مملكة ڤالنسيا

Kingdom of Valencia Regne de València (Valencian) Reino de Valencia (إسپانية) Regnum Valentiae (لاتينية)
1238–1707
الشعار المقترن
مملكة ڤالنسيا وبنيتها الإدارية
الوضع	أملاك تاج أراگون
العاصمة	ڤالنسيا
اللغات المشتركة	الڤالنسية, الأراگونية، الكاستيلية، العربية الأندلسية واللاتينية
الدين	ديانة الأغلبية: الكاثوليكية الرومانية (الرسمية) Minority religions: الإسلام، اليهودية
الحكومة	ملكية
الملك
• الأول	خايمى الأول من أراگون
• الأخير	فيليپه الخامس
التشريع	Valencian Courts
الحقبة التاريخية	Medieval / Early modern
• تأسست	1238
• قرارات نويڤا پلانتا	1707
سبقها تلاها طائفة بلنسية طائفة دانية إسپانيا البوربون
اليوم جزء من	إسپانيا

الفتح المسيحي لإمارات بلنسية ودانية (ظلال البني)؛ إضافات القرن 19 إلى مجتمع ڤالنسيا الحالي (أخضر) لا ينتمون إلى المملكة التاريخية؛ خط بيار-بوسون شكّل الحد الجنوبي للمملكة حتى 1296

مملكة ڤالنسيا المسيحية (Regne de Valencia بالڤالنسية) وتقع في الساحل الشرقي من شبه جزيرة ايبريا، وكانت مملكة فالنسيا عضوا في تاج أراگون جنبا إلى جنب مع سائر الأقاليم مثل مملكة أراگون وإمارة كتالونيا، ويخضعون جميعا لنفس الملك.

The Kingdom of Valencia was formally created in 1238 when the Moorish taifa of Valencia was taken in the course of the Reconquista. It was dissolved, alongside the other components of the old crown of Aragon, by Philip V of Spain in 1707, by means of the Nueva Planta decrees, as a result of the Spanish War of Succession.

During its existence, the Kingdom of Valencia was ruled by the laws and institutions stated in the Furs (charters) of Valencia; these charters granted it wide self-government under the Crown of Aragon and, later on, under the Spanish Kingdom.

حدود وهوية منطقة الحكم الذاتي الاسبانيه ڤالنسيا مستمدة أساساً من مملكة ڤالنسيا السابقة.

 تاريخ فالنسيا

الرومان هم الذين أسسوا ڤالنسيا القديمة في عام 139 ق.م. ثم استولى عليها القوط الغربيون عام 413م.

 التاريخ الأندلسي لمقاطعة بلنسية

فتح طارق بن زياد عام 714، وأرسى فيها وفي مدائن شاطبة ودانية وساجنتوم قواعد الحكم الإسلامي. ولم يسايروا الإسبان في إطلاق اسم الإسبان على تلك المدينة، بل غيروا بعض حروفه وأدخلوا تعديلا علي رسمه فأصبح "بُلَنْسِية"، وأوردوه بهذا الرسم في مؤلفاتهم التاريخية والجغرافية. وإلى المسلمين في عهد دولتهم بالأندلس يرجع الفضل في ازدهار سهل بلنسية، فقد شقوا على جانبي النهر أو الوادي الأبيض إحدى وثلاثين ترعة، وأجروا منه المياه لري أراضيه كلها بالراحة. وكانوا يسمون هذه الترع السواقي. ودخل هذا الاسم العربي في لغة الأسبان، وبقى ماثلاً فيها حتى الآن. وقد كانت في العهد العربي ثالثة مدائن الأندلس في الترتيب بحسب عدد سكانها الذي تجاوز آنذاك ربع مليون نسمة.

 المملكة الإسلامية

تأسست مملكة إسلامية في بلنسية عام 401هـ-1010م على يد إثنين من موالي المنصور بن عامر، ولم يكن عملهما بهذه المملكة يعدو تفقدهما لشئون الري والمحافظة على نظامه في منطقة بلنسية، لكنهما تمردا وأعلنا استقلالهما على أن يكون الحكم شركة فيما بينهما، ولم يلبث أن توفي أحدهما، فأبعد أهلها الآخر عن المدينة، وصارت بلنسية خاضعة لحكم حاكم برشلونة إلى أن استردها عبد العزيز بن عبد الرحمن حفيد المنصور بن عامر. ووقعت بلنسية في القرون التالية تحت سيطرة حكام ملوك الطوائف، ثم المرابطين، ثم الموحدين، إلى أن سقطت في أيدي الفرنجة عام 1238م بعد سقوط قرطبة بسنتين.

 حروب الاسترداد

The King James I entered the city of Valencia on 9 October 1238

The conquest of what would later become the Kingdom of Valencia started in 1232 when the king of the Crown of Aragon, James I, called Jaume I el Conqueridor (the Conqueror), took Morella, mostly with Aragonese troops. Shortly after, in 1233, Borriana and Peniscola were also taken from the بلنسية Balansiyya (Valencia in the Arabic language) taifa.

