ستاڤانگر

Coordinates: 58°57′48″N 5°43′8″E / 58.96333°N 5.71889°E / 58.96333; 5.71889
(تم التحويل من Stavanger)
ستاڤانگر
Stavanger
بلدية
Breiavatnet - Stavanger, Norway 2021-08-01 (02).jpg
Stavanger Vågen Skagenkaien Norway (2022.06.23).jpg
Viele Blumen schmücken im Sommer die Altstadt von Stavanger. 09.jpg
Øvre Holmegate, Stavanger.jpg
Schwerter im Felsen. 04.jpg
DJI 0054-Pano-Edit.jpg
من أعلى: Breiavatnet, The street Skagenkaien, Gamle Stavanger، شارع Øvre Holmegate, Sverd i fjell، مركز مدينة ستاڤانگر
درع ستاڤانگر
Coat of arms
الكنية: 
Oljebyen ؛ عاصمة النفط
ستاڤانگرموقع
ستاڤانگر is located in Rogaland
ستاڤانگر
ستاڤانگر
ستاڤانگر is located in Norway
ستاڤانگر
ستاڤانگر
ستاڤانگر is located in أوروپا
ستاڤانگر
ستاڤانگر
الإحداثيات: 58°57′48″N 5°43′8″E / 58.96333°N 5.71889°E / 58.96333; 5.71889
البلدالنرويج
البلديةStavanger
المقاطعةروگالاند
الناحيةJæren
تأسست1125
الحكومة
 • العمدةChristine Sagen Helgø
المساحة
 • بلدية71 كم² (27 ميل²)
 • الحضر
77٫98 كم² (30٫11 ميل²)
 • العمران
2٬598 كم² (1٬003 ميل²)
التعداد
 (2011)
 • بلدية126٬469
 • الكثافة1٬800/km2 (4٬600/sq mi)
 • Urban
197٬852
 • الكثافة الحضرية2٬500/km2 (6٬600/sq mi)
 • العمرانية
297٬569
 • الكثافة العمرانية110/km2 (300/sq mi)
 • ترتيب البلدية/ الحضر
4th/3rd
 • Metro rank
الثالثة
صفة المواطنSiddis
الجماعات العرقية
[1]
 • النرويجيون94.8%
 • Poles1.4%
 • British1.1%
 • Turks0.9%
 • Somalis0.6%
منطقة التوقيتUTC+1 (CET)
 • الصيف (التوقيت الصيفي)UTC+2 (CEST)
الموقع الإلكترونيstavanger.kommune.no

ستاڤانگر (نرويجية: Stavanger، النطق الإنگليزي: /stəˈvaŋə/؛ النرويجية: [stɑˈvɑ̀ŋːər]، محليًا: [staˈvǎŋːɔʁ] ؛ رسمياً بلدية ستاڤانگر)، هي مدينة وبلدية في جنوب النرويج. وهي ثالث أكبر مدينة[2] وثالث أكبر منطقة عمرانية[3] في النرويج (عبر الدمج العمراني مع سانـِّس المجاورة) والمركز الإداري لمقاطعة روگالاند. البلدية هي رابع أكبر بلدية في النرويج. وتقع في شبه جزيرة ستاڤانگر في جنوب غرب النرويج، وتعتبر ستاڤانگر أن سنة تأسيسها الرسمي هو عام 1125، وهو سنة اكتمال إنشاء كاتدرائية ستاڤانگر. يتكون قلب ستافانجر لحدٍ كبير من بيوت خشبية بنيت في القرنين 18 و 19[4] وهم تحت حماية الدولة ويُعتبروا جزءاً من التراث الثقافي للمدينة. وقد أدى هذا إلى احتفاظ مركز المدينة والمدينة الداخلية بطابع المدينة الصغيرة مع نسبة عالية بشكل غير عادي من المنازل المنفصلة،[5] وأسهمت بشكل كبير في نشر النمو السكاني للمدينة إلى الأجزاء المحيطة في ستاڤانگر الكبرى.

ازداد عدد سكان المدينة بسرعة في أواخر القرن العشرين بفضل صناعة النفط. تُعرف ستافانغر اليوم بعاصمة النفط في النرويج.[6] Norwegian energy company Equinor, the largest company in the Nordic region, has its headquarters in Stavanger.[7] Multiple educational institutions for higher education are located in Stavanger. The largest of these is the University of Stavanger.

Domestic and international military installations are located in Stavanger, including the NATO Joint Warfare Centre. Other international establishments, and especially local branches of foreign oil and gas companies, contribute further to a significant foreign population in the city. The city has a strong international profile and 22.1% of the population has an immigrant background.[8][9] In 2020, it was rated as the most liveable city for European expatriates in Norway as well as 5th in Europe by ECA International.[10] Stavanger has, since the early 2000s, consistently had an unemployment rate significantly lower than the European average.[11] In August 2022, the unemployment rate was 1.6%.[12] The city also appears on various lists of most expensive cities in the world, and it has even been ranked as the world's most expensive city by certain indices.[13][14][15]

The climate of the city is very mild by Nordic standards due to a strong maritime influence. As a result, winter usually remains above freezing whereas heat waves are rare and seldom long. Rainfall is common, although less so than in areas further north on the coastline.

