قائمة حروب جورجيا

(تم التحويل من List of wars involving Georgia (country))

https://www.gazeta.ru/news/lenta/2008/08/26/n_1262987.shtml

This is a list of military conflicts involving Georgia and its predecessor states. The list gives the name, the date, the combatants, and the result of these conflicts following this legend:

  Georgian victory
  Georgian defeat
  Another result (e.g. a treaty or peace without a clear result,
status quo ante bellum, result of civil or internal conflict, result unknown or indecisive)
  Ongoing conflict

Colchis and Iberia

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1112-845 BC Assyrian Invasion of Diauehi[1] Diauehi,

Colchis

Assyrian Empire Defeat

• Battle of Tao 1112BC [1] • Capture of Artvin 845BC [1]

720s BC Scytho-Cimmerian invasion of Colchis Colchis Scythians
Cimmerians
Defeat
65 BC Pompey's campaign of Georgia Kingdom of Iberia
Colchis
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Republic Defeat
  • Vassalization of Iberia
  • Annexation of Colchis
35-54 Iberian–Armenian War Kingdom of Iberia
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire (35-50, 52-54)
Standard of the Arshakuni Arsacid dynasty.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Parthian Empire
Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire (50-51)
Inconclusive
58-63 Roman–Parthian War of 58–63 Vexilloid of the Roman Empire.svg Roman Empire
Sophene
Lesser Armenia
Kingdom of Iberia
Commagene
Kingdom of Pontus
Standard of the Arshakuni Arsacid dynasty.svg Kingdom of Armenia
Parthian Empire
Defeat

Early Medieval fragmentation

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
482-522 Vakhtang Gorgasali's Rebellion against the Sasanian Iran (ka) Kingdom of Iberia Sassanid Empire Defeat
526-532 Iberian War  الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
Kingdom of Iberia
New Ghassanid Banner.png Ghassanids
Huns
Heruli
Kingdom of Aksum
Kingdom of Kinda
Sasanian Empire
Lakhmid kingdom
Sabirs
Inconclusive
541-562 Lazic War  الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
Lazica (548-562)
Sasanian Empire
Lazica (541-548)
Inconclusive[2]
602-628 Byzantine–Sasanian War of 602–628 Sasanian Empire
Avars (and Slavic allies)
Sasanian Iberia
Jewish and Samaritan rebels (c. 614)
Lakhmids
Lombards
Visigoths
 الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
Western Turkic Khaganate
Ghassanids
Defeat
627-764 Khazar–Georgian wars (ka) Principality of Iberia Khazar Khaganate Inconclusive
643-655 Habib ibn Maslama al-Fihri's invasions of Georgia (ka) Principality of Iberia Rashidun Caliphate Defeat
729-730 Al-Jarrah ibn Abdallah's invasion of Georgia (ka) Principality of Iberia

Khazar Khaganate

Umayyad Caliphate Victory
735-737 Invasion of Marwan the Deaf Principality of Iberia
Kingdom of Abkhazia
Umayyad Caliphate Defeat
840-842 Khalid ibn Yazid al-Shaybani's invasion of Georgia (ka) Emirate of Tbilisi

Principality of Kakheti

Abbasid banner.svg Abbasid Caliphate

Principality of Tao

Victory
853 Bugha al-Kabir's invasion of Georgia (ka) Emirate of Tbilisi

Kingdom of Abkhazia
Tsanars

Abbasid banner.svg Abbasid Caliphate

Principality of Tao Principality of Kakheti

Victory

• Bugha the Turk withdraws from the Caucasus

881-891 Dynastic strife in Iberia Adarnase IV of Iberia
Bagratid Armenia
Bagrat I of Klarjeti
Nasra of Tao-Klarjeti
Kingdom of Abkhazia
Alania

