)0	1/2(0+)			χ b0(2P)	0+(0++)
a 1(1640)	1−(1++)	ρ 5(2350)	1+(5−−)	D* 0(2400)±	1/2(0+)			h b(1P)	0−(1+−)
f 2(1640)	0+(2++)	a 6(2450)	1−(6++)	D 1(2420)0	1/2(1+)			χ b2(1P)	0+(2++)
η 2(1645)	0+(2−+)	f 6(2510)	0+(6++)	D 1(2420)±	1/2(??)			η b(2S)	0+(0−+)
ω(1650)	0−(1−−)	Other light		D 1(2430)0	1/2(1+)			Υ(2S)	0−(1−−)
ω 3(1670)	0−(3−−)	Further States		D* 2(2460)0	1/2(2+)			Υ(1D)	0−(2−−)
π 2(1670)	1−(2−+)	Further states		D* 2(2460)±	1/2(2+)			χ b0(2P)	0+(0++)
				D(2550)0	1/2(0−)			χ b1(2P)	0+(1++)
				D(2600)	1/2(??)			h b(2P)	0−(1+−)
				D*(2640)±	1/2(??)			χ b2(2P)	0+(2++)
				D(2750)	1/2(??)			Υ(3S)	0−(1−−)
								χ b(3P)	??(??+)
								Υ(4S)	0−(1−−)
								X(10610)±	1+(1+)
								X(10610)0	1+(1+)
								X(10650)±	?+(1+)
								Υ(10860)	0−(1−−)
								Υ(11020)	0−(1−−)

Mesons named with the letter "f" are scalar mesons (as opposed to a pseudo-scalar meson), and mesons named with the letter "a" are axial-vector mesons (as opposed to an ordinary vector meson) a.k.a. an isoscalar vector meson, while the letters "b" and "h" refer to axial-vector mesons with positive parity, negative C-parity, and quantum numbers I^G of 1⁺ and 0⁻ respectively.

The, "f", "a", "b" and "h" mesons are not listed in the tables below and their internal structure and quark content is a matter of ongoing investigation. The particle described in the table above as f₀(500) has historically been known by two other names: f₀(600) and σ (sigma).

A complete set of meson naming conventions is set forth in a 2017 review article for the Particle Data Group which also contains a table mapping pre-2016 common names to the new Particle Data Group standard naming conventions for XYZ mesons.

 Meson properties

The following lists details for all known and predicted pseudoscalar (J^P = 0⁻) and vector (J^P = 1⁻) mesons.

The properties and quark content of the particles are tabulated below; for the corresponding antiparticles, simply change quarks into antiquarks (and vice versa) and flip the sign of Q, B, S, C, and B′. Particles with ^† next to their names have been predicted by the Standard Model but not yet observed. Values in red have not been firmly established by experiments, but are predicted by the quark model and are consistent with the measurements.

 Pseudoscalar mesons

Pseudoscalar mesons

Particle name	Particle symbol	Antiparticle symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c2]	IG	JPC	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to (>5% of decays)
Pion	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	0139.57018 !139.57018±0.00035	1−	0−	0	0	0	-08.2 !(2.6033±0.0005)×10−8	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Pion	Error no link defined	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,$[1]	0134.9766 !134.9766±0.0006	1−	0−+	0	0	0	-17 !(8.52±0.18)×10−17	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Eta meson	Error no link defined	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}-2s{\bar {s}}}{\sqrt {6}}} \,$[2]	0547.862 !547.862±0.018	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-19 !(5.02±0.19)×10−19[3]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Eta prime meson	Error no link defined(958)	Self	${\tfrac {\mathrm {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}+s{\bar {s}}} }{\sqrt {3}}}\,$[4]	0957.78 !957.78±0.06	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-21 !(3.32±0.15)×10−21[5]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or (Error no link defined + Error no link defined) / (Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined) or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Charmed eta meson	Error no link defined(1S)	Self	Error no link definedError no link defined	2983.6±0.7	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-23 !(2.04±0.05)×10−23[6]	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
Bottom eta meson	Error no link defined(1S)	Self	Error no link definedError no link defined	9398.0±3.2	0+	0−+	0	0	0	-23 !(6.58±0.15)×10−23[7]	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
Kaon	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	0493.677 !493.677±0.016	1/2	0−	1	0	0	-08.3 !(1.2380±0.0021)×10−8	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Kaon	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	0497.614 !497.614±0.024	1/2	0−	1	0	0	[8]	[9]
K-Short	Error no link defined	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}-s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,$[10]	0497.614 !497.614±0.024[11]	1/2	0−	(*)	0	0	-11 !(8.954±0.004)×10−11	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
K-Long	Error no link defined	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {d{\bar {s}}+s{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}} \,$[12]	0497.614 !497.614±0.024[13]	1/2	0−	(*)	0	0	-08.1 !(5.116±0.021)×10−8	Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined
D meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	1869.61±0.10	1/2	0−	0	+1	0	-12.4 !(1.040±0.007)×10−12	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
D meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	1864.84±0.07	1/2	0−	0	+1	0	-13.3 !(4.101±0.015)×10−13	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
strange D meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	1968.30±0.11	0	0−	+1	+1	0	-13.1 !(5.00±0.07)×10−13	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5279.26±0.17	1/2	0−	0	0	+1	-12.1 !(1.638±0.004)×10−12	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5279.58±0.17	1/2	0−	0	0	+1	-12.2 !(1.519±0.009)×10−12	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
Strange B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5366.77±0.24	0	0−	−1	0	+1	-12.3 !(1.512±0.007)×10−12	See Error no symbol defined decay modes
Charmed B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	6275.6±1.1	0	0−	0	+1	+1	-13.2 !(4.52±0.33)×10−13	See Error no symbol defined decay modes

^[a] ^ Makeup inexact due to non-zero quark masses.
^[b] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
^[c] ^ Strong eigenstate. No definite lifetime (see kaon notes below)
^[d] ^ The mass of the Error no symbol defined and Error no symbol defined are given as that of the Error no symbol defined. However, it is known that a difference between the masses of the Error no symbol defined and Error no symbol defined on the order of 2.2×10⁻¹¹ MeV/c² exists.
^[e] ^ Weak eigenstate. Makeup is missing small CP–violating term (see notes on neutral kaons below).