Stavanger is served by international airport Stavanger Airport, Sola, which offers flights to cities in most major European countries, as well as a limited number of intercontinental charter flights. The airport was rated as one of the world's most punctual airports of its category by OAG in 2020.[16]

Every two years, Stavanger organizes the Offshore Northern Seas (ONS), which is the second largest exhibition and conference for the energy sector. The Gladmat food festival is also held each year and is considered to be one of Scandinavia's leading food festivals. The city is also known for being one of the nation's premier culinary clusters. Stavanger was awarded the 2008 European Capital of Culture alongside Liverpool.

التاريخ

The first traces of settlement in the Stavanger region come from the days when the ice retreated after the last ice age c. 10,000 years ago. A number of historians have argued convincingly that North-Jæren was an economic and military center as far back as the 9th and 10th centuries with the consolidation of the nation at the Battle of Hafrsfjord around 872. Stavanger grew into a center of church administration and an important south-west coast market town around 1100–1300.[17]

Stavanger fulfilled an urban role prior to its status as city (1125), from around the time the Stavanger bishopric was established in the 1120s. Bishop Reinald, who may have come from Winchester, England, is said to have started construction of Stavanger Cathedral (Stavanger domkirke) around 1100.[18] It was finished around 1125, and the city of Stavanger counts 1125 as its year of foundation.[19]

With the Protestant Reformation in 1536, Stavanger's role as a religious center declined, and the establishment of Kristiansand in the early 17th century led to the relocation of the bishopric. However, rich herring fisheries in the 19th century gave the city new life.

Stavanger was established as a municipality on 1 January 1838 (see formannskapsdistrikt). On 1 January 1867, a small area of Hetland municipality (population: 200) was transferred to the city of Stavanger. Again on 1 January 1879, another area of Hetland (population: 1,357) was transferred to Stavanger. Then again on 1 January 1906, the city again annexed another area of Hetland (population: 399). On 1 July 1923, part of Hetland (population: 3,063) was moved to the city once again. Finally on 1 July 1953, a final portion of Hetland (population: 831) was moved to Stavanger. In the 1960s, the work of the Schei Committee pushed for many municipal mergers across Norway. As a result of this, on 1 January 1965, the city of Stavanger (population: 51,470) was merged with the neighboring municipalities of Madla (population: 6,025) and most of Hetland (population: 20,861).[20]

The city's history is a continuous alternation between economic booms and recessions.[21] For long periods of time its most important industries have been shipping, shipbuilding, the fish canning industry and associated subcontractors.

In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea.[22] After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.[22]

On 1 January 2020, the neighboring municipalities of Finnøy and Rennesøy merged with Stavanger to form a new, larger municipality.[23]

عاصمة النفط

The oil platform Statfjord A in 1982. Stavanger today reigns as a center for the oil industry in Norway

In 1969, a new boom started as oil was first discovered in the North Sea. [22] After much discussion, Stavanger was chosen to be the on-shore center for the oil industry on the Norwegian sector of the North Sea, and a period of hectic growth followed.[22]

In March 1965 an agreement was signed between Norway and the United Kingdom on the sharing of the continental shelf by the median line principle. That same year a similar agreement was signed between Norway and Denmark. It was designed as a legal regime for oil exploration. The first licensing round on the Norwegian shelf was announced on 13 April 1965, and in August of that same year the government granted 22 licenses for 78 blocks for oil companies or groups of companies. The production license gave oil companies exclusive rights to exploration, drilling and production in a defined geographical area for a given period at an annual fee. Esso was the first oil company to start drilling for oil off the coast of Norway. The semi-submersible drilling vessel Ocean Traveler was towed from New Orleans to Norway, and the vessel began drilling on 19 July 1966, at block 8/3, about 180 km (110 mi) southwest of Stavanger.

الدرع

Hallvard Trætteberg (1898–1987), a leading specialist in heraldry, was commissioned to design the official coat of arms of Stavanger, a work that lasted from the end of the 1920s until approved on 11 August 1939. His design is also used as the city's arms, flag, and seal. The coat of arms is based upon a seal which dated from 1591. It shows a branch of vine (Vitis vinifera). Which leaves and branch type that is depicted on the coat of arms has been hotly debated. The original meaning and representation of the vine remains unknown.[24][25]

أصل الاسم

The Old Norse form of the name was Stafangr. The origin of the name has been discussed for decades, and the most used interpretation is that it originally was the name of the inlet now called Vågen, which was the original site of the city, on the east shore of the bay.[26]