Gurgen I of Tao

Establishment of the Kingdom of the Iberians under Adarnase IV of Iberia
993-998 David III's campaigns against the Muslims Kingdom of the Iberians
Bagratid Armenia
Marwanids
Rawadid dynasty
Victory
998 Mamlan I's campaign against David III[3] Kingdom of the Iberians

Principality of Tao
Bagratid Armenia

Rawadid dynasty Victory

Kingdom of Georgia

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1012–1199 Georgian–Shaddadid wars  مملكة جورجيا Shaddadid dynasty Victory
  • Fall of the Shaddadid dynasty
1014-1022 Byzantine–Georgian war (1014-1022)[4]  مملكة جورجيا
Bagratid Armenia
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
 الإمبراطورية البيزنطية Defeat
1028 Byzantine–Georgian war (1028)  مملكة جورجيا  الإمبراطورية البيزنطية Victory

•Battle of Kldekari (1028)[5]

Byzantine–Georgian treaty of 1031

1033-1058 Georgian civil war of 1033-1058  مملكة جورجيا
Varangians
مملكة جورجيا Demetrius of Anacopia (1033-1042)
Liparit IV of Kldekari (1039-1060)
 الإمبراطورية البيزنطية
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
Bagrat IV was recognized as king
1046-1303 Georgian–Seljuk wars  مملكة جورجيا Seljuk Empire

Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg Sultanate of Rum

Victory
1064-1068 Alp Arslan's invasions of Georgia  مملكة جورجيا Seljuk Empire
Kingdom of Kakheti-Hereti
Kingdom of Tashir-Dzoraget
Emirate of Tbilisi
Shaddadids
Defeat
1117-1124 Georgian conquest of Shirvan  مملكة جورجيا Seljuk Empire
Shirvanshahs
Victory
1177-1178 Orbelian Rebellion (ka)[6] مملكة جورجيا George III of Georgia مملكة جورجيا Demna of Georgia

House of Orbeliani

Victory of George III
1190-1193 Revolt of Yury Bogolyubsky  مملكة جورجيا Yury Bogolyubsky Victory

• Yury Bogolyubsky disappeared from history after. His town has not been found

1204 Georgian expedition to Chaldia (ka)  مملكة جورجيا  الإمبراطورية البيزنطية Victory
1204-1210 Ayyubid–Georgian wars (ka)[7]  مملكة جورجيا Ayyubid Empire Inconclusive
1209-1211 Georgian campaign against the Eldiguzids  مملكة جورجيا Eldiguzids Victory
  • The Eldiguzids became vassals of Georgia
1225-1228 Khwarazmian invasions of Georgia (ka)[8]  مملكة جورجيا Khwarazmian Empire Defeat
1220-1236 Mongol invasions of Georgia Kingdom of Georgia Mongol Empire Defeat
1241-1335 Mongol invasions of Anatolia Mongol Empire

Flag of the Rubenid Dynasty.svg Cilician Armenia
 مملكة جورجيا


قالب:Country data Ilkhanate Ilkhanate

Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg Seljuk Sultanate of Rum

Anatolian beyliks

Victory
1260-1264 David Ulugh's rebellion (ka) Kingdom of Georgia قالب:Country data Ilkhanate Ilkhanate

Georgian nobles

Defeat
1260-1323 Mongol invasions of the Levant قالب:Country data Ilkhanate Ilkhanate

Flag of the Rubenid Dynasty.svg Cilician Armenia
 مملكة جورجيا
Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg Seljuk Sultanate of Rum
Antioch-Tripoli
Golden Horde (before 1264)
Vexillum Regni Hierosolymae.svg Kingdom of Jerusalem
Knights Templar
Knights Hospitaller

Mameluke Flag.svg Mamluk Sultanate

Ayyubid remnants
Nizari Ismailis of Syria
Golden Horde (after 1264)
Karamanid rebels
Abbasid banner.svg Abbasid Caliphate