A second and more relevant wave of expansion took place in 1238, when James I defeated the Moors from the Balansiya taifa. He entered the city of Valencia on 9 October 1238, which is regarded as the dawn of the Kingdom of Valencia.

A third phase started in 1243 and ended in 1245, when it met the limits agreed between James I and the heir to the throne of Castile, Alfonso the Wise, who would succeed to the throne as Alfonso X in 1252. These limits were traced in the Treaty of Almizra between the Crown of Castile and the Crown of Aragon, which coordinated their Reconquista efforts to drive the Moors southward by establishing their respectively desired areas of influence. The Treaty of Almizra established the south line of Aragonese expansion in the line formed by the villes of Biar and Busot, today in the north of the Alicante province. Everything south of that line, including what would be the Kingdom of Murcia, was reserved by means of this treaty for Castile.

The matter of the large majority of Mudéjar (Muslim) population, left behind from the progressively more southern combat front, lingered from the very beginning until they finally were expelled en masse in 1609. Up to that moment, they represented a complicated issue for the newly established Kingdom, as they were essential to keep the economy working due to their numbers, which inspired frequent pacts with local Muslim populations, such as Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, allowing their culture various degrees of tolerance but, on the other side, they were deemed as a menace to the Kingdom due to their lack of allegiance and their real or perceived conspiracies to bring the Ottoman Empire to their rescue.

There were indeed frequent rebellions from the Moor population against Christian rule, the most threatening being those headed by the Moor chieftain Mohammad Abu Abdallah Ben Hudzail al Sahuir, also known as Al-Azraq. He led important rebellions in 1244, 1248 and 1276. During the first of these, he briefly regained Muslim independence for the lands South of the Júcar, but he had to surrender soon after. During the second revolt, king James I was almost killed in battle, but Al-Azraq also was finally subjugated, his life spared only because of a longtime relationship with the Christian monarch. During the third rebellion, Al-Azraq himself was killed but his son would continue to promote Muslim unrest and local rebellions remained always at sight.

James II called Jaume II el Just or the Just, a grandson of James I, initiated in 1296 a final push of his army further southwards than the Biar-Busot pacts. His campaign aimed at the fertile countryside around Murcia and the Vega Baja del Segura whose local Muslim rulers were bound by pacts with Castile and governing by proxy on behalf of this kingdom; Castilian troops often raided the area to assert a sovereignty which, in any case, was not stable but was characterized by the typical skirmishes and ever changing alliances of a frontier territory.

The campaign under James II was successful to the point of extending the limits of the Kingdom of Valencia well south of the previously agreed border with Castile. His troops took Orihuela and Murcia. What was to become the definite dividing line between Castile and the Crown of Aragon was finally agreed by virtue of the Sentencia Arbitral de Torrellas (1304), amended by the Treaty of Elche (1305), which assigned Orihuela (also Alicante and Elche) to the Kingdom of Valencia, while Murcia went to the Crown of Castile, so drawing the final Southern border of the Kingdom of Valencia.

At the end of the process, four taifas had been wiped out: Balansiya, Alpuente, Denia and Murcia. Taking into account the standards of the day, it can be considered as a rather rapid conquest, since most of the territory was gained in less than fifty years and the maximum expansion was completed in less than one century. The toll in terms of social and politic unrest which was to be paid for this fast process was the existence of a large Muslim population within the Kingdom which neither desired to become a part of it nor, as long as they remained Muslim, was given the chance to.

 تشكيل ڤالنسيا

أنشئت مملكة ڤالنسيا رسميا في 1237 في سياق عملية الاسترداد عندما اتخذ ملوك الطوائف من ڤالنسيا. وقد أنهى فيليبي الخامس مملكة فالنسيا في 1707 ، عن طريق مراسيم، نتيجة لحرب الخلافة الإسپانية.

خلال فترة وجودها، كانت تحكم مملكة ڤالنسيا القوانين والمؤسسات وذكر في ميثاق فالنسيا منحها حكومة ذاتية واسعة، في البداية من تاج أراگون، وفي وقت لاحق، من المملكة الإسپانية.

Modern historiography sees the conquest of Valencia in the light of similar Reconquista efforts by the Crown of Castile, i.e., as a fight led by the king in order to gain new territories as free as possible of a serfdom subject to the nobility. The new territories would then be accountable only to the king, thus enlarging and consolidating his power versus that of the nobility. This development was part of a growing trend evident in the Middle Ages (said to end in 1492 with the final acts of the Reconquista in the capitulation of Kingdom of Granada and the expulsion of the Jews as well as Christopher Columbus's discovery of the Americas for Spain) and well into the era of Habsburg Spain. It is by this historiographical approach that the repopulation of the Kingdom is assessed today. The Kingdom was initially overwhelmingly populated by Muslims and often subject to popular revolts and the serious threat of subjugation by any Muslim army assembled for this purpose in the Maghreb.