The first element of the name is stafr meaning 'staff' or 'branch'. This could refer to the form of the inlet, but also to the form of the mountain Valberget (Staven meaning 'the staff,' is a common name of high and steep mountains in Norway). The last element is angr meaning 'inlet, bay'. Facing the North Sea, Stavanger has always been economically dependent on its access to the sea.[26]

الجغرافيا

A beach in Randaberg

The municipality of Stavanger is located in a coastal landscape, bordering the sea to the west and Boknafjorden in the northeast. The Byfjorden and Gandsfjorden run along the east side of the city. It is part of the Low-Jæren, a flat area of land consisting mostly of marsh, sand, and stone aur, that ranges from Ogna River in the south to Tungenes in the north; it is the northernmost part that includes Stavanger. The majority of the municipality lies between 0 و 50 m (0 و 164 ft) in elevation. The landscape has a distinctive appearance with rocks and hills where there is no settlement or agriculture. The city of Stavanger is closely linked to the sea and water, with five lakes (including Breiavatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet, and Mosvatnet) and three fjords (Hafrsfjorden, Byfjorden, and Gandsfjorden); sea and water form the landscape, providing a shoreline rich with vegetation and wildlife.

The terrain is low-lying: 49% of the area is less than 20 m (66 ft) above sea level, While 7% of the land is at 60 m (200 ft). Stavanger's highest point is the 514 m (1،686 ft) tall Bandåsen.

The city has developed on both sides of a hollow that runs right through the terrain, with steep slopes up from the bottom. An extension of Boknafjorden and Byfjorden intersects the harbour into the hollow from the northwest, while Hillevåg lake intrudes from Gandsfjorden in the southeast. Breiavatnet is located between the two fjord arms.

The city includes many islands off the coast including: Bjørnøy, Buøy, Engøy, Grasholmen, Hellesøy, Hundvåg, Kalvøy, Lindøy, Sølyst, and Vassøy. It also includes the eastern half of the island of Åmøy.[26]

المنتزهات

The city park

There are several parks and green spots in Stavanger municipality, both in the city and beyond. Central to the town is the city lake which is in turn surrounded by the city park, built as the city's first urban park in 1866–1868. Between the city park and the bay is located Kielland garden, which got its name because the poet Alexander Kielland's house at the time was here. Kielland Park went through a major renovation in 2007 as part of the Millennium in Stavanger municipality. At the opposite end of the city lake there is a small park outside the station; here there is Emigration, a gift from the Norwegian emigrants in the United States, commemorating the men and women of Norwegian ancestry who built America.

Bjergstedparken, a park north of Old Stavanger, is the location of Bjergsted Music Center, including Stavanger Concert Hall, and its outdoor areas are often used for festivals and outdoor concerts. The Missing park, built in honour of Lars Missing, is located up the hill on the west side of the harbour, and forms the entrance from the south towards the Old Town. Canon park forms the border between Stavanger and the exit from the E39. Northward go Løkkeveien against Bjergsted westward go Madlaveien the theater and Bergelandstunnelen, east towards E39. The park is located next to old Stavanger Hospital, which also has a large park area around the main building. Through the park runs Kannik creek, which comes to the surface at the statue of the Little Mermaid and runs into Breiavannet. Kannikkbekken runs mostly underground, in pipes, before it reaches Kannik park.

Outside the city center, the park southerly in relation to the large inland lakes such as Mosvatnet, Stora Stokkavatnet and Water Assen. Mosvatnet is 0.46 km2 (110 acre) making it the third largest in Stavanger after Hålandsvatnet and Store Stokkavatn. The lake supplied the city's drinking water from 1863 to 1931, and is now by far the most used recreation area in Stavanger. The path around the lake is 3.2 km (2.0 mi) long, and much used by cyclist and joggers; sampling conducted in 1995 showed that an estimated 560,000 people used the walking trail around Mosvatnet. At the south end is Mosvangen Camping, Stavanger Svømmestadion old man and Vålandskogen, and to the west is Rogaland Kunstmuseum. Stora Stokkavatnet is 2.19 km2 (0.85 sq mi) – the largest in Stavanger. Right at Stora Stokkavatnet is the 0.15 km2 (0.058 sq mi) Litla Stokkavatnet. The hiking trail around the lakes is 8.2 km (5.1 mi) long. In the lake is a small island, Storeholmen. Store Stokkavatnet supplied Stavanger's drinking water from 1931 to 1959, and was later demoted to the reserve drinking water. In 2009 it was relegated once more, and it is now legal to swim in the water.