Defeat
1302-1303 Azat Mousa's invasion of Georgia  أتابكية سامتسخى Double-headed eagle of the Sultanate of Rum.svg Sultanate of Rum Victory
14th century Vameq's invasion of Jiketi[9][بحاجة لمصدر]قالب:Fv Duchy of Mingrelia Kingdom of Zichia Victory
1315-1345 George V Brilliant’s Campaign against the Mongols[1]  مملكة جورجيا قالب:Country data Ilkhanate Ilkhanate Victory
  • Mongolians Expelled from Georgia
1386-1403 Timurid invasions of Georgia  مملكة جورجيا Timurid.svg Timurid Empire Defeat
1386-1387 Bagrat Liberation Expedition[10][11]  مملكة جورجيا Timurid.svg Timurid Empire Victory
1395-1397 Timurid invasions of Simsim Simsim قالب:Country data Timurid Empire Defeat
  • Decline of Simsim
  • Partial extermination of the inhabitants of Simsim
1405 George's campaign against the Timurids[12]  مملكة جورجيا قالب:Country data Timurid Empire Victory
  • George succeeded in expanding Georgia's borders temporarily to their former extent.[12]
1407-1502 Turkoman invasions of Georgia Kingdom of Georgia
Shirvanshah
Safavid Empire (1502)
Qara Qoyunlu (1407-1468)
Aq Qoyunlu (1468-1502)
Victory
  • End of invasions against Georgia and consolidation of Safavids in Persia
1463-1493 Georgian civil war of 1463–1491 (Fr)  مملكة جورجيا
Duchy of Mingrelia
border=no Kingdom of Imereti
 أتابكية سامتسخى
Principality of Mingrelia
Principality of Guria
Principality of Svaneti
Principality of Abkhazia coat of arms.svg Principality of Abkhazia

 مملكة كاخيتي

Fall of Kingdom of Georgia

Kingdoms and principalities

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1508 Georgian campaign (1508) Kingdom of Imereti

Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria

Ottoman Empire Defeat
1533 Mamia's invasion of Jiketi[13][بحاجة لمصدر]قالب:Fv Principality of Mingrelia
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Kingdom of Zichia Defeat
  • The allies won the first battle, but the Circassians defeated the allies in the second battle
1547 Ottoman invasion of Guria Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria Ottoman Empire Defeat

• Georgians lost because of betrayal

1549-1551 Georgia Expedition (tr) Principality of Samtskhe Ottoman Empire Defeat

• Georgians lost because of betrayal

1541-1566 Tahmasp I's campaigns in Kartili and Kakheti  مملكة كاخيتي
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran Defeat
1578-1590 Ottoman–Safavid War (1578–1590) قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli (1578-1588)
 مملكة كاخيتي (1578)
 أتابكية سامتسخى (1578, 1582–1587)
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria (1583-1587)
Ottoman Empire
جمهورية القرم ذاتية الحكم Crimean Khanate
Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg Kingdom of Imereti
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria (1578-1583, after 1587)
Principality of Mingrelia
 أتابكية سامتسخى (1578-1582)
Shaybanids
قالب:Country data CircassiaCircassia
Ottoman victory
1596–1597 Daryal war Kabardia (East Circassia) Flag of medieval vainakh.jpg Vainakh tribes
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Defeat
1603-1612 Ottoman–Safavid war (1603–1612) قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran Ottoman Empire Victory
1614-1617 Abbas I's Kakhetian and Kartlian campaigns  مملكة كاخيتي
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran Defeat
1625-1627 Kartli-Kakheti Rebellion (1625-1627) Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli

 مملكة كاخيتي

قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran Victory
1623-1658 War of the Kingdom of Imereti (1623-1658) (fr) Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg Kingdom of Imereti
Salipartiano (from 1657)
Principality of Mingrelia
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Principality of Abkhazia coat of arms.svg Principality of Abkhazia
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Flag of the Ottoman Empire (1453-1844).svg Childir Eyalet
Imeretian victory
  • Imereti restores hegemony over western Georgia
1703 Ottoman invasion of western Georgia Ottoman Empire Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg Kingdom of Imereti
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Principality of Mingrelia
Victory
1722-1723 Russo-Persian War (1722–1723)  الإمبراطورية الروسية
Flag of the Cossack Hetmanat.svg Ukrainian Cossacks
Coat of arms of Kartli Georgia.png Kingdom of Kartli
Safavid Iran Victory
1730-1735 Ottoman–Persian War (1730–1735) قالب:Country data Safavid Empire Safavid Iran

Flag of the Shamkhalate of Tarki.jpg Shamkhalate of Tarki (from 1734)

Ottoman Empire Victory
1738-40 Nader Shah's invasion of India[14][15] Nadir Shah Flag.svg Afsharid Empire
 مملكة كاخيتي
Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg Mughal Empire
Asafia flag of Hyderabad State.svg Hyderabad State
Flag of Awadh.svg Oudh
Victory
1768-1774 Russo-Turkish War (1768–74)  الإمبراطورية الروسية

Greek Revolution flag.svg Greek insurgents
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Kingdom of Imereti coat of arms.svg Kingdom of Imereti

Ottoman Empire Victory
1794-1796 Qajar Invasion of Kartli-Kakheti Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Kingdom of Imereti

Khevsurs

Qajar Iran

Ganja KhanateErivan KhanateArmenians

Inconclusive

• Georgia won most of the battles while Persians lost almost all of them

• During Kartli-Kakheti Invasion, In total Persians lost 22.000 soldiers[1]

1796 Persian expedition of 1796  الإمبراطورية الروسية
Coat of arms of the Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti.svg Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti
Qajar Iran Russian withdrawal
  • Tactical Russian victory
  • Strategic Persian victory
1804 1804 Mtiuleti rebellion Georgian and Ossetian rebels روسيا Russian Empire Defeat
1804-1813 Russo-Persian War (1804-1813) روسيا Russian Empire
Principality of Mingrelia
Principality of Abkhazia
Qajar Iran Victory
1806-1812 Russo-Turkish War (1806–12) روسيا Russian Empire
Principality of Mingrelia
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Principality of Abkhazia (1810-1812)
Wallachia
Ottoman Empire
جمهورية القرم ذاتية الحكم Crimean Khanate
Principality of Abkhazia (1808-1810)
Victory
1812 Kakheti rebellion Georgian rebels روسيا Russian Empire Defeat
1819-1820 Imereti rebellion Georgian rebels روسيا Russian Empire Defeat
1828-1829 Russo-Turkish War (1828–1829) الإمبراطورية الروسية Russian Empire

Principality of Mingrelia
Banner of Guria.svg Principality of Guria
Principality of Svaneti
Principality of Abkhazia
Supported by:
مملكة فرنسا France
المملكة المتحدة United Kingdom

Ottoman Empire Victory
1841 Rebellion in Guria (1841) Georgian rebels روسيا Russian Empire Defeat
1853-1856 The Caucasus front of the Crimean War روسيا Russian Empire

Principality of Mingrelia
Principality of Abkhazia (1853-1855)

Ottoman Empire Ottoman Empire
Principality of Abkhazia (1855-1856)
The victory at the front, but the defeat of Russia in the war[بحاجة لمصدر]
1856-1857 Mingrelia Uprising Georgian rebels روسيا Russian Empire,

Mingrels

Defeat
1722-1864 Russo-Circassian War  الإمبراطورية الروسية Circassian Confederation
Kabardia (East Circassia) (until 1822)
Principality of Abkhazia
Victory
1875-1876 Svaneti uprising of 1875-1876 Georgian rebels روسيا Russian Empire Defeat
1817-1864 Caucasian War  الإمبراطورية الروسية Circassian Confederation
Caucasian Imamate<bir> Principality of Abkhazia
Victory
1877-1878 Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878) Russian Empire Ottoman Empire Victory
1914-1918 World War I Allied Powers Central Powers Allied victory