The process by which the monarchy strove to free itself from any noble guardianship was not an easy one, as the nobility still held a large share of power and was determined to retain as much of it as possible. This fact marked the Christian colonization of the newly acquired territories, governed under the Lleis de Repartiments. Finally the Aragonese nobles were granted several domains, but they managed to obtain only the interior lands, mostly mountainous and sparsely populated parts of the Kingdom of Valencia. The king reserved the fertile and more densely populated lands in the coastal plains for free citizens and the incipient bourgeoisie, whose cities were given the Furs, or royal charters, regulating civil law and administration locally, but holding them always accountable to the king.

 النتيجة اللغوية

These facts had linguistic consequences, which are traditionally sketched this way:

• The interior would have been mostly repopulated by people coming from the kingdom of Aragon, speakers of some variety of the old Aragonese language, a Western Romance language. Their language was a close relative of the Mozarabic language and of the Old Castilian language, from which the modern Spanish language stems.
• The coastal lands would have been mostly repopulated by speakers of the Catalan language from the Principality of Catalonia. This was one of the Occitano-Romance languages. In this traditional view, the language of these settlers replaced entirely the previous languages and became modern Valencian, generally considered a variant of Catalan.

A few authors have promoted an alternative view, in which the languages of the conquerors were mixed with a local Romance (Mozarabic) which was already similar to Catalan. No solid evidence for this view has been found.

 أوج السلطة

قاعة المواثيق في La Llotja de la Seda

The Kingdom of Valencia achieved its height during the early 15th century. The economy was prosperous and centered around trading through the Mediterranean, which had become increasingly controlled by the Crown of Aragon, mostly from the ports of Valencia and Barcelona.

In the city of Valencia the Taula de canvi was created, functioning partly as a bank and partly as a stock exchange market; altogether it boosted trading. The local industry, especially textile manufactures, achieved great development and the city of Valencia turned into a Mediterranean trading emporium where traders from all Europe worked. Perhaps the feature which best symbolises this flamboyant period is the Silk Exchange, one of the finest European examples of civil Gothic architecture and a major trade market in the Mediterranean by the end of the 15th century and throughout the 16th century.

Valencia was one of the first cities in Europe to install a movable type printing press as per the designs of Johannes Gutenberg. Valencian authors such as Joanot Martorell or Ausiàs March conformed the canon of classic Valencian literature to the Valencian.

 تمردات

هناك كثرة من التمردات من السكان المور ضد القاعده المسيحية، وأخطر تلك التي رأسها زعيم مور محمد أبو عبد الله المعروف ايضا باسم "الأزرق". قاد تمرد هام في 1244 ، 1248 و 1276. وخلال أول تمرد استعاد المسلمين بايجاز الاستقلالية للاراضي الجنوب من júcar ، ولكن اضطر إلى الاستسلام بعد فترة وجيزة. خلال الثورة الثانية ، وكان الملك جيمس الأول تقريبا قتلوا في المعركة، ولكن الازرق كما هو اخضاع اخيراً، حياته فقط لأن يدخر وقتا طويلا من العلاقة مع العاهل المسيحية. وخلال المرحلة الثالثة والأزرق نفسه ولكن قتل ابنه واصل المسلمين تشجيع الاضطرابات والتمردات المحلية ظلت دائما في الافق.

 مملكة إسپانيا

اندمج تاج أراگون مع تاج كاستيا لتتكون مملكة اسبانيا، أصبحت مملكة ڤالنسيا عضوا في الملكية الاسبانية. اتحدت مملكة كاستيا ومملكة ليون مع مملكة أراجون واستطاع الملك فرناندو والملكة إيزابلا ، الاستيلاء على الممالك العربية في الاندلس الواحدة تلو الأخرى إلى أن سقطت في أيديهم غرناطة آخر قواعد المسلمين سنة 1492. استمرت مملكة غرناطة قرنين ونصف من الزمان وسقطت في عام 1492 وهي سنة تحول تاريخية لمملكة إسبانيا الفتية وملكتها إيزابيلا ففيها خرج كولمبس واكتشف العالم الجديد. اكتشاف العالم الجديد حول إسبانيا إلى التربع على عرش العالم أجمع فصارت قوة لها مجدها وهيبتها في القرنين السادس عشر والسابع عشر.

 انظر أيضاً

• Conquest of Valencia by El Cid
• List of Valencian monarchs
• Furs of Valencia
• Generalitat Valenciana
• Valencian Parliament
• Palace of the Borgias

 للاستزادة

• Robert Ignatius Burns. The Crusader Kingdom of Valencia: Reconstruction on a Thirteenth-Century Frontier. Harvard University Press, 1967.
• Español: قالب:Description/i18n
  Vicente Coscollá Sanz, La Valencia musulmana