المناخ

Situated on the south west coast of Norway, Stavanger's climate is greatly influenced by the temperate water in the North Sea, and Atlantic lows giving mild westerlies also in winter. This creates warmer temperatures throughout the year compared to other cities at similar latitudes, and also gives plentiful precipitation in the form of rain, especially in late autumn and winter. Stavanger has a temperate oceanic climate (Köppen: Cfb, Trewartha: Dolk), with five months with a mean temperature above 10 °C (50 °F). Spring and early summer is the driest season. The all-time high 33.5 °C (92.3 °F) at the airport was recorded August 1975. The warmest high recorded in Stavanger is 34.4 °C (93.9 °F) at the weather station Stavanger-Våland (72 m) in July 2018. The warmest month on record at Stavanger Airport is August 2002 with mean 19.3 °C (66.7 °F) and average daily high 23.2 °C (73.8 °F). The all-time low −19.8 °C (−3.6 °F) was recorded January 1987. The coldest month on record is February 1963 with mean −5 °C (23 °F) and average daily low −9.6 °C (14.7 °F). The average date for the last overnight freeze (low below 0 °C (32.0 °F)) in spring is April 20[27] and average date for first freeze in autumn is October 31[28] giving a frost-free season of 193 days (Stavanger Airport Sola 1981–2010 average).

بيانات المناخ لـ Stavanger Airport Sola 1991–2020 (7 m, extremes 1947–present, sunhours 1961–1990)
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 12.4
(54.3) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		25.2
(77.4) 		29.4
(84.9) 		30.5
(86.9) 		32.5
(90.5) 		33.5
(92.3) 		29.3
(84.7) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12
(54) 		33.5
(92.3)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 4.8
(40.6) 		4.6
(40.3) 		6.5
(43.7) 		10.4
(50.7) 		13.8
(56.8) 		16.3
(61.3) 		18.6
(65.5) 		19
(66) 		16.1
(61.0) 		11.9
(53.4) 		8
(46) 		5.6
(42.1) 		11.3
(52.3)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 2.6
(36.7) 		2.1
(35.8) 		3.7
(38.7) 		6.9
(44.4) 		10.2
(50.4) 		13
(55) 		15.3
(59.5) 		15.7
(60.3) 		13.2
(55.8) 		9.2
(48.6) 		5.7
(42.3) 		3.4
(38.1) 		8.4
(47.1)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 0
(32) 		−0.4
(31.3) 		0.9
(33.6) 		3.6
(38.5) 		6.8
(44.2) 		9.9
(49.8) 		12.4
(54.3) 		12.7
(54.9) 		10.3
(50.5) 		6.4
(43.5) 		3
(37) 		0.6
(33.1) 		5.5
(41.9)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −19.8
(−3.6) 		−19.2
(−2.6) 		−16.2
(2.8) 		−7.9
(17.8) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		0.6
(33.1) 		4.3
(39.7) 		1.2
(34.2) 		−2.5
(27.5) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−16.1
(3.0) 		−16.1
(3.0) 		−19.8
(−3.6)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 118.5
(4.67) 		99.6
(3.92) 		80.5
(3.17) 		62.5
(2.46) 		62.1
(2.44) 		67.3
(2.65) 		91.2
(3.59) 		126.5
(4.98) 		132
(5.2) 		148.3
(5.84) 		135.2
(5.32) 		132.4
(5.21) 		1٬256٫1
(49.45)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) 16 14 13 11 10 10 12 14 15 17 16 17 165
متوسط الرطوبة النسبية (%) 82 81 78 77 75 78 78 80 80 81 82 82 80
Mean monthly ساعات سطوع الشمس 48 79 140 168 226 222 197 159 141 80 45 33 1٬538
Source 1: yr.no/met.no[29] NOAA (humidity) [30]
Source 2: NOAA - WMO averages 91-2020 Norway[31]
بيانات المناخ لـ Stavanger Airport (2002–2020 averages & extremes)
الشهر ينا فب مار أبر ماي يون يول أغس سبت أكت نوف ديس السنة
القصوى القياسية °س (°ف) 11.2
(52.2) 		13.9
(57.0) 		17.7
(63.9) 		22.4
(72.3) 		29.4
(84.9) 		29.1
(84.4) 		32.5
(90.5) 		29.4
(84.9) 		26.7
(80.1) 		22.3
(72.1) 		16.2
(61.2) 		12.0
(53.6) 		32.5
(90.5)
متوسط القصوى اليومية °س (°ف) 4.7
(40.5) 		4.8
(40.6) 		6.8
(44.2) 		10.9
(51.6) 		13.9
(57.0) 		16.8
(62.2) 		19.0
(66.2) 		19.2
(66.6) 		16.4
(61.5) 		12.2
(54.0) 		8.4
(47.1) 		6.0
(42.8) 		11.6
(52.9)
المتوسط اليومي °س (°ف) 2.3
(36.1) 		2.3
(36.1) 		3.9
(39.0) 		7.5
(45.5) 		10.5
(50.9) 		13.6
(56.5) 		15.9
(60.6) 		16.1
(61.0) 		13.5
(56.3) 		9.3
(48.7) 		5.8
(42.4) 		3.6
(38.5) 		8.7
(47.6)
متوسط الدنيا اليومية °س (°ف) 0
(32) 		0
(32) 		1.0
(33.8) 		4.0
(39.2) 		7.1
(44.8) 		10.3
(50.5) 		12.8
(55.0) 		12.9
(55.2) 		10.6
(51.1) 		6.4
(43.5) 		3.2
(37.8) 		1.1
(34.0) 		5.8
(42.4)
متوسط الدنيا °س (°ف) −8.9
(16.0) 		−7.5
(18.5) 		−5.5
(22.1) 		−1.4
(29.5) 		1.8
(35.2) 		6.0
(42.8) 		8.8
(47.8) 		8.1
(46.6) 		5.2
(41.4) 		−0.6
(30.9) 		−4.9
(23.2) 		−6.8
(19.8) 		−10.9
(12.4)
الصغرى القياسية °س (°ف) −19.1
(−2.4) 		−12.8
(9.0) 		−13.3
(8.1) 		−5.2
(22.6) 		−1.5
(29.3) 		3.9
(39.0) 		6.6
(43.9) 		6.0
(42.8) 		1.8
(35.2) 		−4.3
(24.3) 		−11.7
(10.9) 		−15.5
(4.1) 		−19.1
(−2.4)
متوسط تساقط الأمطار mm (inches) 122.5
(4.82) 		89.6
(3.53) 		72.9
(2.87) 		60.7
(2.39) 		69.0
(2.72) 		66.9
(2.63) 		104.0
(4.09) 		131.3
(5.17) 		146.0
(5.75) 		142.5
(5.61) 		141.6
(5.57) 		134.6
(5.30) 		1٬281٫6
(50.45)
Source: Norsk Klimaservicesenter[32]