 Vector mesons

Vector mesons

Particle name	Particle symbol	Antiparticle symbol	Quark content	Rest mass [MeV/c2]	IG	JPC	S	C	B′	Mean lifetime [s]	Commonly decays to (>5% of decays)
Charged rho meson	Error no link defined(770)	Error no link defined(770)	Error no link definedError no link defined	0775.11 !775.11±0.34	1+	1−	0	0	0	-24 !(4.41±0.02)×10−24[14][15]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Neutral rho meson	Error no link defined(770)	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}-d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}}$	0775.26 !775.26±0.25	1+	1−−	0	0	0	-24 !(4.45±0.03)×10−24[16][17]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Omega meson	Error no link defined(782)	Self	$\mathrm {\tfrac {u{\bar {u}}+d{\bar {d}}}{\sqrt {2}}}$	0783 !782.65±0.12	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-23 !(7.75±0.07)×10−23[18]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Phi meson	Error no link defined(1020)	Self	Error no link definedError no link defined	1019.461±0.019	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-22.3 !(1.54±0.01)×10−22[19]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined or (Error no link defined + Error no link defined) / (Error no link defined + Error no link defined + Error no link defined)
J/Psi	Error no link defined	Self	Error no link definedError no link defined	3096.916±0.011	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-21.1 !(7.09±0.21)×10−21[20]	See Error no symbol defined(1S) decay modes
Upsilon meson	Error no link defined(1S)	Self	Error no link definedError no link defined	9460.30±0.26	0−	1−−	0	0	0	-20.3 !(1.22±0.03)×10−20[21]	See Error no symbol defined(1S) decay modes
Kaon	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	0892 !891.66±0.26	1/2	1−	1	0	0	-23.1 !(3.26±0.06)×10−23[22][23]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Kaon	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	0896 !895.81±0.19	1/2	1−	1	0	0	-20.2 !(1.39±0.02)×10−23[24]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
D meson	Error no link defined(2010)	Error no link defined(2010)	Error no link definedError no link defined	2010.26±0.07	1/2	1−	0	+1	0	-21.2 !(7.89±0.17)×10−21[25]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
D meson	Error no link defined(2007)	Error no link defined(2007)	Error no link definedError no link defined	2006.96±0.10	1/2	1−	0	+1	0	-22.2 !>3.1×10−22[26]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Strange D meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	2112.1±0.4	0	1−	+1	+1	0	-22.1 !>3.4×10−22[27]	Error no link defined + Error no link defined or Error no link defined + Error no link defined
B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5325.2±0.4	1/2	1−	0	0	+1	Unknown	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5325.2±0.4	1/2	1−	0	0	+1	Unknown	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Strange B meson	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	5415.4+2.4 −2.1	0	1−	−1	0	+1	Unknown	Error no link defined + Error no link defined
Charmed B meson†	Error no link defined	Error no link defined	Error no link definedError no link defined	Unknown	0	1−	0	+1	+1	Unknown	Unknown

^[f] ^ PDG reports the resonance width (Γ). Here the conversion τ = ħ/Γ is given instead.
^[g] ^ The exact value depends on the method used. See the given reference for detail.

 Notes on neutral kaons

There are two complications with neutral kaons:

• Due to neutral kaon mixing, the Error no link defined and Error no link defined are not eigenstates of strangeness. However, they are eigenstates of the weak force, which determines how they decay, so these are the particles with definite lifetime.
• The linear combinations given in the table for the Error no link defined and Error no link defined are not exactly correct, since there is a small correction due to CP violation. See CP violation in kaons.

Note that these issues also exist in principle for other neutral flavored mesons; however, the weak eigenstates are considered separate particles only for kaons because of their dramatically different lifetimes.

 See also

• List of baryons
• List of particles
• Timeline of particle discoveries

 References

 Bibliography

• J.R. Pelaez (2016). "From controversy to precision on the sigma meson: a review on the status of the non-ordinary f0(500) resonance" (PDF). Physics Reports. 658: 1–111. arXiv:1510.00653. Bibcode:2016PhR...658....1P. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2016.09.001. S2CID 118569293.
• K.A. Olive; et al. (Particle Data Group) (2014). "Review of Particle Physics". Chinese Physics C. 38 (9): 1–708. arXiv:1412.1408. Bibcode:2014ChPhC..38i0001O. doi:10.1088/1674-1137/38/9/090001. S2CID 118395784.
• M.S. Sozzi (2008a). "Parity". Discrete Symmetries and CP Violation: From Experiment to Theory. Oxford University Press. pp. 15–87. ISBN 978-0-19-929666-8.
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 External links

• Particle Data Group: The Review of Particle Physics; pdgLive – Meson Summary Table
• Mesons made thinkable, an interactive visualisation allowing physical properties to be compared