Georgian Democratic Republic

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1914-1918 Caucasus Campaign  الإمبراطورية الروسية (1914–17)

Flag of المملكة المتحدة لبريطانيا العظمى وأيرلندا المملكة المتحدة (1918)
أرمنيا Armenia
(1918)

Central Caspian Dictatorship (1918)


 روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية (1918)
Baku Commune (1918)

 الدولة العثمانية

أذربيجان Azerbaijan (1918)
Mountainous Republic of the Northern Caucasus (1918)
 الإمبراطورية الألمانية (1914–17)


 الإمبراطورية الألمانية (1918)
 جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية (1918)

Compromise
1918 Abkhazia conflict (1918) Transcaucasian Democratic Federative Republic
 جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية
Supported by:
 الإمبراطورية الألمانية
Socialist red flag.svg Abkhaz Bolsheviks
Supported by:
 روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية

 الدولة العثمانية

Victory
1918-1919 Sochi conflict  جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية  روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية

روسيا White movement

Inconclusive
1918 Armeno-Georgian War  جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية أرمنيا First Republic of Armenia Inconclusive
  • With the intervention of Great Britain, a truce was concluded between Armenia and Georgia.
1918-1920 Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)  جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية Socialist red flag.svg Ossetian Bolsheviks
Supported by:
 روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية
Victory
  • All Ossetian uprisings were suppressed by Georgians
1921 Red Army invasion of Georgia  جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية  روسيا الاشتراكية الاتحادية السوڤيتية

Ankara Government

Defeat
1924 August Uprising جمهورية جورجيا الديمقراطية Committee for the Independence of Georgia  الاتحاد السوڤيتي, Defeat

Georgian SSR

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1941-1945 World War II Allies Axis

Flag of فنلندا فنلندا
قالب:Country data Azad Hind

Flag of إيران الپهلوية إيران الپهلوية

Allied victory
1979-1989 Soviet–Afghan War  الاتحاد السوڤيتي

أفغانستان Afghanistan

Afghan Mujahideen Defeat

Republic of Georgia

Date Conflict Combatant 1 Combatant 2 Result
1991-1993 Georgian Civil War جورجيا Pro-Gamsakhurdia forces

Supported by:
 جمهورية إچكريا الشيشانية

جورجيا Pro-Shevardnadze forces

 روسيا (since October 1993)

Shevardnadze's victory
  • Gamsakhurdia government expunged
1991-1992 South Ossetian war  جورجيا  اوستيا الجنوبية
 روسيا
Defeat
1992-1993 War in Abkhazia  جورجيا

UNA-UNSO "Argo"

 أبخازيا

Confederation of Mountain Peoples of the Caucasus
 روسيا

Defeat
1998 War in Abkhazia (1998) جورجيا White Legion
جورجيا Forest Brotherhood
 أبخازيا Defeat
1998 1998 Georgian attempted mutiny جورجيا Georgia

Georgian Army

Georgian Police

Mutineers from the Senaki Military Brigade

Zviadists

Victory
2001 2001 Kodori crisis Chechen division under Gelayev
Georgian guerrillas
 أبخازيا Defeat
2000-2002 Pankisi Gorge crisis جورجيا Georgia
Supported by:
 الولايات المتحدة
 روسيا
جمهورية إچكريا الشيشانية Chechen separatists
Flag of Jihad.svg Mujahideen in Chechnya
Flag of Jihad.svg Other jihadists
Victory
2003 Rose Revolution United National Movement
Burjanadze-Democrats
Union of National Forces
Unity
Supported by:

Kmara
Liberty institute (georgia) logo.png Liberty Institute

Government of Georgia

Union of Citizens of Georgia
Democratic Union for Revival

Victory
2004 2004 Adjara crisis  جورجيا

Internal Troops of Georgia

قالب:Country data Adjara Adjara administration
  • Security of Adjara
  • Pro-Abashidze forces and protesters