الأقسام

Boroughs of Stavanger
City center Stavanger

Stavanger is officially partitioned into 22 parts and 218 subparts. Stavanger is also divided into seven boroughs.[33]

الأحياء

الأحياء تضم:

السكان

التعداد التاريخي
السنةتعداد±%
17693٬337—    
195150٬617+1416.8%
196052٬835+4.4%
197081٬741+54.7%
198089٬913+10.0%
199097٬570+8.5%
2000108٬818+11.5%
2010123٬850+13.8%
المصدر: Statistics Norway[1][2]

الاقتصاد

Canning factories in the early 20th century

In the early 20th century, Stavanger's industry was mainly related to fisheries and shipping. In the first half of the century it was known for canning, and in the 1950s there were over 50 canneries in town. The town was even called Norway's "canned capital", and included Christian Bjelland, who founded Chr Bjelland & Co. A/S. The last of these factories were closed down in 2002.

Around 1950, over half of the working population in the city was employed in industry. Structural changes in industry and the strong development of the service sector have radically changed the city's economic base, and the service industry now represents over 11 percent of employment. However, the city still has 29 percent of the county's industrial employment.

Engineering is now the main industry with 59 percent of manufacturing employment. This is mostly related to the offshore petroleum industry, and production of oil platforms alone account for 40 percent. Other important industries are publishing – especially high printing and the major daily newspapers in town, Stavanger and Rogaland Avis Aftenblad – and food and beverage, which includes the processing of local agricultural products from Jæren, including Gilde Vest with one of the largest slaughterhouses.

Employment by place of work and industry in 2007 to 0.6% in primary, 27.4% in secondary and tertiary industries 71.7%. Employment by place of work by sector in 2007 to 24.4% in the public sector and 75.6% in the private sector and public enterprises.

Industry has in recent years become highly decentralized. The most important of the newer industrial areas are Forus in the south, on the border of Sandnes and Sola, and Dusavik (mainly petroleum-related activities) in the north, on the border of Randfontein. Significant older industrial areas are Hillevåg, Buøy, the eastern districts, and in some places elsewhere along the coast. Shipbuilding and shipping has also traditionally been of great importance to the city's economic growth, and Rosenberg Shipyard, established in 1896, is located on Hundvåg. Today Stavanger is also among the country's most important maritime cities, coming in fourth for registered fleets after the cities of Oslo, Bergen and Ålesund.

For the fourth consecutive year, Stavanger Region was in 2007 ranked best business region. Telemarksforsking Bo worked with Ministry NM to rank the regions in Norway with regard to profitability, growth and new businesses.

الإعلام

The city's largest daily newspaper, Stavanger Aftenblad came out with its first issue in 1893. Competitor Rogalands Avis was first published in 1899 under the name 1ste Mai ('1 May'), and published daily. In 1987 an attempt was made to establish a new daily newspaper, The West Coast, but it was only released for two months and ended with a total loss of NOK 27 million.

The first newspaper published in Stavanger, "Stavangerske Adressecontoirs Efterretninger", was a handwritten weekly newspaper that probably came out in 1769 and 1770. This was not an ordinary newspaper, but a so-called link newspaper with the privilege of bringing out announcements, small articles and ads. The first printed newspaper in Stavanger, "Stavanger Addresseavis", published its first issue on Friday, 4 October 1833.

Stavanger Avis was published from 1888 until 1911. Writer and local Alexander L. Kielland was editor in 1889. Stavanger Avis was also the name of the newspaper that came out from 1942 to 1945, when Stavanger Aftenblad and Stavangeren were merged by the Press Directorate.

Student newspaper SMiS (Studentmediene i Stavanger) comes out every other month.

Stavanger has one principal television station, TV Vest, that sends local news and reports. Additionally, Viking TV, the channel for the football team Viking FK, started on 2 March 2008, and is distributed via Lyse's broadband network, reaching 120,000 viewers in 45,000 households. NRK Rogaland supplies local news broadcasts on radio and television. Local radio stations also provide local news and reports.

الزراعة والغذاء

The Stavanger region is often referred to as Norway's answer to the French food region of Lyon. The Culinary Institute, based in Ullandhaug, used to provide a very important focus on food in Stavanger. After the Culinary Institute went bankrupt, partly due to activities in Oslo on 4 June 2008, a new culinary organization was established by the Foundation Rogaland knowledge park and Rogaland County Council. This new institute, now also known as The Culinary Institute, maintained parts of the work of the original organization, and eventually bought back the name, logo and brand Culinary Institute from the bankruptcy estate.

In summer 2007, the region's culinary actors were awarded the title "Norwegian Centers of Expertise in Culinology". The building under construction at Ullandhaug will serve as a platform and innovative arena, not only for the region's R & D environment, but also for other expertise among both industry and the public. In July 2008, the Stavanger European championship qualified for the Bocuse d'Or. In 2008, Norway was represented by Geir Skeie, who also won gold. Every year there is a "Happy Food Festival" in the city center. The festival originated in the network of Rogaland county so that they could impart culinary traditions of the region. By 2020, Stavanger region intends to be the region most Norwegians associate with food products and culinary experiences.

صناعة النفط

In recent times, the city has come to be called the "oil capital", and Norway's national and largest oil company, Equinor, is based at Forus, in Stavanger. Equinor (at the time known as Statoil) was founded as a limited company owned by the Government of Norway on 14 July 1972 by a unanimous act passed by the Norwegian parliament Stortinget, to enable Norwegian participation in the oil industry on the continental shelf, to build up Norwegian competency within the petroleum industry, and to establish the foundations of a domestic petroleum industry. Establishing Equinor's headquarters in Stavanger naturally led to Stavanger becoming the center of the oil industry. Petoro, a Norwegian state-owned company responsible for managing the commercial aspects of the state's direct financial interest in petroleum activities on the Norwegian continental shelf, also has its headquarters in the city. With the center of the national oil industry in Stavanger, several other international oil companies have also made their headquarters in Stavanger.

The concrete base for the Troll A platform is cast in Vats, 55 km north of Stavanger

NPD was created in 1972 by Ullandhaug and PSA was established on 1 January 2004 and co-located with the agency, as a regulatory body.

Jåttåvågen, on Gandsfjorden, was from the 1970s to the 1990s a large industrial area, particularly for the construction of large concrete Condeep platforms and oil platforms for the offshore industry. Among others, the Condeep jacket for the three Gullfaks platforms and Troll A were cast here by Norwegian Contractors.

Offshore Northern Seas is the second largest exhibition of its kind in the oil and gas industry. ONS takes place in Stavanger during the last week of August every other year. In 2008, there were 38,000 visitors, half of whom came from abroad.

الثقافة

المتاحف

Norwegian Petroleum Museum in 2005

The city has several museums and collections that are both local and national. The city's most visited museum is the Norwegian Petroleum Museum, opened in 1998. In its 10 years of visitation records, from 1998 to 2008, almost 95,000 people visited the museum annually.

The city's oldest museum is Missjonmuseet, established in 1864, located on the ground floor of the faculty building at MHS. The museum has about 5,000 exhibits consisting of several objects of ethnographic and historical interest from the various mission fields of study.

Stavanger Museum, founded in 1877 and thus one of the oldest museums, includes several historic buildings and collections. Stavanger Museum consists of a total of eight buildings: Stavanger Museum Muségata 16, Stavanger Maritime Museum, the Norwegian Canning Museum, Ledaal, Breidablikkveien museum, combined indretning, Norwegian Printing Museum and the Norwegian Children's Museum. In the main museum are now a cultural department, a zoological collection, and a library.

Museum of Archaeology in Stavanger is the largest museum in Stavanger, measured by number of employees. AmS is a state museum for the prehistoric sites in Rogaland, and is part of the University of Stavanger. The museum also conducts extensive outreach activities, and has facilities fairly close to Stavanger Museum.