Supported by:  روسيا

Victory

Aslan Abashidze flees to Russia

2006 2006 Kodori crisis جورجيا Georgia جورجيا Monadire

Supported by:  أبخازيا

 روسيا (Probably)

Victory
2008 Russo-Georgian War  جورجيا
UNA-UNSO

Supported by:  الولايات المتحدة
 المملكة المتحدة
 فرنسا
 إسپانيا
 السويد
 إستونيا
 لاتڤيا
 لتوانيا
 تركيا (Until 7 August)

 روسيا
 اوستيا الجنوبية
 أبخازيا Supported by:

أرمنيا Armenia
 بلاروس
 فلسطين
 تركيا (After 7 August)

Defeat
2001–2021 War in Afghanistan أفغانستان Islamic Republic of Afghanistan

Advisers, Non-combat support, & Counter-terrorism operations:

Resolute Support

أفغانستان Taliban

Flag of al-Qaeda.svg al-Qaeda
Haqqani network
Hezb-e-Islami Gulbuddin
Flag of Jihad.svg United Tajik Opposition

Defeat
2003-2011 Iraq War  الولايات المتحدة
 العراق
 المملكة المتحدة
 كوريا الجنوبية
 إيطاليا
 پولندا
 أستراليا
 جورجيا
 أوكرانيا
 إستونيا
 هولندا
 إسپانيا
 الدنمارك
MNF–I INC
العراق New Iraqi Army
KDP
PUK
 تركيا (Political Support)
العراق Ba'athist Iraq
Ba'ath Loyalists
SCJL
Naqshbandi Army
Islamic State of Iraq
Al-Qaeda
Mahdi Army
Special Groups
Badr Brigades
Victory

See also

Notes

  1. ^ أ ب ت ث ج Rayfield 2012.
  2. ^ Leppin, Hartmut (2021). "The Eastern Roman Empire and Its Neighbours in the "Age of Justinian" – An Overview". In Meier, Mischa; Montinaro, Federico (eds.). A Companion to Procopius of Caesarea. Leiden, The Netherlands: Brill. p. 13. ISBN 978-90-04-49877-8. After 545 truces brought peace to most of the border regions, but the war lingered in the Caucasus until 561, when Khosrow and Justinian finally agreed to a fifty-year peace. There was no definite victor, but the Sasanian Empire was in a slightly better position as Rome was obliged to pay a fixed sum to Persia each year.
  3. ^ Frye 1975, pp. 237, 732.
  4. ^ Suny 1994, p. 33.
  5. ^ Narimanishvili & Shanshashvili 2018.
  6. ^ Fähnrich 2010.
  7. ^ Humphreys 1977, pp. 130-131.
  8. ^ Mikaberidze 2015, pp. 19.
  9. ^ Beradze, Tamaz (1983). "Vameq I Dadiani". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Georgian). Vol. 4. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 287.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  10. ^ Baumer 2023, p. 75.
  11. ^ خطأ استشهاد: وسم <ref> غير صحيح؛ لا نص تم توفيره للمراجع المسماة EncIslam
  12. ^ أ ب Rayfield 2012, p. 152.
  13. ^ Beradze, Tamaz (1983). "Mamia III Dadiani". Georgian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Georgian). Vol. 6. Tbilisi: Metsniereba. p. 396.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: unrecognized language (link)
  14. ^ David Marshall Lang. Russia and the Armenians of Transcaucasia, 1797–1889: a documentary record Columbia University Press, 1957 (digitalised March 2009, originally from the University of Michigan) p. 142.
  15. ^ Valeri Silogava, Kakha Shengelia. "History of Georgia: From the Ancient Times Through the "Rose Revolution" Caucasus University Publishing House, 2007 ISBN 978-9994086160 pp. 158, 278.
  16. ^ Cornell 2002, p. 141.
  17. ^ Cornell 2002, p. 188.

References