Rogaland Art Museum, located by a park, has paintings by Norwegian artist Edvard Munch, Christian Krogh, Eilif Peterssen and Harriet Backer, and also has the largest collection of Lars Hertervigs work. Other artists of Rogaland represented here include Kitty Kielland, Nicolai Ulfsten, Carl Sundt-Hansen, Olaf Lange and Aage Storstein.

Vestlandske School Museum (Western Norway School Museum), in Stavanger, is currently in the old 1920 Kvaleberg school building. Established in 1925, it is a museum of school history in Rogaland.

By the bay lies the Norwegian Emigration Center on the west side and on the eastern side of the bay is Valbergtårnet with its Watchmen's Museum (Vektermuseet).[36] Norwegian Telecom Museum has an office in Stavanger, at Løkkeveien.

الموسيقى

Every May, Stavanger is host to MaiJazz, the Stavanger International Jazz Festival. The International Chamber Music Festival takes place every August.

Stavanger is the home of the Stavanger Symphony Orchestra (SSO). Covering another part of the musical spectrum, it is also home to gothic metal bands Theatre of Tragedy, Tristania, Sirenia and the singer Liv Kristine, and the black metal band Gehenna. Janove Ottesen and Geir Zahl, founding members of the alternative rockband Kaizers Orchestra, both live in Stavanger as well. Other notable acts from Stavanger include Kvelertak, Thomas Dybdahl & Sturle Dagsland. The singer, songwriter and record producer Aurora was born in this city.

الفن المجتمعي

Annually, in September, Stavanger participates in the NuArt Festival, held to showcase non-traditional artists and performers from Norway and abroad. The festival has been described as "one of Europe's most dynamic and constantly evolving public art events."[37]

السياحة

Cruise ships in Stavanger 2022
Preikestolen in 2022
Gamle Stavanger in 2010

Stavanger is a popular tourist destination, especially in summer. The hotels in the city enjoy high levels of occupancy all year round, due to the large number of commuters travelling to Stavanger, both for work and in order to attend meetings. In recent years, Stavanger has also become one of the most popular ports of call for cruise ships, with the number of cruise ships increasing steadily, making Stavanger one of Europe's fastest growing ports of call for cruise ships north of the Mediterranean.

Especially in the summertime, Stavanger's harbour is full of large cruiseships: in 2011 Stavanger hosted 130 cruiseships. The Port of Stavanger is a popular stop on the route to the Norwegian Fjords. The charming city center is just a small walk from the quay.

أنشطة الخلاء

There are not many outdoor activities in Stavanger itself, however, splendid opportunities are nearby in adjacent municipalities: Lysefjorden is particularly popular for hiking.[38] Tourists typically visit places like Preikestolen (aka the Pulpit Rock), and Kjeragbolten. Preikestolen is a massive rock overhanging the fjord (604 metres below). Kjeragbolten is a rock wedged in the cliff approximately 1,000 metres above the fjord. The straight fall 1,000 metres down to the fjord makes Kjerag a very popular location for BASE jumping.

Not too far from Stavanger, alpine centers are available for skiers and snowboarders throughout the winter season. [39]

Along the coast south of Stavanger there are a number of large, sandy beaches, including at Sola, within close reach from the city.[40]

مركز المدينة

Old Stavanger (Gamle Stavanger) is located right next to the city center and has a collection of 18th- and 19th-century wooden structures.

Stavanger domkirke (St. Swithun's cathedral) was built between 1100 and 1150 by the English bishop Reinald in Anglo-Norman style, and in the late 13th century a new choir was added in Gothic style, with a vaulted roof. The cathedral is the only Norwegian cathedral that is almost unchanged since the 14th century.

The city center itself is small and intimate, with narrow streets and open spaces protected from car traffic.

أبرز الأشخاص

تصنيف رئيسي: People from Stavanger

بلدات توأم - مدن شقيقة

انظر أيضاً: List of twin towns and sister cities in Norway

Stavanger has several sister cities; they are:

الهامش

  1. ^ "Immigrants and Norwegian-born to immigrant parents by country of birth1, (the 20 largest groups).Selected municipalities.1 January 2009". Statistics Norway. Retrieved 2010-06-01.[dead link]
  2. ^ "Tabell 1 Tettsteder. Folkemengde og areal, etter kommune. 1. Januar 2009". Archived from the original on 18 September 2009. Retrieved 20 September 2009.
  3. ^ "Greater Stavanger". Archived from the original on 13 August 2013. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  4. ^ "Gamle Stavanger" (in النرويجية). 5 January 2013. Archived from the original on 27 June 2016. Retrieved 5 January 2013.
  5. ^ "Boforhold, flytting og befolkningsutvikling i storbyene" (PDF) (in النرويجية). sintef.no. 1 January 2000. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 June 2013. Retrieved 5 June 2012.
  6. ^ "About Stavanger". www.npd.no (in الإنجليزية). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  7. ^ "The Global 2000". Forbes. 21 April 2010. Archived from the original on 30 July 2017. Retrieved 15 September 2017.
  8. ^ "Stavanger, Norway - Intercultural City - Intercultural cities programme - publi.coe.int". Intercultural cities programme (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  9. ^ "KommuneProfilen. Statistikk som sammenlikner økonomiske regioner etter antall og andel innvandrere og innvandring etter landbakgrunn - basert på statistikk fra SSB". Archived from the original on 9 January 2022. Retrieved 9 January 2022.
  10. ^ Nilsen, Ruth Einervoll (2020-02-14). "Stavanger er Noregs beste by å bu i". NRK (in النرويجية نينورسك). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  11. ^ "Stavangerstatistikken – arbeidsløshet" (in النرويجية). stavanger.kommune.no. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 1 May 2013. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  12. ^ "3.5 Arbeidsledighet og sysselsetting » Rapportering". tertialrapport.stavanger.kommune.no (in النرويجية بوكمال). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  13. ^ Results from ECA International survey "And the world's most expensive city for expats is ... Tokyo". numbeo.com. 7 December 2011. Archived from the original on 10 June 2012. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  14. ^ "The World's Most Expensive Cities 2010". businessweek.com. 2011. Archived from the original on 13 July 2014. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  15. ^ "Numbeo Costs of Living". numbeo.com. 6 June 2012. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 6 June 2012.
  16. ^ Worldwide, OAG Aviation. "Punctuality League 2020 Report". www.oag.com (in الإنجليزية البريطانية). Retrieved 2022-12-20.
  17. ^ Phenomenology and the pioneer settlement on the Western Scandinavian Peninsula (Ingrid Fuglestvedt (2009) Lindome : Bricoleur Press) ISBN 978-91-85411-07-8
  18. ^ "Catholic Encyclopedia: Ancient See of Stavanger". newadvent.org. Archived from the original on 5 March 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2011.
  19. ^ "UArctic Education – Student Portal". uarctic.org. Archived from the original on 7 July 2014. Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  20. ^ Jukvam, Dag (1999). "Historisk oversikt over endringer i kommune – og fylkesinndelingen" (PDF) (in النرويجية). Statistisk sentralbyrå. Archived (PDF) from the original on 1 September 2012. Retrieved 5 May 2016.
  21. ^ "Stavanger kommune – Byhistorie". Archived from the original on 28 September 2007. Retrieved 24 July 2007.
  22. ^ أ ب ت ث "Stavanger kommune – Byhistorie". Archived from the original on 21 June 2008.
  23. ^ "Om nye Stavanger" (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 7 November 2017. Retrieved 4 November 2017.
  24. ^ "The Coat of Arms of Norway". The American-Scandinavian Review. June 1964.
  25. ^ "Civic heraldry of Norway – Norske Kommunevåpen". Heraldry of the World. Archived from the original on 6 August 2016. Retrieved 4 May 2016.
  26. ^ أ ب ت Store norske leksikon. "Stavanger" (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 5 March 2016. Retrieved 27 April 2016.
  27. ^ "Siste frostnatt om våren". 4 May 2012.
  28. ^ "Første frostnatt". 25 September 2013.
  29. ^ "climate statistics Sola". Archived from the original on 24 June 2021. Retrieved 4 April 2021.
  30. ^ قالب:Cite FTP
  31. ^ "Index of /archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Norway/CSV". www.nodc.noaa.gov.
  32. ^ "Norsk Klimaservicesenter - Observations". Norwegian Meteorological Institute (in النرويجية). Archived from the original on 13 June 2021. Retrieved 4 February 2021.
  33. ^ "List of boroughs in Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim and Stavanger". Archived from the original on 3 September 2007.
  34. ^ "Rederarving punger ut 30 mill. for Stavanger-villa". dn.no. 21 August 2014. Archived from the original on 23 August 2014. Retrieved 22 August 2014.
  35. ^ NRK (19 July 2014). "To skadd i husbrann i Stavanger". Archived from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 19 July 2014.
  36. ^ "Valbergtårnet". Innovation Norway. Retrieved 15 August 2023.
  37. ^ "Nuart Festival 2018 – Art in Stavanger, Stavanger". Region Stavanger & Ryfylke. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  38. ^ Topping, Celia (2015-07-25). "Hanging with rock stars: affordable hikes in western Norway". The Guardian (in الإنجليزية). Archived from the original on 14 June 2021. Retrieved 2021-02-19.
  39. ^ "basekjerag.com". Archived from the original on 18 February 2022.
  40. ^ "Beaches of Rogaland in west Norway – Stavanger Travel". www.stavangertravel.com. Archived from the original on 26 August 2018. Retrieved 26 August 2018.
  41. ^ "Twinning". Aberdeen City Council. Retrieved 2008-03-02.


وصلات خارجية

This article may include material from Wikimedia licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Please comply with the license terms.
تمّ الاسترجاع من "https://www.marefa.org/w/index.php?title=ستاڤانگر&oldid=4148027"